The Yield and Diseases-Pest Performance of Breeding Materials for Tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum) Sourced from Different Exotic Sources

A study was conducted with 36 tomato germplasm [PGRC (19), The Netherlands (7), Japan (2), and Bangladesh (9)] with 3 check varieties in the research field of the Olericulture Division of Horticulture Research Centre (HRC), Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute (BARI), Gazipur during the winter season of 2022-23 to identify promising tomato breeding germplasm. All the germplasm showed differences in most of the parameters studied. Considerable variation was observed for fruit yield per hectare varied from 39 to 144 tons, while the highest fruit yield per hectare was harvested from the germplasm viz., BD 7759B, BD 7757, BD 7751, BD 7301, QM, BD 7759A, BD 7762, QF, BD 7753, BD 8886, BD 10351, NL-1A, SLA-19. The number of locules, total soluble solids (TSS) and plant height at last harvest varied from 2 to 6.6, 2.6 to 5.9%, and 66 to 154cm, respectively. The TYLCV infection (%) and leaf-sucking pest infestation (%) were observed with a 1 to 20% range in the field condition in both cases. So, we can select that germplasm has zero per cent infestation. Considering the plant growth habit, earliness, different yield contributing horticultural traits, virus and pest infestation thirteen germplasm viz., BD 7759B, BD 7757, BD 7751, BD 7301, QM, BD 7759A, BD 7762, QF, BD 7753, BD 8886, BD 10351, NL-1A, SLA-19 were selected as breeding materials for further tomato improvement program.

外源NO与蔗糖对盐胁迫下番茄(Lycopersicon esculentum Mill)幼苗氧化损伤的保护效应

选取长至6～8片真叶的健康番茄（Lycopersicon esculentum Mill）幼苗,分别进行蔗糖、硝普钠（sodium nitropresside,SNP,作为外源NO供体）及其体积比例组合（1∶1）处理;36h后施以NaCl胁迫,并分别于0h（胁迫前）、24h、48h和72h取样,进行相关生理生化指标测定。具体5个实验处理如下：A.蒸馏水（CK）;B.100 mmol/L NaCl;C.0.1 mmol/L SNP＋100 mmol/L NaCl;D.0.1 mmol/L SNP＋1.0mmol/L蔗糖＋100 mmol/L NaCl;E.1.0 mmol/L蔗糖＋100 mmol/L NaCl。结果表明：与SNP和蔗糖单独处理相比,二者组合处理对缓解盐胁迫下番茄幼苗的氧化损伤存在正协同效应,主要表现在进一步增强了番茄幼苗超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化物酶（POD）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶（APX）和谷胱甘肽还原酶（GR）的活性;提高了脯氨酸（Pro）的含量,同时膜脂过氧化产物丙二醛（MDA）含量显著降低（P〈0.05）。采用聚丙烯酰胺浓度梯度凝胶电泳对盐胁迫24 h和48 h材料的POD同功酶检测表明,当NaCl单独处理时,番茄幼苗叶片POD同功酶第V条带缺失,其它谱带酶量减少,抑制了POD同功酶的表达;SNP和蔗糖单独处理能够保护盐胁迫（24、48h）所导致的POD同功酶条带的完整;而组合处理既保证了POD同功酶条带的完整,又加强了酶量的表达。随着盐胁迫时间的延长,其氧化损伤程度愈烈,SNP和蔗糖组合处理能够更有效地缓解盐胁迫对番茄幼苗植株造成的氧化损伤。

Yield and Pest Performance of High-Temperature Tolerant Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) Lines for Year-Round Tomato Production in Bangladesh

The study was conducted at Olericulture Division, Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute, Gazipur, Bangladesh during summer season of 2021 to see the performances of yield and yield-related components of twelve heat tolerant tomato hybrids. Significant variation was expressed for days to first harvest (101.0 - 108.0 days), while maximum number of fruits per plant was calculated in F1 2101 and F1 2201 (9.5), followed by F1 203, F1 2001, F1 2303, F1 2401 (9.0). The highest single fruit weight was estimated in F1 2501 (195.5 g), followed by F1 2101 (119.0 g), F1 2201 (113.8 g), while the range was 33.1 - 195.5 g. The range of fruit yield was 7.9 - 38.7 t/ha, while higher-yielding hybrids were viz., F1 203 (27.7 t/ha), F1 2101 (35.5 t/ha), F1 2201 (33.9 t/ha) and F1 2501 (28.7 t/ha). Maximum TSS was produced by F1 2501 (5.9%), followed by BARI Hybrid Tomato-8 (5.1%), F1 1101, F1 1903 (5.0%), with a range of 4.0% - 5.9%, while TYLCV infection and leaf sucking pest infestation varied from 0.0% - 10.0% and 3.3% - 16.7%, respectively. Thus, based on the performances of different yield and yield contributing traits, the hybrids, viz., F1 2101, F1 2201, F1 2501 may be selected to develop heat tolerant tomato hybrid varieties for the farmers of sub-tropical regions.

Study on the Pollen Thermo-Sensitive and Stigma Exsertion Male Sterile Line Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) cv. Da107

To accelerate the breeding process, male sterile line is used to leave out the troublesome procedures of the artificial emasculation in tomato breeding. However, the fertility of the pollen thermo-sensitivity male sterile line (PTMSL) and the stigma exsertion male sterile line (SEMSL) are affected easily by the environments when used alone. The trial materials were Da107 and the control was First. This study was conducted to create a new male sterile line of tomato characterized by pollen thermo-sensitivity and long style by genic recombination through the hybridizing of the PTMSL and SEMSL. Research on the statistics of the pollen germination rate, the contamination rate in F1 and the flower organics indicated that Da107 was an ideal TS and SE male sterile line with the sterility of 95%, as well as it also could be used as fertile line at low temperature. Meanwhile, the results showed that hybrid-seed contamination risk with selfed seeds from residual fertility in Da107 was low.

番茄(Lycoqersicon esculentum Mill)小孢子发生及其雄配子体发育的细胞学观察

番茄小孢子的发生从孢原细胞开始,经过造孢细胞,小孢子母细胞、四分体、小孢子、雄配子体等发育阶段,最后形成二核花粉.番茄的绒毡层细胞是由初生壁细胞衍生的同型的双核细胞,正常情况下在减数分裂时期至四分体时期同步溶解.番茄的绒毡层为"变形绒毡层"类型,即溶解后的绒毡层要形成周原质团流入药室.番茄小孢子母细胞的减数分裂为同时型,在减数第一次分裂后不立即形成细胞壁,而是形成一个双核细胞;第二次分裂中,两个核同时进行分裂,其方向互为垂直,当分裂完成时,在四个核之间产生细胞壁,分隔成一个呈正四面体形的四分体.新形成的小孢子有浓厚细胞质和一个位于中央的细胞核.小孢子进一步发育形成明显的细胞壁,增大体积,细胞核被挤向一侧,在贴近细胞壁的位置上细胞核进行有丝分裂.分裂的结果形成两个子核:生殖核和营养核,两核之间最初由一弧形细胞板分隔成两个不等的细胞.番茄小孢子的发育基本是同步的,大多数小孢子都能发育成正常的成熟花粉.

Induction of Volatile Organic Compounds in Leaves of Lycopersicon Esculentum by Nd^(3+)

The effects of Nd^3＋ on the quality and quantity of volatile organic compounds （VOCs） in the leaves of Lycopersicon esculentum were studied. The results demonstrate that Nd^3＋ can increase the total amount of VOC by 75% after treatment for 120 h, as compared with the control. Phyto-oxylipins, terpenoids and aromatic compounds were increased by 73%, 38% and 21%, respectively. （E）-2-hexenal, the most abundant constituent is increased by 74%, β- phellandrene and α-caryophyllene in terpenoids,

控释肥联合养分增效剂显著提高番茄产量与品质

采用田间试验,以番茄(Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.)品种瑞菲为试验材料,通过控释肥联合养分增效剂探究其对番茄生长、产量与品质的影响。结果表明,控释肥联合养分增效剂能显著增加植株茎粗(P<0.05);与常规施肥相比,控释肥和控释肥联合养分增效剂可显著改善番茄品质,番茄果实可溶性固形物含量有增加的趋势,可溶性糖含量、维生素C含量显著提高(P<0.05),番茄果实色泽度和硬度均有所改善;与常规施肥相比,控释肥和控释肥联合养分增效剂能有效提高番茄产量与经济效益,产量分别增加12.7%和29.2%,净利润分别增加3.65万元/hm^(2)和7.72万元/hm^(2)。综上,控释肥联合养分增效剂可实现番茄增产增效,在实现轻简化生产中具有重要的实践价值。

加工番茄(Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.)花药愈伤组织诱导与增殖的初步探究

为了建立加工番茄花药离体培养再生体系,我们以3个基因型(C1,C2和C3)加工番茄的花药为试验材料,研究了2种诱导培养基和13种增殖培养基对加工番茄愈伤组织诱导与增殖的影响。结果表明:不同基因型加工番茄花药愈伤组织诱导培养基存在差异。加工番茄杂交组合C1花药愈伤组织诱导较适培养基是MS+0.5 mg/L 2,4-D+1.0 mg/L KT;加工番茄杂交组合C2和C3花药愈伤组织诱导较适培养基是MS+1.0 mg/LNAA+1.0 mg/L 6-BA;加工番茄花药愈伤组织增殖较适培养基为MS+1.0 mg/L 6-BA+0.2 mg/L NAA,其中C3的愈伤组织增殖率可达93.33%。本研究获得了较高的愈伤组织增殖率,为利用花药离体培养技术进行加工番茄种质资源创新提供了科学依据。

Induction of Volatile Organic Compounds of Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. and Its Resistance to Botrytis cinerea Pers. by Burdock Oligosaccharide

In the present study, we investigated the induction of volatile organic compounds （VOCs） of Lycoperslcon esculentum Mill. and its resistance to Botrytis cinerea Pers. by burdock oligosaccharlde. The disease severity of L. esculentum was evaluated 48 h after treatment with 0.6% burdock oligosaccharlde, followed by inoculation with a spore suspension of B. cinerea. The formation of O2＇, the activity of lipoxygenases （LOX）, peroxidase （POD）, cataiase （CAT）, and superoxide dismutase （SOD）, and the quantity and quallty of changes In VOCs were determined a period of time after treatment with 0.6% burdock ollgosaccharide. The results demonstrated that the disease index in treated plants was decreased by 42.5% compared with control 96 h after Inoculation. The production of O2＇ reached a maximum 6 h after treatment （1.36-fold compared with control）. There was an increase in LOX, POD, CAT and SOD activity in response to burdock oligosaccharide treatment and the enzymes showed different trends in the time-course of induction. At 120 h after treatment, （E）-2-hexenal was increased by 92% compared with control, whereas methyl salicylate showed a gradual Increase with induction period. Previous results had demonstrated that chitosan elicitor enhanced the production VOCs of L. esculentum and decreased plant susceptibility towards B. clnerea. Together, these findings suggest that increasing the production of VOCs in response to burrdock oligosaccharide may be an important mechanism for L. esculentumin its defense against pathogens, in addition, burrdock oligosaccharlde may act as a potent elicitor of resistance to disease in L. esculentum.

亏缺灌溉对番茄蔗糖代谢和干物质分配及果实品质的影响

在设施内设置4个灌水处理,分别间隔2(CK)、4(处理1)、6(处理2)和8d(处理3)浇1次水,均以浇水后土壤水分张力计回零为准。结果表明,番茄果实中葡萄糖和果糖的含量随生长发育的进行而逐渐提高,蔗糖含量下降;各时期处理3番茄果肉中糖分含量最高,其次为处理2,其余2处理果实糖分含量最低。蔗糖合成酶活性呈下降趋势,蔗糖磷酸合成酶活性逐渐升高,水分亏缺提高了这2种酶的活性,但降低了成熟期酸性转化酶和中性转化酶活性。亏缺灌溉提高了番茄叶片中葡萄糖和果糖含量,同时提高了果实中的可溶性糖、有机酸的含量及糖酸比,增加了植株的干物质积累,但严重亏缺灌溉可明显影响植株上部果实的生长和干物质积累。

番茄不同部位中糖含量和相关酶活性的研究

试验将番茄光合产物运转途径上叶片(源)、运输系统以及果实(库)区分开,分别测定其糖的组成和含量以及糖代谢相关酶的活性。结果表明:番茄光合产物运转途径上从“源”到“库”各部位糖的组成和含量不同。叶肉中果糖的含量最高,蔗糖的含量最低;中筋中以果糖和葡萄糖为主;叶柄维管束中葡萄糖含量最高,蔗糖含量次之,果糖含量最低。节间和果柄维管束中主要含有蔗糖。果实维管束以及果实内各部位中则主要含有葡萄糖和果糖,且两者含量无显著差异,蔗糖含量很低。萼片中葡萄糖含量最高,蔗糖含量最低;果蒂中3种糖含量均较高且无显著差异。番茄叶肉及光合产物运转组织中转化酶活性很低,而在库器官的非维管组织中转化酶活性较高。果蒂中的蔗糖合成酶(SS)活性最高,其次是叶肉和运转组织,果实内各部位中SS活性较低。在合成蔗糖的器官—叶肉中,有较高的蔗糖磷酸合成酶(SPS)活性,运转组织中的SPS活性较叶肉中降低,但果柄维管束和果实维管束中则表现出较高SPS活性,果肉、果胶质胎座及心室隔壁中的SPS活性最低。

低温胁迫下不同耐冷性番茄品种幼叶细胞Ca^(2+)分布变化的差异

采用焦锑酸钙沉淀的电镜细胞化学方法 ,研究了低温胁迫与冷锻炼下不同耐冷性番茄品种幼叶细胞Ca2 + 定位分布的变化。结果表明 :正常生长条件下 ,番茄幼叶细胞Ca2 +主要存在于液泡和细胞间隙内 ,细胞质中含量很低 ,且耐冷性不同品种之间无明显差异。经5℃低温处理 2 4h后 ,耐冷品种细胞内Ca2 + 分布变化明显 ,胞内钙库 (即液泡 )释放Ca2 + 进入细胞基质 ,细胞间隙中仍有大量Ca2 + 存在 ;而冷敏感品种无明显变化。当处理 4 8h后 ,耐冷品种细胞Ca2 + 分布趋向于恢复到处理前的状态 ,而冷敏感品种则在细胞内形成较大的钙沉淀颗粒 ,多分布于叶绿体被膜与质膜内侧 ,细胞间隙内Ca2 + 颗粒也集中聚集成团。昼 15℃ /夜 8℃条件下的冷锻炼对不同耐冷性番茄幼叶细胞内Ca2 +

外源ABA、BR和ETH对番茄果实番茄红素含量的影响

为探索外源激素对番茄果实中番茄红素含量的影响,改进从番茄果实中正己烷、乙醇以及丁烯羟基甲苯BHT的丙酮混合试剂提取番茄红素的方法,确定了番茄红素最佳提取条件,并利用该条件检测分析了外源ABA(脱落酸)、BR(油菜素内酯)和ETH(乙烯)处理番茄果实后番茄红素的含量。结果表明:200mg·L-1的外源ABA、0.001mg·L-1的外源BR和3000mg·L-1的外源ETH对促进番茄果实中番茄红素含量增加的效果较好,番茄红素含量分别达到115.11μg·g-1FW,106.16μg·g-1FW和125.21μg.g-1FW。外源ABA、BR和ETH均能在不同程度上促进番茄果实中番茄红素含量增加。

辐照降解壳聚糖涂膜对沙糖桔、圣女果和金桔的保鲜作用

研究了经辐照降解后的不同分子量壳聚糖对沙糖桔、圣女果、金桔在贮存过程中失重率、腐烂率、总酸、可溶性固形物以及抗坏血酸的影响。结果表明:降解壳聚糖处理可显著降低3种果实的失重率和腐烂率,延缓总酸、可溶性固形物以及抗坏血酸含量的下降;其中,分子量为6.6×104Da的壳聚糖对3种水果的保鲜效果最佳,贮存18d的腐烂率较对照组分别降低71.11%、66.01%和70.22%,总酸提高55.60%3、6.75%和36.68%,可溶性固形物提高49.06%、25.75%和49.46%,抗坏血酸提高42.80%、41.65%和51.70%。因此,辐照降解壳聚糖能有效降低3种水果的腐烂率,延长贮存期至18d,并保持其营养品质。

不同番茄品种对B型烟粉虱适应性的影响

在温度（26±1）℃、相对湿度60％～80％、每天光照14h的条件下，研究B型烟粉虱[Bemisia tabaci（Gennadius）]对不同番茄（Lycopersicon esculentum Mill）品种的选择性及其生长发育、存活和繁殖情况．结果表明，B型烟粉虱成虫对11个番茄品种的取食和产卵选择具有一定差异，较偏好黄椭圆、凯特一号和浙粉202，而对浙杂203、浙杂207和浙杂809的选择性较弱．B型烟粉虱在黄椭圆、凯特一号、903大红番茄、浙杂809和浙杂203上的内禀增长率以在黄椭圆上的最高，为0．4706；在浙杂203上最低，为0．3435．番茄品种间在抗B型烟粉虱特性上存在明显差异．

番茄种子吸湿—回干处理对盐胁迫伤害的缓解效应

在NaCl胁迫下 ,番茄种子萌发过程中超氧物歧化酶 (SOD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性明显降低 ,丙二醛 (MDA)含量和电解质渗漏显著增加 ,种子内Na+ 含量大幅度上升而K+ 大量外渗 ,从而显著抑制种子萌发。将种子进行吸湿—回干处理后再置于NaCl胁迫下 ,NaCl的上述伤害得到显著缓解。吸湿—回干处理有可能通过提高细胞膜保护酶活性 ,抑制膜脂过氧化来维持细胞膜结构的完整性 ,因而减少Na+ 的大量吸收及K+ 的外渗 ,最终提高了盐胁迫下种子的萌发能力。

亏缺灌溉对设施栽培番茄物质分配及果实品质的影响

在日光温室内以辽园多丽和红玉樱桃番茄为试验材料,设置4个灌水处理,分别间隔2、4、6和8 d浇1次水,均以浇水后土壤水分张力计回零为准。结果表明:亏缺灌溉提高了成熟期番茄果实中的可溶性糖、有机酸含量及糖酸比,同时可增加植株的干物质积累,促进根系生长,但严重亏缺灌溉可明显影响植株上部果实的生长和干物质积累,导致果实的平均单果质量下降。

雾培营养液氮钾水平对不同番茄品种果实产量和营养品质的影响

采用雾培法研究营养液氮(N 2、12、22mmol/L)、钾(K 4、8mmol/L)供应水平对2个番茄品种(盆栽红、盆栽黄)果实产量、品质及抗氧化活性的影响.结果表明:番茄果实的直径、座果率、产量、可溶性糖、可溶性固形物、类胡萝卜素、β-胡萝卜素和番茄红素含量以及DPPH(1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl,二苯代苦味酰基)自由基清除率、ABTS)[2,2′-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid),2,2′-连氮基-双-(3-乙基苯并噻唑啉-6-磺酸]总抗氧化能力随着供氮水平的提高呈先升高后下降的趋势,均在12mmol/L供氮水平时达到最高水平;果实可滴定酸和硝酸盐含量随供氮水平提高逐渐增加,而抗坏血酸、类黄酮和总酚含量逐渐降低,在12mmol/L供氮水平时可维持较高的抗坏血酸、类黄酮和总酚含量以及较低的硝酸盐含量.供钾水平从4mmol/L提高到8mmol/L,可在提高果实产量的同时增加可溶性糖、可溶性固形物、抗坏血酸、类黄酮、总酚、β-胡萝卜素、番茄红素和类胡萝卜素含量,并显著降低硝酸盐含量.盆栽红的产量、抗氧化物质含量、抗氧化活性显著高于盆栽黄.综上,选择盆栽红为栽培品种,雾培营养液供应12mmol/L氮和8mmol/L钾,可获得较高的果实产量、风味品质和抗氧化营养品质,并保持较低的硝酸盐含量.

低钾胁迫对番茄叶片活性氧及抗氧化酶系的影响

以2种不同低钾耐性大果番茄(钾敏感型番茄081018和耐低钾型番茄081034)为材料,比较低钾处理下2种番茄叶片中活性氧产生及抗氧化酶系活性和相关基因表达差异,明确植物叶片对低钾胁迫的响应机制。结果显示:(1)钾敏感型番茄在低钾胁迫时,叶片中各种保护酶(SOD及其同工酶、POD、CAT、APX)活性随处理时间延长呈下降趋势,同时活性氧(O2.-、H2O2)和MDA含量急剧增加;耐低钾型番茄在低钾胁迫条件下,其各类保护酶活性均比对照水平有所升高,而且O2.-、H2O2和MDA的含量增加也较少。(2)钾敏感型番茄在低钾胁迫时叶片内Cu/Zn-SOD、CAT和APX基因的相对表达量均有下降趋势,而同期耐低钾型番茄在低钾胁迫时Cu/Zn-SOD、CAT和APX的表达却明显增加,这与其对应的酶活性变化趋势同步。研究表明,低钾胁迫使耐低钾型番茄具有较高保护酶基因表达量,产生较高的保护酶活性,可降低活性氧的破坏作用,防止膜渗透性增加,使之对低钾的适应性较强,而钾敏感番茄品系则相反。

不同氮钾水平对番茄产量、品质及蔗糖代谢的影响

以“辽园多丽”番茄为试材,在日光温室内桶栽条件下,研究不同氮钾水平对番茄产量、品质以及蔗糖代谢的影响。结果表明:土壤中适量的氮肥配施钾肥不仅可明显促进番茄植株的营养生长,促进番茄丰产形态的建立,使产量提高,而且还可提高果实中可溶性糖含量及糖酸比,降低有机酸含量,从而提高番茄的品质。但过量施用氮肥对番茄各器官生长发育、产量以及糖分积累均不利。同时,钾离子对蔗糖代谢的相关酶具有重要的调节作用。增施钾素,提高了蔗糖代谢相关酶的活性,促进了光合产物的合成和运输,同时也促进了成熟果实中蔗糖的代谢。而氮素过高或过低均对糖代谢相关酶的活性均有抑制作用。因此,在土壤中氮素充足的条件下,应不施或少施氮肥,并适当配施钾肥,以期获得番茄的高产和优质。