Lycium barbarum glycopeptide(wolfberry extract)slows N-methyl-N-nitrosourea-induced degradation of photoreceptors

Photoreceptor cell degeneration leads to blindness, for which there is currently no effective treatment. Our previous studies have shown that Lycium barbarum(L. barbarum) polysaccharide(LBP) protects degenerated photoreceptors in rd1, a transgenic mouse model of retinitis pigmentosa. L. barbarum glycopeptide(Lb GP) is an immunoreactive glycoprotein extracted from LBP. In this study, we investigated the potential protective effect of Lb GP on a chemically induced photoreceptor-degenerative mouse model. Wild-type mice received the following: oral administration of Lb GP as a protective pre-treatment on days 1–7;intraperitoneal administration of 40 mg/kg N-methylN-nitrosourea to induce photoreceptor injury on day 7;and continuation of orally administered Lb GP on days 8–14. Treatment with Lb GP increased photoreceptor survival and improved the structure of photoreceptors, retinal photoresponse, and visual behaviors of mice with photoreceptor degeneration. Lb GP was also found to partially inhibit the activation of microglia in N-methyl-N-nitrosourea-injured retinas and significantly decreased the expression of two pro-inflammatory cytokines. In conclusion, Lb GP effectively slowed the rate of photoreceptor degeneration in N-methyl-N-nitrosourea-injured mice, possibly through an anti-inflammatory mechanism, and has potential as a candidate drug for the clinical treatment of photoreceptor degeneration.

Retinal ischemia-reperfusion injury and pretreatment with Lycium barbarum glycopeptide

AIM:To investigate the antioxidant protective effect of Lycium barbarum glycopeptide(LbGP)pretreatment on retinal ischemia-reperfusion(I/R)injury(RIRI)in rats.METHODS:RIRI was induced in Sprague Dawley rats through anterior chamber perfusion,and pretreatment involved administering LbGP via gavage for 7d.After 24h of reperfusion,serum alanine aminotransferase(ALT),aspartate aminotransferase(AST),and creatinine(CREA)levels,retinal structure,expression of Caspase-3 and Caspase-8,superoxide dismutase(SOD)activity,and malondialdehyde(MDA)in the retina were measured.RESULTS:The pretreatment with LbGP effectively protected the retina and retinal tissue from edema and inflammation in the ganglion cell layer(GCL)and nerve fiber layer(NFL)of rats subjected to RIRI,as shown by light microscopy and optical coherence tomography(OCT).Serum AST was higher in the model group than in the blank group(P=0.042),but no difference was found in ALT,AST,and CREA across the LbGP groups and model group.Caspase-3 expression was higher in the model group than in the blank group(P=0.006),but no difference was found among LbGP groups and the model group.Caspase-8 expression was higher in the model group than in the blank group(P=0.000),and lower in the 400 mg/kg LbGP group than in the model group(P=0.016).SOD activity was lower in the model group than in the blank group(P=0.001),and the decrease was slower in the 400 mg/kg LbGP group than in the model group(P=0.003).MDA content was higher in the model group than in the blank group(P=0.001),and lower in the 400 mg/kg LbGP group than in the model group(P=0.016).The pretreatment with LbGP did not result in any observed liver or renal toxicity in the model.CONCLUSION:LbGP pretreatment exhibits dosedependent anti-inflammatory,and antioxidative effects by reducing Caspase-8 expression,preventing declines of SOD activity,and decreasing MDA content in the RIRI rat model.

Supplementation of Lycium barbarum residue increases the growth rate of Tan sheep by enhancing their feed intake and regulating their rumen microbiome and metabolome

Lycium barbarum residue(LBR),a by-product of L.barbarum processing,is packed with bioactive components and can be potentially utilized as a feed additive in animal husbandry.However,the fundamental understanding of its effectiveness on livestock animals is still lacking,particularly in ruminants.To explore the effects of LBR on the growth performance,rumen fermentation parameters,ruminal microbes and metabolites of Tan sheep,sixteen fattening rams(aged 4 mon)were fed a basal diet(CON,n=8)or a basal diet supplemented with 5%LBR(LBR,n=8).The experiment lasted for 70 d,with 10 d adaptation period and 60 d treatment period.The results showed that the LBR enhanced the average daily feed intake,average daily gain(P<0.05),and ruminal total volatile fatty acids(P<0.01)while decreasing ammonia-nitrogen concentration and rumen pH value(P<0.05).Additionally,the LBR improved the relative abundances of Prevotella,Succiniclasticum,Ruminococcus,Coprococcus,Selenomonas,and Butyrivibrio(P<0.05)and reduced the relative abundances of Oscillospira and Succinivibrio(P<0.05).The LBR altered the ruminal metabolome(P<0.01)by increasing the abundances of ruminal metabolites involved in amino acids(e.g.,L-proline,L-phenylalanine,L-lysine,and L-tyrosine),pyrimidine metabolism(e.g.,uridine,uracil,and thymidine),and microbial protein synthesis(e.g.,xanthine and hypoxanthine).In conclusion,LBR had positive effects on the growth rate of Tan sheep as well as on rumen fermentation parameters,rumen microbiome and rumen metabolome.

Effects of Lycium barbarum polysaccharide on cytokines in adolescents with subthreshold depression:a randomized controlled study

Strong evidence has accumulated to show a correlation between depression symptoms and inflammatory responses.Moreover,anti-inflammatory treatment has shown partial effectiveness in alleviating depression symptoms.Lycium barbarum polysaccharide(LBP),derived from Goji berries,exhibits notable antioxidative and anti-inflammatory properties.In our recent double-blinded randomized placebo-controlled trial,we found that LBP significantly reduced depressive symptoms in adolescents with subthreshold depression.It is presumed that the antidepressant effect of LBP may be associated with its influence on inflammatory cytokines.In the double-blinded randomized controlled trial,we enrolled 29 adolescents with subthreshold depression and randomly divided them into an LBP group and a placebo group.In the LBP group,adolescents were given 300 mg/d LBP.A 6-week follow up was completed by 24 adolescents,comprising 14 adolescents from the LBP group(15.36±2.06 years,3 men and 11 women)and 10 adolescents from the placebo group(14.9±1.6 years,2 men and 8 women).Our results showed that after 6 weeks of treatment,the interleukin-17A level in the LBP group was lower than that in the placebo group.Network analysis showed that LBP reduced the correlations and connectivity between inflammatory factors,which were associated with the improvement in depressive symptoms.These findings suggest that 6-week administration of LBP suppresses the immune response by reducing interleukin-17A level,thereby exerting an antidepressant effect.

Study on the Relationship between the Main Secondary Metabolites and Polysaccharide in Fruits of Lycium barbarum at Different Application Amounts of Nitrogen

[Objective] The aim of this study is to investigate the optimum application amount of nitrogen in Lycium barbarum based on considering the relationship between main secondary metabolites and polysaccharide.[Method]Under field conditions,the effects of different application amounts of nitrogen on main secondary metabolites of betaine,carotenoid and flavone of Lycium barbarum and the relationship between main secondary metabolites and polysaccharide.[Result] The main secondary metabolites of betaine,carotenoid and flavone of Lycium barbarum varied under different application amounts of nitrogen.The proper application amount of nitrogen(600-900 kg/hm2)was beneficial to the formation and accumulation of secondary metabolites such as carotenoids.Correlation analysis results showed that polysaccharide were negatively correlated with betaine,carotenoid and flavone at significant probability level.[Conclusion]Considering the relationship between the output and quality of the fruits of Lycium barbarum,the optimum nitrogen application amount should be 600-900 kg/hm2.

Genetic Polymorphism of Eighteen Lycium barbarum Resources Based on nrDNA ITS Sequence

[Objective] The study aimed to investigate the genetic polymorphism of eighteen Lycium barbarum resources via nrDNA ITS sequencing. [Method] The genomic DNAs from Lycium barbarum leaves were isolated by modified CTAB method for PCR amplification on the nrDNA ITS region using specifically synthesized primers; the amplified fragments were cloned and sequenced, then the sequencing results were clustered. [Result] nrDNA ITS sequences of the tested eighteen Lycium barbarum were firstly obtained in the present study. For all eighteen tested materials, the variation range of whole ITS region was 559-634 bp, with an average of 612 bp; alignment analyses showed that the whole length of internal transcribed spacer (ITS1+ITS2) was 480 bp, within which there are 194 variation sites (accounting for 40.4%) and 286 conserved sites (accounting for 59.6%). The cluster results showed that the eighteen tested materials could be grouped into three classes. [Conclusion] Analysis of nrDNA ITS sequence may avail to identify the Lycium barbarum germplasm resources.

中宁枸杞(Lycium barbarum L.)的核型分析

报道了中宁枸杞( Lycium barbarum L.)的核型.核型公式为K(2n)=2 X=24=2 2 m(4 SAT)+2 sm.核型类型为1A，为较原始的对称核型，并与前人的报道结果进行了对比分 析.

Effects of Different Culture Conditions on Vitrification of Lycium barbarum L. Plantlets in Tissue Culture

The tender stems from new Lycium barbarum L. cultivar ＂Ningqi 3＂ released by Ningxia Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences were regarded as explants to investigate the vitrification of Lycium barbarum plantlets in tissue culture under different concentrations of 6-BA, sucrose, agrose, culture temperature, and illumination duration with MS as basic medium. The results show that the conditions for maximal proliferation coefficient and min- imal vitrification are as following： the basic medium with 0.2 mg/L 6-BA, 3% sucrose and 0.65% agarose; culture at 25℃; 12 h/d（ daylight lamp, 2 000 lx） illumination.

Effects of NaCl Stress on Seed Germination of Lycium ruthenicum Murr.

[Objective]To study the seeds germination of Lycium ruthenicum Murr.under different concentrations of NaCl,as well as to find the optimal concentration of NaCl for the germination of L.ruthenicum.[Method]The seeds of L.ruthenicum were treated with different concentrations of NaCl,and the state of seed germination was measured.[Result]With the increasing of concentration of NaCl,the seed germination rate of L.ruthenicum showed an obvious increasing trend.when the concentration was of 0.3%-0.4 %,the germination rate was the highest,and when the concentration of NaCl was greater than 0.4,the germination rate showed a decline trend.[Conclusion]After treated with appropriate concentrations of NaCl before sowing,the germination rate of seeds of L.ruthenicum would increase.

Karyotype Analysis of Lycium ruthenicum Murr.

Karyotype analysis of Lycium ruthenicum Murr. was carried out in this study. The results showed that the chromosome number was 2n=2x=24; the arm index was 48; the ratio of the longest chromosome to the shortest one was 1.31; the proportions of chromosomes with arm ratio higher than 2 was 0.08; the asymmetry index was 57.02; the karyotype type was 2A; and the karyotype formula was 2n=-24=20m＋4sm.

Preliminary Study on the Anther Culture in Lycium barbarum L.

To investigate the culture technique in anther of Chinese wolfberry,we optimized the culture medium(including hormone combination)and culture conditions.The results showed that calluses were induced from all the six tested Chinese wolfberry materials,but the induction rate of callus varied toward the materials with different genotypes.When the experimental materials were cultured on medium appended with 2,4-D 1.0 mg/L and KT 1.0 mg/L under dark,the callus induction rate reached 20.0 % in this study,and this hormone combination should be the optimum for anther culture of Chinese wolfberry.With MS appended with 6-BA 0.5 mg/L and NAA 0.1 mg/L as differentiation medium and that appended with NAA 0.1 mg/L,the plants could be yielded in 20 days.

Research of Fertility Standard on Male Sterility of Lycium chinensis

Botanical features of "YX-1" reproductive organ and bearing rate by number of pollen granules in pollen sacs of Lycium chinensis was observed and researched through field investigation, smear preparation and paraffin sections. YX-1 of Lycium chinensis was determined as incomplete male sterility and further classified into complete sterile type, sterile type I and sterile type II. The fertility standard of male sterility of Lycium chinensis was preliminarily proposed to establish a basis for crossbreeding of male sterility of Lycium chinensis.

The Relation between Anther's Nutrient Metabolism and Pollen Abortion of Male Sterile Lines in Lycium barbarum L.

[ Objective] This study deals with the relation between anther nutrient metabolism and pollen abortion of male sterile lines in Lycium barbarum L., and provides some theoretical references for the pollen abortion mechanism of male sterile lines in Lyciurn barbarurn L.. [Method] By using semi-thin section and cytochemistry technology, the accumulation and distribution of anther nutrient of male sterile and fertile lines in Lycium barbarum L. were observed and compared. [ Result] The result showed that after meiosis, starch grains in the connective parenchyma of anther decreased sharply, and starch grains in epidermis and endothecium were also greatly decreased, while nearly no lipid accumulated in tapetal cells in male sterile lines compared with the fertile lines. The tapetal cells and tetraspore had vacuoles appear successively, and then entered the degenerate process. During the degeneration stage of tapetal cells and tetraspore, starch grains in epidermis and endothecium were still in a smell number and in the connective parenchyme as well. [ Conclusion] The decrease of polysaccharide supplying in anther vascular leads to the disorder of mechanism of glycelipid transforming in tapetal ceils, which triggers the tapetal cells degenerating ahead of time, and the latter gives rise to callus wall failing to degenerate in time. Therefore, the tetrads disintegrate and disappear ultimately due to lack of nutrition.

枸杞多糖调节线粒体动力学改善过氧化氢诱导SH-SY5Y细胞的凋亡

背景:大量研究结果证明,神经退行性疾病与氧化应激损伤和线粒体动力学失衡密切相关。课题组前期研究表明枸杞多糖具有神经保护作用,但其能否通过调控线粒体动力学异常来改善氧化应激损伤引发的细胞凋亡尚不明确。目的:研究枸杞多糖对过氧化氢诱导人源神经母瘤细胞SH-SY5Y凋亡的影响。方法:将SH-SY5Y细胞分3组培养:对照组常规培养24 h,过氧化氢组加入过氧化氢处理24 h,枸杞多糖组加入枸杞多糖处理2 h后再加入过氧化氢处理24 h。处理结束后,采用试剂盒检测细胞沉淀中丙二醛、谷胱甘肽和超氧化物歧化酶水平,JC-1试剂盒检测线粒体膜电位,MTT法检测细胞活力,TUNEL法检测细胞凋亡情况,免疫荧光染色与Western Blot检测线粒体动力学相关蛋白(磷酸化启动蛋白1、线粒体分裂蛋白1、线粒体融合蛋白1、线粒体融合蛋白2、视神经萎缩症蛋白1)与凋亡蛋白(Bax、Bcl-2、Caspase-3)表达。结果与结论:①与对照组相比,过氧化氢组丙二醛水平升高(P<0.05),超氧化物歧化酶和谷胱甘肽水平降低(P<0.05);与过氧化氢组相比,枸杞多糖组丙二醛水平降低(P<0.05),超氧化物歧化酶和谷胱甘肽水平升高(P<0.05);②过氧化氢组线粒体膜电位低于对照组(P<0.05),枸杞多糖组线粒体膜电位高于过氧化氢组(P<0.05);③与对照组相比,过氧化氢组细胞凋亡率与Bax、Caspase-3蛋白表达升高(P<0.05),细胞活力与Bcl-2蛋白表达降低(P<0.05);与过氧化氢组相比,枸杞多糖组细胞凋亡率与Bax、Caspase-3蛋白表达降低(P<0.05),细胞活力与Bcl-2蛋白表达升高(P<0.05);④与对照组相比,过氧化氢组磷酸化启动蛋白1、线粒体分裂蛋白1的蛋白表达升高(P<0.05),线粒体融合蛋白1、线粒体融合蛋白2、视神经萎缩症蛋白1的蛋白表达降低(P<0.05);与过氧化氢组相比,枸杞多糖组磷酸化启动蛋白1、线粒体分裂蛋白1的蛋白表达降低(P<0.05),线粒体融合蛋白1、线粒体融合蛋白2、视神经萎缩症蛋白1的蛋白表达升高(P<0.05);⑤结果表明,枸杞多糖可通过调节线粒体动力学来改善氧化应激损伤诱导的SH-SY5Y细胞凋亡。

Effects of Different Vibration Intensities Harvesting on Photosynthesis System Parameters of Lycium barbarum L. Trees with Harvest Machine

The effects of different vibration intensities harvesting on photosynthesis system parameters of Lycium barbarum L. tree with harvest machine were researched. The result showed that the photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate, stomata conductance and intercellular CO2 concentration of L. barbarum tree＇s leaves under different treatment during different periods have no significant difference compared with contrast. It indicates that there is no significant effect on photosynthesis system parameters of L. barbarum tree＇s leaves with harvest machine.

Pollination Compatibility of Six Lycium barbarum L.Varieties

[Objective] The aim was to research pol ination compatibility of Six Lycium barbarum L. Varieties. [Method] Self-fertilization and reciprocal cross fertilization tests were conducted among the Six Lycium barbarum L. Varieties. [Result] Ningqi No.3 was of self-incompatibility and the self-fertilization fruit set ratio was only 1.33%; the self-compatibility of Ningqi No.2 was only 31.74%; the rest kept self-compatibility higher than 50%. The six varieties al showed better compatibility in general, espe-cial y for Ningqi No.3, whose fruit set ratio and weight of single fruit can be im-proved once a suitable pol inizer is found. [Conclusion] The research providers refer-ences for pol inizer-trees in production.

芸苔素内酯诱导对枸杞叶片次生代谢物质量分数及抗蚜性的影响

为探讨芸苔素内酯(BR)对枸杞的抗虫性诱导,减少化学农药使用量,降低环境污染。通过对室内盆栽宁夏枸杞(Lycium barbarum L.)苗木叶面喷施芸苔素内酯溶液,并测定不同诱导质量浓度和诱导时间的枸杞叶片次生代谢物产量,包括单宁质量分数、甜菜碱质量浓度、总酚质量浓度和总黄酮质量浓度,同时观察枸杞蚜的生长发育情况。结果表明:芸苔素内酯诱导显著影响枸杞叶片的次生代谢物产量,1.00 mg/L芸苔素内酯诱导21 d的单宁质量分数、甜菜碱和总酚质量浓度分别是CK的4.78、1.24、1.55倍,0.10 mg/L芸苔素内酯诱导21 d时的总黄酮质量浓度是CK的1.59倍。芸苔素内酯诱导的枸杞叶片使枸杞蚜存活率下降,总若虫期延长,总产仔量降低。综上可知,芸苔素内酯诱导使枸杞叶片次生代谢物产量以上调为主,对枸杞蚜生长发育及繁殖表现出抑制作用。

药用植物宁夏枸杞(Lycium barbarum L.)土壤细菌群落演替特征

【目的】研究土层、季节和树龄对宁夏枸杞土壤细菌群落结构的影响,对揭示枸杞种植区域土壤质量变化规律具有重要意义。【方法】以宁夏枸杞之乡—宁夏回族自治区中宁县为研究区,采用高通量测序分析了不同土层、季节和树龄条件下枸杞土壤细菌生物量及细菌群落结构和丰度的变化趋势。【结果】随着枸杞树龄增加,与幼龄(种植当年,<1年)枸杞土壤相比,春季和夏季0—20 cm中龄(6年)和老龄(12年)土壤总有机碳(total organic carbon,TOC)及0—40 cm土壤总有机氮(total organic nitrogen,TON)含量先增加后减少;春季不同树龄0—20 cm土壤微生物生物量碳(microbial biomass carbon,MBC)和微生物生物量氮(microbial biomass nitrogen,MBN)一直增加,但春季和秋季20—40 cm则呈相反趋势。夏季中龄植株表层土壤MBC最高,但MBN却最低。随着树龄增加,枸杞表层土壤细菌多样性普遍呈先增加后减小的趋势。枸杞土壤变形菌门Proteobacteria、放线菌门Actinobacteria、拟杆菌门Bacteroidete在细菌群落中占绝对优势。相同季节老龄土壤Proteobacteria相对丰度普遍高于幼龄和中龄,幼龄土壤Planctomycetes和绿弯菌门Chloroflexi丰度高于中龄和老龄。变形杆菌中黄色单胞菌Xanthomonadales、红杆菌Rhodobacterales和根瘤菌Rhizobiales占主导地位,尤其是在秋季中龄和3个季节的老龄枸杞土壤。土层、季节和树龄对土壤微生物数量影响不同。【结论】随着树龄增加,宁夏枸杞表层土壤微生物生物量和细菌多样性呈先增加后降低的趋势。老龄植株土壤Xanthomonadales数量相对最多。土层对枸杞土壤碳分布有极显著影响,树龄主要显著影响土壤氮源和细菌群落多样性,季节对枸杞土壤碳源、微生物量碳氮均有极显著影响。

中草药枸杞(Lycium chinense)愈伤组织分化的最佳培养基

枸杞分布广泛,果实和根皮是贵重药材,果实滋补肝肾,治糖尿病;根自治咳嗽、吐血及肺结核等病。枸杞种子繁殖3年后才能开花结实,为了加快无性繁殖。

真空预冷压强对鲜枸杞SOD酶活性的影响及分子动力学模拟

为探究真空预冷处理对鲜枸杞超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase,SOD)活性的影响及其分子水平机理,本研究将宁夏新鲜枸杞置于真空预冷900、1100 Pa压强下处理,提取粗酶液进行SOD酶活性测定,并进行150 ns分子动力学模拟研究SOD酶在不同真空预冷压强处理下的内部变化,分析均方根误差、回旋半径、总能量、势能、动能、键角能、均方根涨落、氢键数量、表面结构、溶剂可及表面积的改变,进而筛选出真空预冷处理的最佳压强条件。结果显示,900 Pa处理下SOD酶活最高。分子动力学模拟结果表明,体系总能量、势能、动能及键角能均处于平衡稳定状态,压强增大使得蛋白质表面结构改变,氢键数量减少,溶剂可及表面积不断减小。在900 Pa处理下,蛋白质结构最紧密,活性口袋变宽且易与蛋白结合。而1100 Pa处理下酶蛋白活性降低,蛋白结构破坏,活性口袋变小。本研究可为研究鲜枸杞保鲜及加工提供科学参考。