ANALYSIS OF LUNG CANCER INCIDENCE AND MORTALITY IN TIANJIN

Verification of the cases of lung cancef, from Tianjin Cancer Registration System In 1981 - 1987, was conducted. It was suggested that lung cancer incidence and mortality had Increased and ranked first among various malignant tumors in that period. In urban area, the standardized incidence of male lung cancer was 44. 27/100,000, and was 24. 19% in malignant events; in female it was 32. 00/100, 000, and 26. 33% respectively. The ratio of male to female was 1.38. In comparing with the standardised Incidence of lung cancer in some other countries and regions, the epidemiology features of the disease in Tianjin were lower In sex ratio and higher in female Incidence, approximately similar to the levels in Shanghai and Beijing.

Comprehensive Analysis of Cancer Incidence and Mortality Trends in Costa Rica: Implications for Public Health

This commentary delves into the evolving landscape of cancer incidence and mortality in Costa Rica, presenting a comprehensive analysis of the data. Key findings reveal a concerning upward trajectory in cancer incidence rates, placing Costa Rica at the forefront within Central America. While prostate cancer and breast cancer dominate, disparities emerge when scrutinizing gender-specific trends. Notably, stomach and cervical cancers show declines, potentially attributed to targeted interventions. However, colorectal and liver cancers witness mortality increases, necessitating strategic responses. Geographical disparities persist across provinces, highlighting the need for equitable healthcare access. In conclusion, this commentary underscores the urgency of addressing the burgeoning cancer burden in Costa Rica, calling for evidence-based interventions and collaborative efforts on a global scale.

CHEMOPREVENTION OF LUNG CANCER IN THE HIGH INCIDENCE AREA

Since 1984, mass screening for cancer and chemopreventive trials in the two high incidence areas of lung cancer have been carried out. Chemo preventive trials on the subjects having moderate or severe atypical hyperplasia cells in the sputum were done by treatment with R1 [N-(p-ethoxycarbophenyl) retinamide] and R2 [N-(p-carboxyphenyl) retina-mide]. Results showed that the general status of the patients had improved. IgA and IgM in the serum were increased and the arsenic skin lesions were relieved after the treatment with Rl and R2. The ratio of the incidence of lung cancer for the treated group and the control group was 1:4, and the mean degree of hyperplasia in the sputum had dropped. It is suggested that these drugs are both safe and effective in the chemoprevention of lung cancer.

Secular trends in incidence of lung cancer by histological type in Beijing, China, 2000-2016

Objective: The objective of this study was to characterize secular trends in the sex-specific, age-standardized incidence of lung cancer by histological type in Beijing, China, from 2000 to 2016 based on data from a populationbased cancer registry.Methods: Data on the incidence of cancer from 2000 to 2016 were obtained from the Beijing Cancer Registry.We examined trends in the sex-specific, age-standardized incidence of lung cancer by histological type using a Joinpoint regression model.Results: A total of 117,409 cases of lung cancer were diagnosed from 2000 to 2016. Overall, 73,062(62.23%)patients were males. The most common histological type among both sexes was adenocarcinoma; however, the proportion of adenocarcinoma differed significantly between males and females(45.36% vs. 77.14%, respectively,P<0.0001). The age-standardized incidence of total lung cancer increased from 2000 to 2010 with an annual percent change(APC) of 2.2% [95% confidence interval(95% CI), 1.5% to 2.9%] and stabilized thereafter. Among males, the incidence of total lung cancer peaked in 2008 and then decreased slightly, with an APC of-1.1%(95%CI,-2.1% to-0.1%). Among females, the incidence increased continuously during the study period, with an APC of 1.4%(95% CI, 0.9% to 1.9%). The incidence of squamous cell carcinoma decreased significantly in recent years among both sexes, with APCs of-2.6%(95% CI,-4.5% to-0.6%) from 2007 to 2016 for males and-5.4%(95%CI,-7.2% to-3.6%) from 2004 to 2016 for females. In contrast, the incidence of adenocarcinoma increased continuously throughout the study period, by APCs of 4.0%(95% CI, 2.6% to 5.4%) for males and 6.2%(95% CI,4.8% to 7.6%) for females. The incidence of small cell carcinoma peaked in 2007 and stabilized thereafter among males, whereas it peaked in 2012 and then decreased with an APC of-14.7%(95% CI,-25.3% to-2.6%) among females. The incidence of large cell carcinoma and other specified malignant neoplasm did not change much,whereas the incidence of unspecified type decreased among both sexes during the study period.Conclusions: Although the incidence of squamous cell carcinoma decreased significantly among both sexes in recent years in Beijing, China, adenocarcinoma increased continuously throughout the study period among both sexes. Knowledge of differences in trends is useful for surveillance and control of lung cancer. However, the reason for the increase in adenocarcinoma remains unclear and warrants investigation.

Incidence and mortality of lung cancer in China, 2008-2012

Objective: To analyze the incidence and mortality rates of lung cancer in China from 2008 to 2012.Methods: Incident and death cases of lung cancer were retrieved from the National Central Cancer Registry(NCCR) database collecting from 135 cancer registries in China during 2008-2012.The crude incidence and mortality rates of lung cancer were calculated by area(urban/rural),region(eastern,middle,western),gender and age group(0,1-4,5-9,…,85+).China census in 2000 and Segi’s world population were applied for agestandardized rates.JoinPoint(Version 4.5.0.1) model was used for time trend analysis.Results: The crude incidence rate of lung cancer was 54.66/100,000 which ranked the first in overall cancers.The age-standardized incidence rates by China population(ASIRC) and by World population(ASIRW) were35.13/100,000 and 34.86/100,000,respectively.The crude mortality of lung cancer in China was 45.60/100,000 and it was the first cause of cancer-related death in overall cancers.The age-standardized mortality rates by Chinese standard population(ASMRC) and by world standard population(ASMRW) were 28.57/100,000 and 28.22/100,000,respectively.Incidence and mortality rates of lung cancer were higher in males than in females and higher in urban areas than in rural areas.Eastern areas had the highest incidence and mortality rates followed by middle and western areas.Incidence and mortality rates of lung cancer retained low level in age groups before 40 years old but increased greatly after and peaked in age group of 80-84.During 2003-2012,the temporal trend of the incidence rate of lung cancer in both sexes in China was general stable(P<0.05).The lung cancer incidence rate increased by 0.71% per year in females(P<0.05) and 2.26% per year in rural areas(P<0.05).The mortality rate of lung cancer decreased slightly annually during 2003-2012 in China(P>0.05).In urban areas,it declined by 0.76%per year(P<0.05),but rose by 2.09% per year(P<0.05) in rural areas.Conclusions: Appropriate targeted prevention,early detection and treatment programs should be carried out to control the local burden of lung cancer.

First-line immunotherapy for advanced non-small cell lung cancer:current progress and future prospects

Global Cancer Statistics 2022 reported the prevalence and high mortality rate of lung cancer.Notably,non-small cell lung cancer(NSCLC)accounts for the majority of the histologic types1.Precision therapy for lung cancer has progressed rapidly and immune checkpoint inhibitors(ICIs)have become a leading research topic.Indeed,ICI therapy has been shown to improve the prognosis of lung cancer patients.

Global burden and trends of lung cancer incidence and mortality

Background:Lung cancer has been the leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide for many years.This study aimed to investigate the global patterns and trends of lung cancer.Methods:Lung cancer incidence and mortality were derived from the GLOBOCAN 2020 database.Continuous data from Cancer Incidence in Five Continents Time Trends were used to analyze the temporal trends from 2000 to 2012 using Joinpoint regression,and average annual percent changes were calculated.The association between the Human Development Index and lung cancer incidence and mortality was assessed by linear regression.Results:An estimated 2.2 million new lung cancer cases and 1.8 million lung cancer-related deaths occurred in 2020.The age-standardized incidence rate(ASIR)ranged from 36.8 per 100,000 in Demark to 5.9 per 100,000 in Mexico.The age-standardized mortality rate(ASMR)varied from 32.8 per 100,000 in Poland to 4.9 per 100,000 in Mexico.Both ASIR and ASMR were approximately twice higher in men than in women.The ASIR of lung cancer showed a downward trend in the United States of America(USA)between 2000 and 2012,and was more prominent in men.The age-specific incidence rates of lung cancer for ages of 50 to 59 years showed an upward trend in China for both men and women.Conclusions:The burden of lung cancer is still unsatisfactory,especially in developing countries like China.Considering the effectiveness of tobacco control and screening in developed countries,such as the USA,there is a need to strengthen health education,accelerate the establishment of tobacco control policies and regulations,and improve early cancer screening awareness to reduce the future burden of lung cancer.

Lung cancer burden and trends from 2000 to 2018 in China:Comparison between China and the United States

Objective: This study aims to provide an analysis of the current status and trends of lung cancer incidence and mortality rates in China, comparing trends with those in the United States(U.S.).Methods: Data on lung cancer incidence and mortality rates spanning 2000 to 2018 were extracted from the China Cancer Registry Annual Report and the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database for China and the U.S., respectively. Crude incidence and mortality rates were calculated by sex and age, with age-standardized incidence rates(ASIR) and mortality rates(ASMR) calculated using the Segi-Doll world standard population.Trend analyses employed Joinpoint regression models to determine average annual percentage change(AAPC).The study also assessed the proportion of new cases and deaths by sex and age.Results: In 2018, the ASIR of lung cancer for males in China was 50.72 per 100,000 and the ASMR was 39.69 per 100,000, the ASIR for females was 26.25 per 100,000 and the ASMR was 15.24 per 100,000. Both ASIR and ASMR were higher in males and the highest in the population aged 65 years and older, with the lowest among those aged 20-49 years. In China, female ASIR demonstrated an increasing trend(AAPC: 1.16%), while ASMR decreased in both sexes(AAPCs:-0.48% for males,-1.00% for females). The U.S. exhibited decreasing trends in both ASIR and ASMR across sexes and age groups.Conclusions: The study identified an increasing trend in lung cancer incidence among females and a decreasing mortality trend in both sexes in China. These trends are likely linked to factors such as smoking prevalence,advancements in cancer screening, and improved medical care. The findings underscore the need for tailored lung cancer prevention measures in China, particularly the reinforcement of anti-smoking policies.

Cancer incidence and mortality in China, 2014

Background： National Central Cancer Registry of China（NCCRC） updated nationwide cancer statistics using population-based cancer registry data in 2014 collected from all available cancer registries.Methods： In 2017, 449 cancer registries submitted cancer registry data in 2014, among which 339 registries＇ data met the criteria of quality control and were included in analysis. These cancer registries covered 288,243,347 population, accounting for about 21.07% of the national population in 2014. Numbers of nationwide new cancer cases and deaths were estimated using calculated incidence and mortality rates and corresponding national population stratified by area, sex, age group and cancer type. The world Segi＇s population was applied for agestandardized rates.Results： A total of 3,804,000 new cancer cases were diagnosed, the crude incidence rate was 278.07/100,000（301.67/100,000 in males, 253.29/100,000 in females） and the age-standardized incidence rate by world standard population（ASIRW） was 186.53/100,000. Calculated age-standardized incidence rate was higher in urban areas than in rural areas（191.6/100,000 vs. 179.2/100,000）. South China had the highest cancer incidence rate while Southwest China had the lowest incidence rate. Cancer incidence rate was higher in female for population between20 to 54 years but was higher in male for population younger than 20 years or over 54 years. A total of 2,296,000 cancer deaths were reported, the crude mortality rate was 167.89/100,000（207.24/100,000 in males,126.54/100,000 in females） and the age-standardized mortality rate by world standard population（ASMRW） was106.09/100,000. Calculated age-standardized mortality rate was higher in rural areas than in urban areas（110.3/100,000 vs. 102.5/100,000）. East China had the highest cancer mortality rate while North China had the lowest mortality rate. The mortality rate in male was higher than that in female. Common cancer types and major causes of cancer death differed between age group and sex.Conclusions： Heavy cancer burden and its disparities between area, sex and age group pose a major challenge to public health in China. Nationwide cancer registry plays a crucial role in cancer prevention and control.

Comparison of cancer incidence and mortality in three GDP per capita levels in China, 2013

Objective：In this research,the patterns of cancer incidence and mortality in areas with different gross domestic product per capita（GDPPC）levels in China were explored,using data from population-based cancer registries in 2013,collected by the National Central Cancer Registry（NCCR）.Methods：Data from 255 cancer registries were qualified and included in this analysis.Based on the GDPPC data of 2014,cities/counties were divided into 3 levels：high-,middle-and low-GDPPC areas,with 40,000 and 80,000 RMB per year as cut points.We calculated cancer incidences and mortalities in these three levels,stratified by gender and age group.The national population of the Fifth Census in 2000 and Segi’s population were applied for age-standardized rates.Results：The crude incidence and mortality rates as well as age-standardized incidence rate（ASIR）showed positive associations with GDPPC level.The age-standardized mortality rate（ASMR）nevertheless showed a negative association with GDPPC level.The ASMR in high-,middle-and low-GDPPC areas was 103.12/100,000,112.49/100,000 and 117.43/100,000,respectively.Lung cancer was by far the most common cancer in all three GDPPC levels.It was also the leading cause of cancer death,regardless of gender and GDPPC level.Negative associations with GDPPC level were found for the ASIRs of lung,stomach,esophageal and liver cancer,whereas colorectal and breast cancer showed positive associations.Except for breast cancer,the ASMRs of the other five cancers were always higher in middle-and low-GDPPC areas than in high-GDPPC areas.Conclusions：The economic development is one of the main factors of the heavy cancer burden on Chinese population.It would be reasonable to implement cancer control strategies referring to the local GDPPC level.

Malnutrition Increases the Risk of Mortality in Hospitalized Lung Cancer Patients

Background The Global Leadership Initiative on Malnutrition(GLIM)recently developed a new set of diagnostic criteria for identifying patients with malnutrition.Because the GLIM criteria were only introduced a little over 3 years ago,additional validation and reliability testing are needed in a variety of populations.Methods We performed an observational,multicenter cohort study.From July 2013 to October 2018,lung cancer patients were recruited from the Daping Hospital of Army Medical University and the First Hospital of Jilin University as part of the INSCOC project.Previously-established cut-off values for the calf circumference(CC,male<30 cm,female<29.5 cm)were applied as the reduced muscal mass of phenotypic criteria to establish the GLIM diagnosis.Multivariate Cox regression analyses were performed to analyze the association between the GLIM criteria and survival.Results A total of 1219 patients with lung cancer were studied as subjects.Their age was 58.81±9.92 years old,and 820 were male and 399 were female.According to the GLIM diagnostic criteria using the CC as a muscle mass measurement,303 patients(24.9%)were categorized as malnourished,142 patients(23.1%)in the adult group(18≤age<60)and 161 patients(26.7%)in the older group(age≥60 years).The patients with malnutrition had a higher incidence of anemia than the nourished patients(P=0.012).The QLQ-C30 score and KPS score indicating that the malnourished patients had a consistently worse quality of life compared to the nourished group(all P<0.001).The median survival of the malnutrition group was 42(95%CI:34-50)months,which was much shorter than the 62(95%CI:57-66)months in the nourished group(P<0.001).In the adult group,the median survival decreased from 65(95%CI:55-72)months in nourished group to 34(95%CI:25-48)months in the patients with malnutrition(P<0.001).In the older group,it decreased from 61(95%CI:55-67)months to 48(95%CI:39-59)months(P=0.001).A Cox regression analysis showed that GLIM-diagnosed malnutrition was associated with an increased risk of death among adult group(HR=1.670,95%CI:1.29-2.16),older group(HR=1.332,95%CI:1.05-1.69)and overall(HR=1.453,95%CI:1.22-1.72).Conclusion All of these results demonstrate that GLIM-diagnosed malnutrition is associated with a poorer survival for all lung cancer patients,independent of age.

Bioelectrical Impedance Phase Angle as a Predictors of Mortality in Patients with Lung Cancer:a Prospective Study

Objective Bioelectrical impedance analysis(BIA)is used to measure a patient's body composition.The phase angle(PA),the major parameter in BIA,is one of the most sensitive indicators of malnutrition.The aim of the current study was to investigate whether the PA can be used to predict survival in lung cancer patients.Methods One hundred sixty-six lung cancer patients were prospectively included from January 2014 to August 2016 in Daping Hospital.Anthropometric measurements,hematological values,the nutritional risk screening(NRS 2002)score,patient generated-subjective global assessment(PG-SGA)score,Karnofsky performance status(KPS)scale,European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Core Quality of Life Questionnaire(EORTC QLQ C-30)score,and BIA were investigated within 48 hours after admission to the hospital.A Spearman correlation analysis was applied to test the correlations between the study characteristics and PA.A Kaplan-Meier analysis and log-rank test were conducted to analyze the association between the overall survival(OS)and PA.Results The mean age for all patients was 63 years old(42 females and 124 males).The median PA was 5.5°(4.70°,6.23°).The PA was positively associated with the body mass index,hand grip strength,mid-arm circumference,mid-arm muscle circumference,albumin,prealbumin,C-reactive protein,red blood cells,hemoglobin and KPS score.The PG-SGA scores,QLQ-C30 score,and NRS2002 score showed a significant negative association with the PA.According to a multivariate analysis,the PA(HR=0.47;95%CI:0.27-0.81)was independent predictor of the lung cancer patients'long-term OS.Patients with a higher PA(≥5°)had better overall survival(median=426 days)compared to those with a lower PA(<5°)(median=96 days)based on the one-year follow-up data(P<0.0001).Conclusions These studies indicate that the PA is a sensitive and early indicator to predict survival in lung cancer patients.

Spatio-temporal Distribution Characteristics and Environmental Impact Factors of Lung Cancer Mortality: A Case Study of Yuhui District in Bengbu City, China

Among cancers, lung cancer is the most common cause of death in China. For the prevention and control of lung cancer, it is necessary to investigate the spatial and temporal distribution of lung cancer mortality, as well as the changes in the trend and the affecting mechanism. Based on statistics and auto-correlation analysis, this paper studied the spatial and temporal distribution of lung cancer mortality in Yuhui District, Bengbu, Huaihe River Basin, from 2017 to 2020. In addition, Spearman’s Rank Correlation Assessment Model and Geographic Detector Model were used to examine the relationship between environmental factors and lung cancer mortality to identify impact factors and their mechanisms. The findings indicated that: 1) from the characteristics of temporal distribution, the number of lung cancer deaths exhibited a linear growth tendency, with the highest mortality in winter;2) from the characteristics of spatial distribution, lung cancer mortality showed a strong spatial agglomeration form, concentrating on two clustering areas, located in the old city and the central city of Bengbu, near the Huaihe River;3) from the point of view of the whole research area, there were 15 impact factors with significant correlation in the built and natural environment factors. The significant impacting factors in the built environment included land use, road traffic, spatial form and blue-green space, which could indirectly affect lung cancer mortality, while air pollution and temperature constituted the significant impacting factors in the natural environment;4) the influence of screened environmental factors on lung cancer mortality was different. Spatial stratified heterogeneity assessment, the interaction among environmental factors demonstrated statistical significance, it was found that the interaction between environmental factors in pairs had a significant enhancement effect on lung cancer mortality. To some extent, urban planning and policies could reduce lung cancer mortality.

National Breast Cancer Mortality and Incidence Rates According to the Human Development Index: An Ecological Study

Background: This study aimed to identify the role of human development index (HDI) in the incidence and mortality rates of breast cancer (BC) worldwide. Methods: Data on the age-standardized incidence and mortality rates of BC for 184 countries were obtained from the GLOBOCAN. Data about the HDI and other indices were obtained from the World Bank Report 2013. Linear regression model was used for assessment the effect of HDI on BC occurrence rates. Results: In 2012, BCs were estimated to have affected a total of 1,671,149 individuals (crude rate: 47.8 per 100,000 individuals), and caused 521,907 deaths worldwide (crude rate: 14.7 per 100,000 individuals). Nearly half of total female BC cases (46.3%) with the highest risk of incidence (age-standardized Rate (ASR): 128 per 100,000) had occurred in very high HDI regions. The most proportion of the mortality burden was in low HDI and medium HDI areas. Linear regression analyses showed a direct significant correlation between the incidence of BC and HDI at the global level (B = 104.5, P < 0.001). The mortality rate of BC was not significantly associated with HDI (B = 3.26, P = 0.160). Conclusion: Our study showed that the burden of female BC is enormous in very high HDI and low HID regions. Targeted interventions have the ability to reduce this number significantly through resource-dependent interventions. Moreover, further reductions in mortality could be brought about by increasing access to curative treatment for patients with BC.

Cancer incidence and mortality in China in 2013：an analysis based on urbanization level

Objective： To explore the cancer patterns in areas with different urbanization rates（URR） in China with data from 255 population-based cancer registries in 2013, collected by the National Central Cancer Registry（NCCR）.Methods： There were 347 cancer registries submitted cancer incidence and deaths occurred in 2013 to NCCR.All those data were checked and evaluated based on the NCCR criteria of data quality, and qualified data from 255 registries were used for this analysis. According to the proportion of non-agricultural population, we divided cities/counties into 3 levels： high level, with URR equal to 70% and higher; median level, with URR between 30%and 70%; and low level, with URR equal to 30% and less. Cancer incidences and mortalities were calculated,stratified by gender and age groups in different areas. The national population of Fifth Census in 2000 and Segi＇s population were applied for age-standardized rates.Results： Qualified 255 cancer registries covered 226,494,490 populations. The percentage of cases morphologically verified（MV%） and death certificate-only cases（DCO%） were 68.04% and 1.74%, respectively,and the mortality to incidence rate ratio（M/I） was 0.62. A total of 644,487 new cancer cases and 399,275 cancer deaths from the 255 cancer registries were submitted to NCCR in 2013. The incidence rate was 284.55/100,000（314.06/100,000 in males, 254.19/100,000 in females）, and the age-standardized incidence rates by Chinese standard population（ASIRC） and by world standard population（ASIRW） were 190.10/100,000 and 186.24/100,000 with the cumulative incidence rate（0–74 age years old） of 21.60%. The cancer mortality was 176.28/100,000（219.03/100,000 in males, 132.30/100,000 in females）, and the age-standardized mortality rates by Chinese standard population（ASMRC） and by world standard population（ASMRW） were 110.91/100,000 and 109.92/100,000, and the cumulative mortality rate（0–74 age years old） was 12.43%. Low urbanization areas were high in crude cancer incidence and mortality rates, middle urbanization areas came next to it followed by high urbanization areas. After adjusted by age, there was a U-shaped association between age-standardized incidence（ASIRC and ASIRW） and the urbanized ratio with the middle urbanization areas having the lowest ASIRC and ASIRW. Unlike with the agestandardized incidence, the sort order of age-standardized mortality（ASMRC and ASMRW） among three urbanization areas was reversed completely from the crude mortality. Lung cancer was the most common cancer in all areas of 255 cancer registries, followed by stomach cancer, liver cancer, colorectal cancer and esophageal cancer with new cases of 130,700, 76,200, 63,800, 60,900 and 50,200 respectively. Lung cancer was also the leading cause of cancer death in all areas of 255 cancer registries for both males and females with the number of deaths of 72,200 and 34,100, respectively. Other cancer types with high mortality in males were liver cancer, stomach cancer,esophageal cancer and colorectal cancer. In females, stomach cancer was the second cause of cancer death, followed by liver cancer, colorectal cancer and breast cancer.Conclusions： Along with the development of socioeconomics associated with urbanization, as well as the agingpopulation, the incidence and mortality keep increasing in China. Cancer burden and patterns are different in each urbanization level. Cancer control strategies should be implemented referring to local urbanization status.

National cancer incidence and mortality in China, 2012

Background： Population-based cancer registration data in 2012 from all available cancer registries were collected by the National Central Cancer Registry （NCCR）. NCCR estimated the numbers of new cancer cases and cancer deaths in China with compiled cancer incidence and mortality rates. Methods： In 2015, there were 261 cancer registries submitted cancer incidence and deaths occurred in 2012. All the data were checked and evaluated based on the NCCR criteria of data quality. Qualified data from 193 registries were used for cancer statistics analysis as national estimation. The pooled data were stratified by area （urban/rural）, gender, age group [0, 1-4, 5-9, 10-14, ..., 85＋] and cancer type. New cancer cases and deaths were estimated using age-specific rates and corresponding national population in 2012. The Chinese census data in 2000 and Segi＇s population were applied for age-standardized rates. All the rates were expressed per 100,000 person-year. Results： Qualified 193 cancer registries （74 urban and 119 rural registries） covered 198,060,406 populations （100,450,109 in urban and 97,610,297 in rural areas）. The percentage of cases morphologically verified （NIV%） and death certificate-only cases （DCO%） were 69.13% and 2.38%, respectively, and the mortality to incidence rate ratio （M/I） was 0.62. A total of 3,586,200 new cancer cases and 2,186,600 cancer deaths were estimated in China in 2012. The incidence rate was 264.85/100,000 （289.30/100,000 in males, 239.15/100,000 in females）, the age-standardized incidence rates by Chinese standard population （ASIRC） and by world standard population （ASIRW） were 191.89/100,000 and 187.83/100,000 with the cumulative incidence rate （0-74 age years old） of 21.82%. The cancer incidence, ASIRC and ASIRW in urban areas were 277.17/100,000, 195.56/100,000 and 190.88/100,000 compared to 251.20/100,000, 187.10/100,000 and 183.91/100,000 in rural areas, respectively. The cancer mortality was 161.49/ 100,000 （ 198.99/100,000 in males, 122.06/ 100,000 in females）, the age-standardized mortality rates by Chinese standard population （ASMRC） and by world standard population （ASMRW） were 112.34/100,000 and 111.25/100,000, and the cumulative mortality rate （0-74 years old） was 12.61%. The cancer mortality, ASMRC and ASMRW were 159.00/100,000, 107.23 1/100,000 and 106.13/100,000 in urban areas, 164.24/100,000, 118.22/100,000 and 117.06/100,000 in rural areas, respectively. Cancers of lung, stomach, liver, eolorectum, esophagus, female breast, thyroid cervix, brain tumor and pancreas were the most common cancers, accounting for about 77.4% of all cancer new cases. Lung cancer, liver cancer, stomach cancer, esophageal cancer, colorectal cancer, pancreatic cancer, female breast cancer, brain tumor, leukemia and lymphoma were the leading causes of cancer death, accounting for about 84.5% of all cancer deaths. The cancer spectrum showed difference between urban and rural, males and females both in incidence and mortality rates. Conclusions： Cancer surveillance information in China is making great progress with the increasing number of cancer registries, population coverage and the improving data quality. Cancer registration plays a fundamental role in cancer control by providing basic information on population-based cancer incidence, mortality, survival and time trend. The disease burden of cancer is serious in China, so that, cancer prevention and control, including health education, health promotiou, cancer screening and cancer care services in China, should be enhanced.

Report of incidence and mortality in China cancer registries, 2009

Objective： The National Central Cancer Registry （NCCR） collected cancer registration data in 2009 from local cancer registries in 2012, and analyzed to describe cancer incidence and mortality in China. Methods： On basis of the criteria of data quality from NCCR, data submitted from 104 registries were checked and evaluated. There were 72 registries＇ data qualified and accepted for cancer registry annual report in 2012. Descriptive analysis included incidence and mortality stratified by area （urban/rural）, sex, age group and cancer site. The top 10 common cancers in different groups, proportion and cumulative rates were also calculated. Chinese population census in 1982 and Segi＇s population were used for age-standardized incidence/mortality rates. Results： All 72 cancer registries covered a total of 85,470,522 population （57,489,009 in urban and 27,981,513 in rural areas）. The total new cancer incident cases and cancer deaths were 244,366 and 154,310, respectively. The morphology verified cases accounted for 67.23%, and 3.14% of incident cases only had information from death certifications. The crude incidence rate in Chinese cancer registration areas was 285.91/100,000 （males 317.97/100,000, females 253.09/100,000）, age-standardized incidence rates by Chinese standard population （ASIRC） and by world standard population （ASIRW） were 146.87/100,000 and 191.72/100,000 with the cumulative incidence rate （0-74 age years old） of 22.08%. The cancer incidence and ASIRC were 303.39/100,000 and 150.31/100,000 in urban areas whereas in rural areas, they were 249.98/100,000 and 139.68/100,000, respectively. The cancer mortality in Chinese cancer registration areas was 180.54/100,000 （224.20/100,000 in males and 135.85/100,000 in females）, age-standardized mortality rates by Chinese standard population （ASMRC） and by world standard population （ASMRW） were 85.06/100,000 and 115.65/100,000, and the cumulative incidence rate （0-74 age years old） was 12.94%. The cancer mortality and ASMRC were 181.86/100,000 and 80.86/100,000 in urban areas, whereas in rural areas, they were 177.83/100,000 and 94.40/100,000 respectively. Lung cancer, gastric cancer, colorectal cancer, liver cancer, esophageal cancer, pancreas cancer, encephaloma, lymphoma, female breast cancer and cervical cancer, were the most common cancers, accounting for 75% of all cancer cases in urban and rural areas. Lung cancer, gastric cancer, liver cancer, esophageal cancer, colorectal cancer, pancreatic cancer, breast cancer, encephaloma, leukemia and lymphoma accounted for 80% of all cancer deaths. The cancer spectrum showed difference between urban and rural areas, males and females. The main cancers in rural areas were cancers of the stomach, followed by esophageal cancer, lung cancer, liver cancer and colorectal cancer, whereas the main cancer in urban areas was lung cancer, followed by liver cancer, gastric cancer and colorectal cancer. Conclusions： The coverage of cancer registration population has been increasing and data quality is improving. As the basis of cancer control program, cancer registry plays an important role in making anti- cancer strategy in medium and long term. As cancer burdens are different between urban and rural areas in China, prevention and control should be implemented based on practical situation.

Estimates of cancer incidence and mortality in China,2013

Introduction: Population-based cancer registration data are collected by the National Central Cancer Registry in China every year. Cancer incident cases and cancer deaths in 2013 were analyzed.Methods: Through the procedure of quality control, reported data from 255 registries were accepted to establish the national database for cancer estimates. Incidences and mortalities were calculated with stratification by area(urban/rural), sex(male/female), age group(0,1-4,5-9,10-14... 80-84, and 85-year-old and above), and cancer site.The structure of Segi's population was used for the calculation of age-standardized rates(ASR).Top 10 most common cancers and leading causes of cancer deaths were listed.Results: In 2013,3,682,200 new cancer cases and 2,229,300 cancer deaths were estimated in China based on the pooled data from 255 cancer registries, covering 16.65% of the national population. The incidence was270.59/100,000, with an ASR of 186.15/100,000; the mortality was 166.83/100,000, with an ASR of 108.94/100,000.The top 10 most common cancer sites were the lung, stomach, liver, colorectum, female breast, esophagus, thyroid, cervix, brain, and pancreas. The ten leading causes of cancer deaths were lung cancer, liver cancer, gastric cancer, esophageal cancer, colorectal cancer, pancreatic cancer, female breast cancer, brain tumor, leukemia, and lymphoma.Conclusions: Cancer leaves serious disease burden in China with high incidence and mortality. Lung cancer was the most common cancer and the leading cause of cancer death in China. Efficient control strategy is needed, especially for major cancers.

Oral cancer incidence and mortality in China, 2011

Objective： To descript the incidence and mortality rates of oral cancer among Chinese population in 2011, and provide valuable data for oral cancer prevention and research. Methods： Data from 177 population-based cancer registries distributed in 28 provinces were accepted for this study after evaluation based on quality control criteria, covering a total of 175,310,169 populations and accounting for 13.01% of the overall national population in 2011. Incidence and mortality rates were calculated by area, gender and age groups. The numbers of new cases and deaths were estimated using the 5-year age-specific cancer incidence/mortality rates and the corresponding populations. The Chinese population in 2000 and World Segi＇s population were used for age-standardized rates. Results： The estimate of new cases diagnosed with oral cancer was 39,450 including 26,160 males and 13,290 females. The overall crude incidence rate for oral cancer was 2.93/100,000. The age-standardized rates by China （ASRcN） population and by World population （ASRwld） were 2.22/100,000 and 2.17/100,000, respectively. Among subjects aged 0-74 years, the cumulative incidence rate was 0.25%. The estimated number of oral cancer deaths of China in 2011 was 16,933, including 11,794 males and 5,139 females. The overall crude mortality rate was 1.26/I00,000, accounting for 0.80% of all cancer deaths. The ASRcN and ASP^Id for mortality were 0.90/100,000 and 0.89/100,000, respectively. Among subjects aged 0-74 years, the cumulative mortality rate was 0.10%. The incidence and mortality rates of oral cancer were much higher in males and urban areas than in females and rural areas. In addition, the incidence and mortality rates were increased by the raising of ages. Conclusions： Results in the study may have important roles for oral cancer prevention and research. Although oral cancer burden of China is not high, we must pay attention to this malignancy as well. In addition, further researches need to be done for primary and secondary prevention research of oral cancer, especially for the high risk population.

Cancer Incidence and Mortality in China,2007

Objective： Cancer incidence and mortality data collected from population-based cancer registries were analyzed to present the overall cancer statistics in Chinese registration areas by age, sex and geographic area in 2007. Methods： In 2010, 48 cancer registries reported cancer incidence and mortality data of 2007 to National Central Cancer Registry of China. Of them, 38 registries＇ data met the national criteria. Incidence and mortality were calculated by cancer sites, age, gender, and area. Age-standardized rates were described by China and World population. Results： The crude incidence rate for all cancers was 276.16/100,000 （305.22/100,000 for male and 246.46/100,000 for female; 284.71/100,000 in urban and 251.07/100,000 in rural）. Age-standardized incidence rates by China and World population were 145.39/100,000 and 189.46/100,000 respectively. The crude mortality rate for all cancers was 177.09/100,000 （219.15/100,000 for male and 134.10/100,000 for female; 173.55/100,000 in urban and 187.49/100,000 in rural）. Age-standardized mortality rates by China and World population were 86.06/100,000 and 116.46/100,000, respectively. The top 10 most frequently common cancer sites were the lung, stomach, colon and rectum, liver, breast, esophagus, pancreas, bladder, brain and lymphoma, accounting for 76.12% of the total cancer cases. The top 10 causes of cancer death were cancers of the lung, liver, stomach, esophagus, colon and rectum, pancreas, breast, leukemia, brain and lymphoma, accounting for 84.37% of the total cancer deaths. Conclusion： Cancer remains a major disease threatening people＇s health in China. Prevention and control should be enhanced, especially for the main cancers.