RPRD1B/CREPT facilitates the progression of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma by inhibiting apoptosis through the NF-κB signaling pathway

Objective:To investigate the role of RPRD1B in the progression of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma(DLBCL)and its potential as a therapeutic target.Methods:This study analyzed RPRD1B expression in DLBCL and normal tissues using public databases and assessed its prognostic impact through survival analysis.In vitro and in vivo experiments were conducted to explore the mechanisms by which RPRD1B influences tumor growth and apoptosis.Results:RPRD1B expression was significantly elevated in DLBCL compared to normal tissues and was associated with poor prognosis.In vitro and in vivo experiments demonstrated that RPRD1B promoted lymphoma cell proliferation and inhibited apoptosis through the NF-κB signaling pathway.Conclusions:RPRD1B plays a critical role in the progression of DLBCL by modulating apoptosis and cellular proliferation.Targeting RPRD1B may offer a novel therapeutic strategy for DLBCL,suggesting its potential as a prognostic marker and therapeutic target in hematological malignancies.

Identifying relevant factors influencing cancer-related fatigue in patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma during chemotherapy

BACKGROUND Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma(DLBCL)is a rapidly growing malignant tumor,and chemotherapy is one of the treatments used to combat it.Although advancements of science and technology have resulted in more and more patients being able to receive effective treatment,they still face side effects such as fatigue and weakness.It is important to thoroughly investigate the factors that contribute to cancer-related fatigue(CRF)during chemotherapy.AIM To explore the factors related to CRF,anxiety,depression,and mindfulness levels in patients with DLBCL during chemotherapy.METHODS General information was collected from the electronic medical records of eligible patients.Sleep quality and mindfulness level scores in patients with DLBCL during chemotherapy were evaluated by the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index and Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire-Short Form.The Piper Fatigue Scale was used to evaluate the CRF status.The Self-Rating Anxiety Scale and Self-Rating Depression Scale were used to evaluate anxiety and depression status.Univariate analysis and multivariate regression analysis were used to investigate the factors related to CRF.RESULTS The overall average CRF level in 62 patients with DLBCL during chemotherapy was 5.74±2.51.In 25 patients,the highest rate of mild fatigue was in the cognitive dimension(40.32%),and in 35 patients the highest moderate fatigue rate in the behavioral dimension(56.45%).In the emotional dimension,severe fatigue had the highest rate of occurrence,34 cases or 29.03%.The CRF score was positively correlated with cancer experience(all P<0.01)and negatively correlated with cancer treatment efficacy(all P<0.01).Tumor staging,chemotherapy cycle,self-efficacy level,and anxiety and depression level were related to CRF in patients with DLBCL during chemotherapy.CONCLUSION There was a significant correlation between CRF and perceptual control level in patients.Tumor staging,chemotherapy cycle,self-efficacy level,and anxiety and depression level influenced CRF in patients with DLBCL during chemotherapy.

Review of lymphoma in the duodenum: An update of diagnosis and management

The presentation,subtype,and macroscopic images of lymphoma vary depending on the site of the tumor within the gastrointestinal tract.We searched PubMed for publications between January 1,2012 and October 10,2022,and retrieved 130 articles relating to duodenal lymphoma.A further 22 articles were added based on the manual screening of relevant articles,yielding 152 articles for full-text review.The most predominant primary duodenal lymphoma was follicular lymphoma.In this review,we provide an update of the diagnosis and management of representative lymphoma subtypes occurring in the duodenum:Follicular lymphoma,diffuse large B-cell lymphoma,extranodal marginal zone lymphoma of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue,mantle cell lymphoma,and Tcell lymphomas.

Gastric infiltration of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma: Endoscopic diagnosis and improvement of lesions after chemotherapy

Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is the most common histologic subtype of the non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (NHL) accounting for about 40% of all NHLs. This is a case report about the endoscopic appearance of a DLBCL with infiltration to the stomach in a 39-year-old female. She had a 6-mo history of lumbar and left upper quadrant pain with intermittent episodes of melena. A computer tomograghy (CT) scan showed mural thickening of the gastric antrum. Endoscopic examination revealed multiple gastric ulcers. Definite diagnosis could be made by endoscopic biopsies and the patient had a good response to chemotherapy. This response correlated well with a further endoscopic follow-up. A follow-up endoscopic examination could be considered to evaluate a good response to chemotherapy in DLBCL patients with secondary gastric dissemination.

Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma successfully treated with amplified natural killer therapy alone: A case report

BACKGROUND The prognosis of patients with advanced diffuse large B-cell lymphoma(DLBCL)is poor,with a 5-year survival rate of approximately 50%.The mainstay of treatment is multidrug combination chemotherapy,which has been associated with serious side effects.Amplified natural killer(ANK)cell therapy amplifies and activates natural killer(NK)cells to attack only malignant tumors.As ANK cells attack programmed death ligand 1(PD-L1)-positive tumor cells,ANK therapy is considered effective against adult T-cell lymphoma and malignant lymphoma.CASE SUMMARY Herein,we report a case of an older patient with advanced DLBCL who was successfully treated with ANK immunotherapy.A 91-year-old female visited our hospital with sudden swelling of the right axillary lymph node in April 2022.The patient was diagnosed with stage II disease,given the absence of splenic involvement or contralateral lymphadenopathy.ANK therapy was administered.Six rounds of lymphocyte sampling were performed on July 28,2022.To reduce the occurrence of side effects,the six samples were diluted by half to obtain 12 samples.Cultured NK cells were administered twice weekly.The treatment efficacy was evaluated by performing computed tomography and serological tests every 1 or 2 mo.The treatment suppressed lesion growth,and the antitumor effect persisted for several months.The patient experienced mild side effects.PD-L1 immunostaining was positive,indicating that the treatment was highly effective.CONCLUSION ANK therapy can be used as a first-line treatment for malignant lymphoma;the PD-L1 positivity rate can predict treatment efficacy.

Coexistence of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma,acute myeloid leukemia,and untreated lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma/waldenström macroglobulinemia in a same patient:A case report

BACKGROUND The Coexistence of myeloid and lymphoid malignancies is rare.Myeloid leukemia occurs more frequently as a secondary event in patients receiving chemotherapy agents for lymphoid malignancies.Synchronous diagnoses of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma(DLBCL),acute myeloid leukemia(AML),and untreated lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma/Waldenström macroglobulinemia(LPL/WM)in the same patient have not been reported.Here we report one such case.CASE SUMMARY An 89-year-old man had a chest wall mass histopathologically diagnosed as DLBCL.The bone marrow and peripheral blood contained two groups of cells.One group of cells fulfilled the criteria of AML,and the other revealed the features of small B lymphocytic proliferative disorder,which we considered LPL/WM.Multiple chromosomal or genetic changes were detected in bone marrow mononuclear cells,including ATM deletion,CCND1 amplification,mutations of MYD88(L265P)and TP53,WT1 overexpression,and fusion gene of BIRC2-ARAP1,as well as complex chromosomal abnormalities.The patient refused chemotherapy because of old age and died of pneumonia 1 mo after the final diagnosis.CONCLUSION The coexistence of DLBCL,AML,and untreated LPL/WM in the same patient is extremely rare,which probably results from multiple steps of genetic abnormalities.Asymptomatic LPL/WM might have occurred first,then myelodysplastic syndromerelated AML developed,and finally aggressive DLBCL arose.Therefore,medical staff should pay attention to this rare phenomenon to avoid misdiagnoses.

Diagnosis and therapy of primary lung diffuse large B cell lymphoma： a case report

Objective： We studied the diagnosis and therapy of primary lung diffuse large B cell lymphoma （DLBCL）. Methods： Analysis the clinical manifestations, pathologic character and immunohistochemical character of one lung diffuse B cell lymphoma patent. Results： In visual observation, it＇s a gray irregular fobulated mass, section was gray, fish-like, and number of necrotic foci. Observed under the microscope, subepithelial respiratory center oocyte-like cells diffuse proliferative, infiltration in lung tissue. Immunohistochemistry： CD20 （＋）, CD79a （＋）, CD3 （-）, CD45RO （-）, PCK （-）. Conclusion： Diffuse large B cell lymphoma is the most common subtype in non-Hodgkin lymphoma, but the primary lung diffuse large B cell lymphoma is rare. This disease is lack of typical clinical manifestations, so easily misdiagnosed. The diagnosis of diffuse large B cell lymphoma should be based on pathology and immunohistochemistry.

Guillain-Barrésyndrome and hemophagocytic syndrome heralding the diagnosis of diffuse large B cell lymphoma:A case report

BACKGROUND Central nervous system(CNS)lesions and peripheral neuropathy are rare among patients with non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma(NHL).Lymphomatous infiltration or local oppression usually accounts for CNS or peripheral nerve lesions.The incidence of peripheral neuropathy was 5%.Guillain-Barrésyndrome(GBS)is rare and may occur in less than 0.3%of patients with NHL.Hemophagocytic syndrome(HPS)is a rare complication of NHL.It has been reported that 1%of patients with hematological malignancies develop HPS.Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma(DLBCL)combined with GBS has been reported in 10 cases.CASE SUMMARY We report the case of a 53-year-old man who was initially hospitalized because of abnormal feelings in the lower limbs and urinary incontinence.He was finally diagnosed with DLBCL combined with GBS and HPS after 16 d,which was earlier than previously reported.Immunoglobulin pulse therapy,dexamethasone,and etoposide were immediately administered.The neurological symptoms did not improve,but cytopenia was relieved.However,GBS-related clinical symptoms were relieved partially after one cycle of rituximab-cyclophosphamide,hydroxydaunorubicin,vincristine,and prednisone(R-CHOP)chemotherapy and disappeared after six cycles of R-CHOP.CONCLUSION GBS and HPS heralding the diagnosis of Epstein-Barr virus DLBCL are rare.Herein,we report a rare case of DLBCL combined with GBS and HPS,and share our clinical experience.Traditional therapies may be effective if GBS occurs before lymphoma is diagnosed.Rapid diagnosis and treatment of DLBCL are crucial.

Comparative analysis of conventional ultrasound and shear wave elastography features in primary breast diffuse large B-cell lymphoma

BACKGROUND Primary breast diffuse large B-cell lymphoma(PB-DLBCL)is a rare subtype of non-Hodgkin lymphoma that accounts for<3%of extranodal lymphomas and 1%of breast tumors.Its diagnosis and management are challenging because of its rarity,heterogeneity,and aggressive behavior.Conventional ultrasound(US)is the first-line imaging modality for breast lesions;however,it has limited specificity and accuracy for PB-DLBCL.Shear wave elastography(SWE)is a novel US technique that measures tissue stiffness and may reflect the histological characteristics and biological behavior of breast lesions.AIM To compare the conventional US and SWE features of PB-DLBCL and evaluate their diagnostic performance and prognostic value.METHODS We retrospectively reviewed the clinical data and US images of 32 patients with pathologically confirmed PB-DLBCL who underwent conventional US and SWE before treatment.We analyzed conventional US features(shape,margin,orientation,echo,posterior acoustic features,calcification,and vascularity)and SWE features(mean elasticity value,standard deviation,minimum elasticity value,maximum elasticity value,and lesion-to-fat ratio)of the PB-DLBCL lesions.Using receiver operating characteristic curve analysis,we determined the optimal cutoff values and diagnostic performance of conventional US and SWE features.We also performed a survival analysis to assess the prognostic value of conventional US and SWE features.RESULTS The results showed that the PB-DLBCL lesions were mostly irregular in shape(84.4%),microlobulated or spiculated in margins(75%),parallel in orientation(65.6%),hypoechoic in echo(87.5%),and had posterior acoustic enhancement(65.6%).Calcification was rare(6.3%)and vascularity was variable(31.3%avascular,37.5%hypovascular,and 31.3%hypervascular).The mean elasticity value of PB-DLBCL lesions was significantly higher than that of benign breast lesions(113.4±46.9 kPa vs 27.8±16.4 kPa,P<0.001).The optimal cutoff value of the mean elasticity for distinguishing PB-DLBCL from benign breast lesions was 54.5 kPa,with a sensitivity of 93.8%,specificity of 92.9%,positive predictive value of 93.8%,negative predictive value of 92.9%,and accuracy of 93.3%.The mean elasticity value was also significantly correlated with Ki-67 expression level(r=0.612,P<0.001),which is a marker of tumor proliferation and aggressiveness.Survival analysis showed that patients with higher mean elasticity values(>54.5 kPa)had worse overall survival(OS)and progression-free survival(PFS)than those with lower mean elasticity values(<54.5 kPa)(P=0.038 for OS and P=0.027 for PFS).CONCLUSION Conventional US and SWE provide useful information for diagnosing and forecasting PB-DLBCL.SWE excels in distinguishing PB-DLBCL from benign breast lesions,reflects tumor proliferation and aggressiveness,and improves disease management.

Dihydroartemisinin enhances cell apoptosis in diffuse large B cell lymphoma by inhibiting the STAT3 activity

Background:Dihydroartemisinin(DHA)is reported to be a potential anticancer agent,and the mechanisms underlying the effects of DHA on diffuse large B cell lymphoma however are still obscure.This study aimed to assess the antitumor effect of DHA on diffuse large B cell lymphoma cells and to determine the potential underlying mechanisms of DHA-induced cell apoptosis.Methods:Here,the Cell Counting Kit 8 assay was conducted to study cell proliferation.We performed Annexin V-FITC/propidium iodide staining,real-time polymerase chain reaction,and western blot analysis to analyze cell apoptosis and potential molecular mechanisms.Results:The results showed that DHA substantially suppressed cell proliferation and induced cell apoptosis in vitro in a time-and concentration-dependent fashion.Moreover,STAT3 activity could be inhibited after stimulation with DHA.Conclusion:These results imply that the underlying anti-tumoral effect of DHA may increase apoptosis in diffuse large B cell lymphoma cells via the STAT3 signaling pathway.In addition,DHA might be an effective drug for diffuse large B cell lymphoma therapy.

Diagnostic Efficacy of^(18)F-FDG PET/CT in Detecting Bone Marrow Infiltration in Patients with Newly Diagnosed Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma

Objective Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma(DLBCL)is often associated with bone marrow infiltration,and 2-deoxy-2-(18F)fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography(^(18)F-FDG PET/CT)has potential diagnostic significance for bone marrow infiltration in DLBCL.Methods A total of 102 patients diagnosed with DLBCL between September 2019 and August 2022 were included.Bone marrow biopsy and^(18)F-FDG PET/CT examinations were performed at the time of initial diagnosis.Kappa tests were used to evaluate the agreement of^(18)F-FDG PET/CT with the gold standard,and the imaging features of DLBCL bone marrow infiltration on PET/CT were described.Results The total detection rate of bone marrow infiltration was not significantly different between PET/CT and primary bone marrow biopsy(P=0.302)or between the two bone marrow biopsies(P=0.826).The sensitivity,specificity,and Youden index of PET/CT for the diagnosis of DLBCL bone marrow infiltration were 0.923(95%CI,0.759-0.979),0.934(95%CI,0.855-0.972),and 0.857,respectively.Conclusion^(18)F-FDG PET/CT has a comparable efficiency in the diagnosis of DLBCL bone marrow infiltration.PET/CT-guided bone marrow biopsy can reduce the misdiagnosis of DLBCL bone marrow infiltration.

Helicobacter pylori eradication treatment for primary gastric diffuse large B-cell lymphoma:A single-center analysis

BACKGROUND Unlike the already established effect of Helicobacter pylori(H.pylori)eradication on gastric mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue(MALT)lymphoma,its therapeutic effect on primary gastric diffuse large B-cell lymphoma(DLBCL)is still unclear.AIM To clarify the efficacy of H.pylori eradication treatment for primary gastric DLBCL.METHODS We reported on 3 new cases,and added them to 3 previously reported cases.We analyzed the usefulness of H.pylori eradication treatment for gastric DLBCL for a total of 6 cases at our center.RESULTS Of the 6 patients(27-90 years old,3 males and 3 females),all 3 patients with single lesions(one transformed from MALT lymphoma)achieved complete remission(CR)after H.pylori eradication.Regarding the 2 newly reported cases,CR was maintained for more than 6 years with eradication treatment alone.In contrast,none of the 3 patients with 2 lesions achieved CR.In 1 newly reported case,endoscopic CR was achieved in one lesion,while stable disease was obtained in the other lesion.Two patients with progressive disease responded to standard chemo therapy±radiation and remained in CR for more than 6 years.CONCLUSION We believe it is worthwhile to attempt H.pylori eradication for elderly patients with primary gastric DLBCL in a single lesion with a small tumor burden.

Rituximab combined with Bruton tyrosine kinase inhibitor to treat elderly diffuse large B-cell lymphoma patients: Two case reports

BACKGROUND Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma(DLBCL)is a common aggressive non-Hodgkin's lymphoma(NHL),accounting for 30%-40%of adult NHLs.This report aims to explore the efficacy and safety of rituximab combined with Bruton tyrosine kinase inhibitors(BTKis)in the treatment of elderly patients with DLBCL.CASE SUMMARY The clinical data of two elderly patients with DLBCL who received rituximab combined with BTKi in our hospital were retrospectively analyzed,and the literature was reviewed.The patients were treated with chemotherapy using the R-miniCHOP regimen for two courses.Then,they received rituximab in combination with BTKi.CONCLUSION The treatment experience in these cases demonstrates the potential efficacy of rituximab combined with BTKi to treat elderly DLBCL patients,thus providing a new treatment strategy.

Effect of T-regulatory cells and interleukin-35, interleukin-10, and transforming growth factor-beta on diffuse large B-cell lymphoma

BACKGROUND Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma(DLBCL)is an aggressive non-Hodgkin lymphoma that affects B lymphocytes.It can develop in the lymph nodes and can be localized or generalized.Despite DLBCL being considered potentially curable,little research has been conducted on the relationship between the body's immune response and DLBCL.AIM To study the expression and significance of T-regulatory cells(Tregs)interleukin(IL)-35,IL-10,and transforming growth factor-beta(TGF-β)in DLBCL.METHODS Data from 82 patients with DLBCL who were initially admitted to The First Affiliated Hospital of Ningbo University(Zhejiang Province,China)between January 2017 and June 2022 and treated with standard first-line regimens were reviewed.Three patients were lost to follow-up;thus,79 patients were included in the statistical analysis and then divided into three groups according to the evaluation of clinical efficacy:Incipient(new-onset and treatment-naïve),effectively treated,and relapsed-refractory.Thirty healthy individuals were included in the control group.The expression of peripheral blood T lymphocytes and their associated factors IL-35,IL-10,and TGF-βin the four groups were observed.RESULTS In contrast to the successfully treated and normal control groups,both the incipient and relapse-refractory groups exhibited greater proportions of CD4-positive(+)Tregs(P<0.05),whereas the proportion of CD8+Tregs did not differ substantially between the groups.Serum levels of IL-35 and IL-10 in the incipient and relapsed-refractory groups were higher than those in the effectively treated and normal control groups(P<0.05).There was no statistically significant distinction in the expression level of TGF-βbetween the groups(P>0.05).The correlation between IL-35 and IL-10 concentrations was significantly positive,with a correlation coefficient of 0.531(P<0.05).The correlation between IL-35 and TGF-βconcentration was significantly positive,with a correlation coefficient of 0.375(P<0.05).The correlation between IL-10 and TGF-βconcentration was significantly positive,with a correlation coefficient of 0.185(P<0.05).The expression concentrations of IL-35,IL-10 and TGF-βwere apparently and positively correlated(P<0.05).CONCLUSION Tregs IL-35,and IL-10 may be closely associated with the occurrence and development of DLBCL and the detection of related indices may be helpful in the analysis of disease prognosis.

APPLICATION OF WHOLE BODY DIFFUSION WEIGHTED MR IMAGING FOR DIAGNOSIS AND STAGING OF MALIGNANT LYMPHOMA

Objective To evaluate the clinical impact of whole body diffusion weighted imaging （WB-DWI） on diagnosis and staging of malignant lymphoma. Methods Thirty-one patients with suspected lymphadenopathy were enrolled. WB-DWI was performed by using short TI inversion recovery echo-planar imaging sequence with free breathing and built-in body coil. Axial T2- weighted imaging images of the same location were used as reference. The results of WB-DWI were compared with pathological results and other imaging modalities. The mean apparent diffusion coefficient （ADC） values of different kinds of lymph nodes were compared. Results WB-DWI was positive in all 18 cases with lymphoma, 5 cases with metastatic lymph nodes and 4 of 8 eases with benign lymphadenopathy. The mean ADC value of lymphomatous, metastatic and benign lymph nodes was （0.87 ± 0.17） × 10^3, （0.98± 0.09） × 10^3 and （1.20 ± 0.10） × 10^3 mm^2/s. There was significant difference in ADC value between benign lymph nodes and other two groups （P 〈 0.01）. The sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of WB-DWI in diagnosis of lymphoma were 100% （18/18）, 30.8% （4/13） and 71.0% （22/31）. When an ADC value of 1.08 × 10^-3 mm^2/s was used as the threshold value for differentiating malignant from benign lymph nodes, the best results were obtained with sensitivity of 87.8% and specificity of 91.3%. Sixteen of eighteen cases （88.9%） of lymphoma were accurately staged in accordance with clinical staging. Conclusions WB-DWI is a sensitive, but less specific technique for diagnosis of lymphoma. It is difficult to differentiate lymphnmatous from metastatic lymph nodes using WB-DWI. However, it is a valuable imaging modality for staging of patients with malignant lymphoma.

Diffuse large B cell lymphoma originating from the maxillary sinus with skin metastases:A case report and review of literature

BACKGROUND Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma(DLBCL)is the most common type of malignant lymphoma(ML),accounting for 30%-40%of cases of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma(NHL)in adults.Primary paranasal sinus lymphoma is a rare presentation of extranodal NHL that accounts for only 0.17%of all lymphomas.ML from the maxillary sinus(MS)is a particularly rare presentation,and is thus often difficult to diagnose.We have reported the first known case of DLBCL originating from the MS with rapidly occurrent multiple skin metastasis.CASE SUMMARY An 81-year-old Japanese man visited our hospital due to continuous pain for 12 d in the left maxillary nerve area.His medical history included splenectomy due to a traffic injury,an old right cerebral infarction from when he was 74-years-old,hypertension,and type 2 diabetes mellitus.A plain head computed tomography(CT)scan revealed a 3 cm×3.1 cm×3 cm sized left MS.On day 25,left diplopia and ptosis occurred,and a follow-up CT on day 31 revealed the growth of the left MS mass.Based on an MS biopsy on day 50,we established a definitive diagnosis of DLBCL,non-germinal center B-cell-like originating from the left MS.The patient was admitted on day 62 due to rapid deterioration of his condition,and a plain CT scan revealed the further growth of the left MS mass,as well as multiple systemic metastasis,including of the skin.A skin biopsy on day 70 was found to be the same as that of the left MS mass.We notified the patient and his family of the disease,and they opted for palliative care,considering on his condition and age.The patient died on day 80.CONCLUSION This case suggests the need for careful,detailed examination,and for careful follow-up,when encountering patients presenting with a mass.

Disseminated soft tissue diffuse large B-cell lymphoma involving multiple abdominal wall muscles:A case report

BACKGROUND Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma(DLBCL)is the most common subtype of non�Hodgkin lymphoma,and patients with DLBCL typically present rapidly growing masses.Lymphoma involving muscle is rare and accounts for only 5%;furthermore,multiple muscles and soft tissue involvement of DLBCL is unusual.Due to unusual clinical manifestation,accurate diagnosis could be delayed.CASE SUMMARY A 61-year-old man complained of swelling,pain and erythematous changes in the lower abdomen.Initially,soft tissue infection was suspected,however,skin lesion did not respond to antibiotics.18Fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose(18F-FDG)positron emission tomography-computed tomography demonstrated FDG uptake not only in the skin and subcutaneous tissue of the abdomen but also in the abdominal wall muscles,peritoneum,perineum,penis and testis.DLBCL was confirmed by biopsy of the abdominal wall muscle and subcutaneous tissue.After intensive treatment including chemotherapy with rituximab,cyclophosphamide,doxorubicin,vincristine and prednisolone,central nervous system prophylaxis(intrathecal injection of methotrexate,cytarabine and hydrocortisone)and orchiectomy,he underwent peripheral blood stem cell mobilization for an autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.Despite intensive treatment,the disease progressed rapidly and the patient showed poor outcome(overall survival,9 mo;disease free survival,3 mo).CONCLUSION The first clinical manifestation of soft tissue DLBCL involving multiple muscles was similar to the infection of the soft tissue.

Hepatitis C virus and diffuse large B-cell lymphoma: Pathogenesis, behavior and treatment

A significant association between hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection and B-cell lymphoma has been reported by epidemiological studies, most of them describing a strong relationship between indolent lymphomas and HCV. Furthermore, the curative potential of antiviral therapy on HCV related indolent lymphomas supports a specific role for the virus in lymphomagenesis. These observations are reinforced by numerous laboratory experiments that led to several hypothetical models of B-cell transformation by HCV. Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), the most common lymphoma subtype in the western countries, has been associated to HCV infection despite its aggressive nature. This association seems particularly prominent in some geographical areas. Clinical presentation of HCV-associated DLBCL has consistently been reported to differ from the HCV-negative counterpart. Nevertheless, histopathology, tolerance to standard-of-care chemo-immunotherapy (R-CHOP or CHOP-like regimens) and final outcome of HCV-positive DLBCL patients is still matter of debate. Addition of rituximab has been described to enhance viral replication but the probability of severe hepatic complications remains low, with some exceptions (i.e., hepatitis B virus or immune immunodeficiency virus co-infected patients, presence of grade &#x0003e; 2 transaminases elevation, cirrhosis or hepatocarcinoma). HCV viral load in this setting is not necessarily directly associated with liver damage. Overall, treatment of HCV associated DLBCL should be performed in an interdisciplinary approach with hepatologists and hematologists with close monitoring of liver function. Available reports reveal that the final outcome of HCV-positive DLBCL that receive standard immunochemotherapy is not inferior to their HCV-negative counterpart. This review summarizes data on epidemiology, pathogenesis and therapeutic approach on HCV-associated DLBCL. Several issues that are matter of debate like clinical management of patients with transaminase elevation, criteria for discontinuing or starting immuno-chemotherapy, as well as the exact role of monoclonal antibodies will be analyzed.

Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma arising from follicular lymphoma with warthin’s tumor of the parotid gland-immunophenotypic and genetic features: A case report

BACKGROUND Warthin’s tumor(WT)is composed of several cysts that are lined with tall,bilayered oncocytic columnar cells and lymphoid stroma.Within WT,the two components rarely transform into carcinoma or lymphoma,and when it does,carcinoma is the most common type.Approximately 28 cases of lymphoma with WT have been reported,most of which were non-Hodgkin lymphomas,and only a few cases were Hodgkin lymphomas.In the present report,we studied a case of diffuse large B cell lymphoma(DLBCL)arising from follicular lymphoma(FL)with WT in the parotid gland and its immunophenotypic and genetic features.CASE SUMMARY A 67-year-old man presented with a slowly enlarging right cheek mass for 12 years,and the mass began to change in size over a 2-mo time period.Over time,the patient felt mild local pain and right cheek discomfort.His medical history included a hepatitis B virus infection for 20 years and 30 years of smoking.Gross examination of the excised specimen showed a gray-red and gray-white appearance and a soft texture lobulated external surface neoplasm that measured 9 cm×8 cm×7 cm and was well circumscribed by relative normal parotid gland tissue.In cross section,the cut surfaces of the neoplasm were multicystic and had a homogeneous scaly appearance.A small fluid was discovered in the cyst.Bilateral oxyphilic,cuboidal or polygonal epithelium cells and lymphoid intraparenchymal components were observed.Many medium-to large-sized lymphoid cells were observed diffusely in part of the neoplasm,and a few secondary lymphoid follicles were observed at the center or edge of the neoplasm.Immunohistochemical staining showed that the columnar oncocytic cells were positive for AE1/AE3;neoplastic cells located in coarctate follicular were positive for CD20,Pax-5,bcl-2 and bcl-6;and the adjacent diffusely medium-to large-sized lymphoid cells were positive for Pax-5,bcl-6,CD20,MUM-1,bcl-2 and CD79a.The bcl-6(3q27)break-apart rearrangement was observed,and an Epstein Barr virus test was negative in the tumor cells.The patient survived 6 months after being diagnosed without any treatment.CONCLUSION WT-associated lymphoma is a very rare neoplasm in the parotid gland.Most cases are B cell non-Hodgkin lymphomas and involve middle-age and older males.This case highlights the extremely rare association of DLBCL arising from FL with WT and the importance of deliberate evaluation of the WT intraparenchymal stroma.Molecular detection techniques have potential advantages in the diagnosis of lymphoma with WT.

Individualized Treatment and Palliative Care for A90-Year-Old Patient with Primary Gastric Diffuse Large-B Cell Lymphoma:4 Year Follow-up and Inspiration

A 90-year-old man was diagnosed with primary gastric diffuse large B-cell lymphoma(PGDLBL)by PET/CT examination,gastroscopy,biopsy and histopathological analysis at a regular physical check in April,2016.The patient received R-CO chemotherapy(rituximab,cyclophosphamide,and vincristine)and radiotherapy subsequently,with enteral nutritional treatment through 3-cavity nasogastric tube due to development of pyloric obstruction.To satisfy patient's strong desire of eating by himself,we performed surgery of exploratory laparotomy and Roux-en-Y gastric bypass(RGB)to relieve pylorus obstruction.Postoperatively,the patient resumed oral feeding,supplemented by nasogastric tube feeding at 1350-1550 Kcal daily.He is now 94 years old with fairly well nutrition and normal communication.The outcome of 4 year follow-up suggests that nutritional treatment and palliative medicine are important for improving prognosis and life-quality of very elderly patients with end-stage tumors apart from the effective chemotherapy,radiotherapy,and surgery.