Therapeutic progress in neurodegenerative conditions such as Parkinson’s disease has been hampered by a lack of detailed knowledge of its molecular etiology.The advancements in genetics and genomics have provided fun...Therapeutic progress in neurodegenerative conditions such as Parkinson’s disease has been hampered by a lack of detailed knowledge of its molecular etiology.The advancements in genetics and genomics have provided fundamental insights into specific protein players and the cellular processes involved in the onset of disease.In this respect,the autophagy-lysosome system has emerged in recent years as a strong point of convergence for genetics,genomics,and pathologic indications,spanning both familial and idiopathic Parkinson’s disease.Most,if not all,genes linked to familial disease are involved,in a regulatory capacity,in lysosome function(e.g.,LRRK2,alpha-synuclein,VPS35,Parkin,and PINK1).Moreover,the majority of genomic loci associated with increased risk of idiopathic Parkinson’s cluster in lysosome biology and regulation(GBA as the prime example).Lastly,neuropathologic evidence showed alterations in lysosome markers in autoptic material that,coupled to the alpha-synuclein proteinopathy that defines the disease,strongly indicate an alteration in functionality.In this Brief Review article,I present a personal perspective on the molecular and cellular involvement of lysosome biology in Parkinson’s pathogenesis,aiming at a larger vision on the events underlying the onset of the disease.The attempts at targeting autophagy for therapeutic purposes in Parkinson’s have been mostly aimed at“indiscriminately”enhancing its activity to promote the degradation and elimination of aggregate protein accumulations,such as alpha-synuclein Lewy bodies.However,this approach is based on the assumption that protein pathology is the root cause of disease,while pre-pathology and pre-degeneration dysfunctions have been largely observed in clinical and pre-clinical settings.In addition,it has been reported that unspecific boosting of autophagy can be detrimental.Thus,it is important to understand the mechanisms of specific autophagy forms and,even more,the adjustment of specific lysosome functionalities.Indeed,lysosomes exert fine signaling capacities in addition to their catabolic roles and might participate in the regulation of neuronal and glial cell functions.Here,I discuss hypotheses on these possible mechanisms,their links with etiologic and risk factors for Parkinson’s disease,and how they could be targeted for disease-modifying purposes.展开更多
The altered lysosomal function can induce drug redistribution which leads to drug resistance and poor prognosis for cancer patients.V-ATPase,an ATP-driven proton pump positioned at lysosomal surfaces,is responsible fo...The altered lysosomal function can induce drug redistribution which leads to drug resistance and poor prognosis for cancer patients.V-ATPase,an ATP-driven proton pump positioned at lysosomal surfaces,is responsible for maintaining the stability of lysosome.Herein,we reported that the potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily J member 15(KCNJ15)protein,which may bind to V-ATPase,can regulate the function of lysosome.The deficiency of KCNJ15 protein in breast cancer cells led to drug aggregation as well as reduction of drug efficacy.The application of the V-ATPase inhibitor could inhibit the binding between KCNJ15 and V-ATPase,contributing to the amelioration of drug resistance.Clinical data analysis revealed that KCNJ15 deficiency was associated with higher histological grading,advanced stages,more metastases of lymph nodes,and shorter disease free survival of patients with breast cancer.KCNJ15 expression level is positively correlated with a high response rate after receiving neoadjuvant chemotherapy.Moreover,we revealed that the small molecule drug CMA/BAF can reverse drug resistance by disrupting the interaction between KCNJ15 and lysosomes.In conclusion,KCNJ15 could be identified as an underlying indicator for drug resistance and survival of breast cancer,which might guide the choice of therapeutic strategies.展开更多
OBJECTIVE Chloroquine is considered as a potential chemotherapy and radiotherapy sensitizer,but the anticancer effect of chloroquine alone is limited.Since we found that the flavonoid kaempferol effectively sensitizes...OBJECTIVE Chloroquine is considered as a potential chemotherapy and radiotherapy sensitizer,but the anticancer effect of chloroquine alone is limited.Since we found that the flavonoid kaempferol effectively sensitizes glioma cells to chloroquine-mediated cell death,we investigated the underlying mechanisms of glioma cell death induced by the combination of kaempferol and chloroquine.METHODS To examine the effect of kaempferol and/or chloroquine on various glioma cells,cell viability assay using calcein-AM and EthD-1was performed.The changes in the lysosomal structures following treatment with kaempferol and/or chloroquine were observed by electron microscopy and fluorescence microscopy using acridine orange or Lyso-tracker Red.The changes in cathepsin D proteins were analyzed by Western blotting,immunocytochemistry,and fluorescence microscopy using BODIPY FL-pepstatin.RESULTS Treatment with subtoxic doses of chloroquine,when combined with kaempferol,effectively induced cell death in various glioma cells,but not in normal astrocytes.While kaempferol treatment increased the numbers of lysosome,chloroquine treatment increased lysosomal masses.Combined treatment with kaempferol and chloroquine induced the expansion and subsequent rupture of lysosomes,leading to the spillage of the lysosomal contents into the cytosol.We found that while kaemfperol treatment increased the active mature forms of cathepsin D,chloroquine treatment completely blocked the processing of cathepsin D.The processing of cathepsin D was also blocked by the combined treatment,but the activity of cathepsin D,which was released from the lysosomes,was restored.The cell death induced by kaempferol and chloroquine in U251 MG cells was accompanied by mitochondrial dysfunction,ER stress,and DNA damage.CONCLUSION Disruption of lysosomal membrane integrity and a resultant release of lysosomal proteases may critically contribute to the irreparable damage of various organelles and glioma cell death by chloroquine plus kaempferol.展开更多
Summary: The expression of synaptotagmin Ⅱ(Syt2) in RBL-2H3 (RBL) and its role during exocytosis of RBL was investigated. The expression of Syt2 in RBL was detected by western blot and Syt2 gene was amplified by PC...Summary: The expression of synaptotagmin Ⅱ(Syt2) in RBL-2H3 (RBL) and its role during exocytosis of RBL was investigated. The expression of Syt2 in RBL was detected by western blot and Syt2 gene was amplified by PCR. The anti-sense full length Syt2 cDNA expression vector was constructed with pEGFP-N1 and transfected into RBL by electroporation, and stable transfectants were selected by using G418. To analyze the role of Syt2 during exocytosis of RBL, the release of cathepsin D was assayed by immunoblotting. The results showed that Syt2 was expressed in RBL. The anti-sense expression vector pEGFP-N1-Syt2-AS was constructed and the sequence of insertion was completely consistent with rat Syt2 (accession number in GeneBank : NM012665). The stable transfectants (RBL-Syt2-AS) were obtained. Western blot showed that RBL-Syt2-AS expressed a lower level of Syt2 (8 % and 10 % of control cells), indicating that the expression of Syt2 in RBL-Syt2-AS was markedly down-regulated by anti-RNA. Compared with control, the release of cathepsin D by RBL-Syt2-AS was increased. It was concluded that Syt2 expressed in RBL and could inhibit exocytosis of lysosomes in RBL.展开更多
Restitution of the cell organelles and the membrane implicates serine palmitoyltransferase (SPT) in signal-specific and selective assembly of the transport vesicles. Here, we reveal that SPT, embedded in the outer lea...Restitution of the cell organelles and the membrane implicates serine palmitoyltransferase (SPT) in signal-specific and selective assembly of the transport vesicles. Here, we reveal that SPT, embedded in the outer leaflet (OL) of endoplasmic reticulum (ER), is engaged in the synthesis of ER transport vesicles that recondition cell organelles, and the inner leaflet (IL) SPT in the restitution of the cell membrane. The OL SPT impacts assembly of sphingomyelinase (SMase)—susceptible ER vesicles but not the SMase-resistant and sphingolipid (SPhL) core—carrying vesicles that refurbish the cell membrane. The investigation of the SPT-initiated differences in the placement of SPhL in vesicular membranes by utilizing ER depleted of OL SPT, allows us to conclude that the restitution of endosomal and lysosomal membranes is achieved with the involvement of OL SPT, whereas the IL SPT is involved in formation of the lipid core for glycosphingolipids (GSL) and sphingomyelin (SM) of the apical and basolateral cell membrane. These findings along with our previously published report (Slomiany and Slomiany, Advances in Biological Chemistry, 2013, 3, 275-287), provide a clear distinction between the processes that renovate cell membrane and its organelles from that of the endocytotic cell debridement, and show that vesicles are navigated to the specific organelles and the cell membrane by the biomembrane constituents programmed in ER.展开更多
OBJECTIVE: To observe the distribution of copper in the subcellular structure for the understanding of primary pathogenesis of hepatolenticular degeneration (HLD). METHODS: Skin fibroblasts taken from HLD patients wer...OBJECTIVE: To observe the distribution of copper in the subcellular structure for the understanding of primary pathogenesis of hepatolenticular degeneration (HLD). METHODS: Skin fibroblasts taken from HLD patients were cultured as an in vitro model of HLD, and the control cells taken from healthy volunteers were clutured in the same way. The distribution of copper inside and outside of lysosomes in fibroblasts was detected by quantitative electron probe X-ray microanalysis. The relationship between the subcellular location of copper and the genotype of the patients, and relationship between the distribution of copper and the course of the disease were analyzed. RESULTS: The content of Cu^(2+) inside lysosomes of HLD cells (14.6±2.1 mmol/kg) and of heterozygote cells (11.6±0.6 mmol/kg) was higher than that of normal cells (4.5±1.2 mmol/kg) (P<0.01). The content of Cu^(2+) outside lysosomes of HLD cells (17.5±4.2 mmol/kg) and of heterozygote cells (12.0±0.9 mmol/kg) was higher than that of normal cells (4.7±1.2 mmol/kg) (P<0.01). The distribution of copper in the subcellular structure was correlated with disease courses of HLD patients. With the progression of the disease, more copper was deposited in lysosomes (r=0.85, P<0.01). The content of copper in the diffused cytoplasmic compartment in HLD cells was correlated with that of sulfur (r=0.86, P<0.05), but not in heterozygote and normal cells. CONCLUSIONS: In the early stage of HLD, copper is accumulated outside lysosome, which is paralleled with increase of metallothionein-like proteins (copper and sulfur-binding proteins). With the development of the disease, more copper is deposited inside lysosome than outside lysosome. We conclude that the up-regulation expression of copper and sulfur-binding proteins and copper accumulation in lysosomes may play an important role in lowering the ATP7B gene mutation-induced toxic effects of free copper on the cell.展开更多
The brain is,after the adipose tissue,the organ with the greatest amount of lipids and diversity in their composition in the human body.In neurons,lipids are involved in signaling pathways controlling autophagy,a lyso...The brain is,after the adipose tissue,the organ with the greatest amount of lipids and diversity in their composition in the human body.In neurons,lipids are involved in signaling pathways controlling autophagy,a lysosome-dependent catabolic process essential for the maintenance of neuronal homeostasis and the function of the primary cilium,a cellular antenna that acts as a communication hub that transfers extracellular signals into intracellular responses required for neurogenesis and brain development.A crosstalk between primary cilia and autophagy has been established;however,its role in the control of neuronal activity and homeostasis is barely known.In this review,we briefly discuss the current knowledge regarding the role of autophagy and the primary cilium in neurons.Then we review the recent literature about specific lipid subclasses in the regulation of autophagy,in the control of primary cilium structure and its dependent cellular signaling in physiological and pathological conditions,specifically focusing on neurons,an area of research that could have major implications in neurodevelopment,energy homeostasis,and neurodegeneration.展开更多
Mitochondria and lysosomes are essential cellular organelles in most eukaryotic cells by playing the physiological roles to support the normal functions of cells, as well as the life of the whole body. To date,small-m...Mitochondria and lysosomes are essential cellular organelles in most eukaryotic cells by playing the physiological roles to support the normal functions of cells, as well as the life of the whole body. To date,small-molecule fluorescent probes have been considered as one of the vital tools for monitoring and visualizing multiple biological analytes. This review summarized the recent advances in small-molecule two-photon fluorescent probes for metal ions, reactive oxygen species(ROS) and reactive sulfur species(RSS), and changes inside micro-environment(e.g., p H, viscosity and polarity) in mitochondria and lysosomes, or served as mitotracker and lysotracker with the assistance of two-photon microscopy.展开更多
Alzheimer’s disease is a debilitating,progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the progressive accumulation of abnormal proteins,including amyloid plaques and intracellular tau tangles,primarily within...Alzheimer’s disease is a debilitating,progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the progressive accumulation of abnormal proteins,including amyloid plaques and intracellular tau tangles,primarily within the brain.Lysosomes,crucial intracellular organelles responsible for protein degradation,play a key role in maintaining cellular homeostasis.Some studies have suggested a link between the dysregulation of the lysosomal system and pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases,including Alzheimer’s disease.Restoring the normal physiological function of lysosomes hold the potential to reduce the pathological burden and improve the symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease.Currently,the efficacy of drugs in treating Alzheimer’s disease is limited,with major challenges in drug delivery efficiency and targeting.Recently,nanomaterials have gained widespread use in Alzheimer’s disease drug research owing to their favorable physical and chemical properties.This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of recent advances in using nanomaterials(polymeric nanomaterials,nanoemulsions,and carbon-based nanomaterials)to enhance lysosomal function in treating Alzheimer’s disease.This review also explores new concepts and potential therapeutic strategies for Alzheimer’s disease through the integration of nanomaterials and modulation of lysosomal function.In conclusion,this review emphasizes the potential of nanomaterials in modulating lysosomal function to improve the pathological features of Alzheimer’s disease.The application of nanotechnology to the development of Alzheimer’s disease drugs brings new ideas and approaches for future treatment of this disease.展开更多
Lysosomes are discrete organelles that act as recycling centers for extracellular and intracellular materials,playing a pivotal role in maintaining cellular homeostasis.Their acidic environment,maintained by numerous ...Lysosomes are discrete organelles that act as recycling centers for extracellular and intracellular materials,playing a pivotal role in maintaining cellular homeostasis.Their acidic environment,maintained by numerous hydrolytic enzymes,facilitates substrate degradation.Dysfunction in lysosomal processes can lead to abnormal substrate degradation,significantly impacting cellular homeostasis.High energy-demanding cells,such as post-mitotic neurons,are especially vulnerable to these changes,often resulting in neurological diseases.Autophagy,a conserved catabolic process,requires extensive lysosomal utilization.It plays a key role in removing unnecessary intracellular components,ensuring cellular homeostasis,and promoting cell survival during stress conditions such as starvation,infection,or cellular damage.展开更多
Apolipoprotein E is the major lipid transporter in the brain and an important player in neuron-astrocyte metabolic coupling.It ensures the survival of neurons under stressful conditions and hyperactivity by nourishing...Apolipoprotein E is the major lipid transporter in the brain and an important player in neuron-astrocyte metabolic coupling.It ensures the survival of neurons under stressful conditions and hyperactivity by nourishing and detoxifying them.Apolipoprotein E polymorphism,combined with environmental stresses and/or age-related alterations,influences the risk of developing late-onset Alzheimer’s disease.In this review,we discuss our current knowledge of how apolipoprotein E homeostasis,i.e.its synthesis,secretion,degradation,and lipidation,is affected in Alzheimer’s disease.展开更多
Background:Exploring the protective mechanism of the Liangxue Huayu(LXHY)decoction on human retinal pigment epithelial(RPE)cells induced by hypoxia through the autophagy pathway.Methods:The appropriate LXHY decoction ...Background:Exploring the protective mechanism of the Liangxue Huayu(LXHY)decoction on human retinal pigment epithelial(RPE)cells induced by hypoxia through the autophagy pathway.Methods:The appropriate LXHY decoction concentration was determined by CCK-8.ARPE-19 cells were divided into the normal control group(A group),CoCl_(2)group(B group),3-Methyladenine(3-MA)group(treated with 3-MA(the inhibition of autophagy pathway))(C group),blank serum(BS)group(D group),LXHY drug-contained serum(DCS)group(E group),and Rapamycin(RAP)group[treated with LXHY drug-contained serum combined with rapamycin group(the activation of autophagy pathway)](F group).Counting the number of autophagosomes and autolysosomes in each group of cells under transmission electron microscopy.After infection of cells in each group by mRFP-GFP-LC3 fusion protein adenovirus,the strength of autophagic flux was detected.The mRNA expression levels of LC3 and Beclin-1 were detected by Q-PCR.Results:CCK-8 assay results showed that LXHY DCS could inhibit the cell proliferation of ARPE-19 under hypoxia(all P<0.05).As the transmission electron microscopy assay result showed,compared with the normal control group,the number of autolysosomes was significantly increased in the CoCl_(2)group(P<0.05).Compared with CoCl_(2)group,the number of autolysosomes was significantly reduced the 3-Methyladenine group,blank serum group and LXHY drug-contained serum group(all P<0.001).As autophagic flux assay result showed,compared with the normal control group,the level of autophagosomes and autolysosomes were significantly risen in CoCl_(2)group(all P<0.001).Compared with the CoCl_(2)group,the level of autophagosomes and autolysosomes were significantly fell down in 3-Methyladenine group,blank serum group and LXHY drug-contained serum group(all P<0.05).The level of autolysosomes in the LXHY drug-contained serum group was lower than in the blank serum group(P<0.05).Compared with the LXHY drug-contained serum group,the levels of autophagosomes and autolysosomes were significantly risen in the LXHY drug-contained serum combined with the rapamycin group(all P<0.05).As the Q-PCR result showed,compared with the normal control group,the expression of LC3 and Beclin-1 mRNA were significantly reduced in the CoCl_(2)group(all P<0.001).Compared with the CoCl_(2)group,the expression of LC3 mRNA were significantly increased in the 3-Methyladenine group,blank serum group and LXHY drug-contained serum group(all P<0.001).Beclin-1 mRNA expression was increased significantly(all P<0.001)in the blank serum group and the LXHY drug-contained serum group.And Beclin-1 mRNA expression in the LXHY drug-contained serum group was statistically significant increased than blank serum group(P<0.001).In the LXHY drug-contained serum combined with the rapamycin group,the LC3 and Beclin-1 mRNA expression was reduced significantly compared with the LXHY drug-contained serum group(all P<0.001).Conclusion:The LXHY DCS has the ability to protect the human retinal pigment epithelial cell(ARPE-19)damage under hypoxia through the autophagy pathway.展开更多
Synaptotagmin (Syt) constitutes a family of membrane-trafficking proteins, so far nearly 20 Syts have been discovered. Extensive work showed that synatotagmins were a potential Ca^2+ sensor for regulated exocytosis...Synaptotagmin (Syt) constitutes a family of membrane-trafficking proteins, so far nearly 20 Syts have been discovered. Extensive work showed that synatotagmins were a potential Ca^2+ sensor for regulated exocytosis. This study was to investigate the expression and location of synaptotagmin II (Syt2) in RBL-2H3 (RBL) and its role in regulating exocytosis of RBL. The expression of Syt2 in RBL was confirmed by Western blot. The recombinant expression vector pEGFP-N1-Syt2 was constructed and transfected into RBL by electroporation, the stable transfectant RBL-Syt2-S expressing fusion protein Syt2-EGFP were obtained and Syt2 was highly concentrated at plasma membrane with little detected in cytoplasm. To analyze the role of Syt2 during exocytosis of RBL, the release of cathepsin D was assayed by immunoblotting. Compared with control, the release of cathepsin D by RBL-Syt2-S was markedly decreased. The results indicated that Syt2 played a negative regulation in exocytosis of lysosomes in RBL. Cellular & Molecular Immunology. 2005;2(3):205-209.展开更多
The lysosome is the most acidic membrane-bound intracellular organelle.Lysosomal acidity is primarily maintained by vacuolar H+-ATPase(V-ATPase)and counter ion channels.There are>60 hydrolytic enzymes in the lysoso...The lysosome is the most acidic membrane-bound intracellular organelle.Lysosomal acidity is primarily maintained by vacuolar H+-ATPase(V-ATPase)and counter ion channels.There are>60 hydrolytic enzymes in the lysosome for its fundamental digestive role.Lysosomes also play important roles in endocytosis,exocytosis,autophagy,and cell death.Studies that have implicated roles of lysosomes in the female reproductive system are reviewed here.In the ovary,lysosomes are implicated in the preparation of free cholesterol for steroidogenesis and degradation of regulators of steroidogenesis,regulation of follicular atresia,follicle rupture during ovulation,luteal cell survival,and luteal regression.In the oviduct,lysosomes are involved in endocytosis of both serum and oviductal luminal components.In the uterus during the menstrual/estrous cycle,lysosomes are associated with endometrial secretion,apoptosis,and menstruation.In the uterus during early pregnancy,lysosomes are involved in the temporal and directional changes of endocytosis,uterine epithelial acidification upon embryo implantation initiation,and embryo-maternal mutual communications via extracellular vesicles.In the placenta,lysosomes are implicated in nutrient transport and placental separation from the uterus for parturition.In the mammary gland,lysosomes are important for mammary gland development and involution.These findings suggest/demonstrate functions of lysosomes in multiple processes of female reproduction,from ovulation to ovarian steroidogenesis for pregnancy maintenance,and from essential in utero nurturing of developing embryos/fetuses via embryo/fetal-maternal communications,to optional postpartum nurturing of newborns via lactation.Future studies using genetically or modified animal models and pharmacological approaches will provide novel insights into the functions and mechanisms of lysosomes in the mammalian female reproductive system.展开更多
It is known that the synthesis of metallothionein (MT) is significantly augmented under stress conditions such as intoxication, infection, trauma, inflammation and radiation injury.
Recent studies have shown that microglia/macrophages and astrocytes can mediate synaptic phagocytosis through the MER proto-oncokinase in developmental or stroke models,but it is unclear whether the same mechanism is ...Recent studies have shown that microglia/macrophages and astrocytes can mediate synaptic phagocytosis through the MER proto-oncokinase in developmental or stroke models,but it is unclear whether the same mechanism is also active in traumatic brain injury.In this study,we established a mouse model of traumatic brain injury and found that both microglia/macrophages and astrocytes phagocytosed synapses and expression of the MER proto-oncokinase increased 14 days after injury.Specific knockout of MER in microglia/macrophages or astrocytes markedly reduced injury volume and greatly improved neurobehavioral function.In addition,in both microglia/macrophages-specific and astrocytes-specific MER knock-out mice,the number of microglia/macrophage and astrocyte phagocytosing synapses was markedly decreased,and the total number of dendritic spines was increased.Our study suggested that MER proto-oncokinase expression in microglia/macrophages and astrocytes may play an important role in synaptic phagocytosis,and inhibiting this process could be a new strategy for treating traumatic brain injury.展开更多
Evidence from genetics and from analyzing cellular and animal models have converged to suggest links between neurodegenerative disorders of early and late life.Here,we summarize emerging links between the most common ...Evidence from genetics and from analyzing cellular and animal models have converged to suggest links between neurodegenerative disorders of early and late life.Here,we summarize emerging links between the most common late life neurodegenerative disease,Alzheimer’s disease,and the most common early life neurodegenerative diseases,neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses.Genetic studies reported an overlap of clinically diagnosed Alzheimer’s disease and mutations in genes known to cause neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses.Accumulating data strongly suggest dysfunction of intracellular trafficking mechanisms and the autophagy-endolysosome system in both types of neurodegenerative disorders.This suggests shared cytopathological processes underlying these different types of neurodegenerative diseases.A better understanding of the common mechanisms underlying the different diseases is important as this might lead to the identification of novel targets for therapeutic concepts,the transfer of therapeutic strategies from one disease to the other and therapeutic approaches tailored to patients with specific mutations.Here,we review dysfunctions of the endolysosomal autophagy pathway in Alzheimer’s disease and neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses and summarize emerging etiologic and genetic overlaps.展开更多
Millions of people are suffering from Alzheimer’s disease globally,but there is still no effective treatment for this neurodegenerative disease.Thus,novel therapeutic approaches for Alzheimer’s disease are needed,wh...Millions of people are suffering from Alzheimer’s disease globally,but there is still no effective treatment for this neurodegenerative disease.Thus,novel therapeutic approaches for Alzheimer’s disease are needed,which requires further evaluation of the regulato ry mechanisms of protein aggregate degradation.Lysosomes are crucial degradative organelles that maintain cellular homeostasis.Transcription factor EB-mediated lysosome biogenesis enhances autolysosomedependent degradation,which subsequently alleviates neurodege nerative diseases,including Alzheimer’s disease,Parkinson’s disease,and Huntington’s disease.In this review,we start by describing the key features of lysosomes,including their roles in nutrient sensing and degradation,and their functional impairments in different neurodegenerative diseases.We also explain the mechanisms—especially the post-translational modifications—which impact transcription factor EB and regulate lysosome biogenesis.Next,we discuss strategies for promoting the degradation of toxic protein aggregates.We describe Proteolysis-Ta rgeting Chimera and related technologies for the targeted degradation of specific proteins.We also introduce a group of LYsosome-Enhancing Compounds,which promote transcription factor EB-mediated lysosome biogenesis and improve learning,memory,and cognitive function in APP-PSEN1 mice.In summary,this review highlights the key aspects of lysosome biology,the mechanisms of transcription factor EB activation and lysosome biogenesis,and the promising strategies which are emerging to alleviate the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases.展开更多
Central nervous system(CNS)trauma,including traumatic brain injury and spinal cord injury,has a high rate of disability and mortality,and effective treatment is currently lacking.Previous studies have revealed that ne...Central nervous system(CNS)trauma,including traumatic brain injury and spinal cord injury,has a high rate of disability and mortality,and effective treatment is currently lacking.Previous studies have revealed that neural inflammation plays a vital role in CNS trauma.As the initial enzyme in neuroinflammation,cytosolic phospholipase A_(2)(cPLA2)can hydrolyze membranous phosphatides at the sn-2 position in a preferential way to release lysophospholipids andω3-polyunsaturated fatty acid dominated by arachidonic acid,thereby inducing secondary injuries.Although there is substantial fresh knowledge pertaining to cPLA2,in-depth comprehension of how cPLA2 participates in CNS trauma and the potential methods to amelio rate the clinical res ults after CNS trauma are still insufficient.The present review summarizes the latest understanding of how cPLA2 participates in CNS trauma,highlighting novel findings pertaining to how cPLA2 activation initiates the potential mechanisms specifically,neuroinflammation,lysosome membrane functions,and autophagy activity,that damage the CNS after trauma.Moreover,we focused on testing a variety of drugs capable of inhibiting cPLA2 or the upstream pathway,and we explored how those agents might be utilized as treatments to improve the results following CNS trauma.This review aimed to effectively understand the mechanism of cPLA2 activation and its role in the pathophysiological processes of CNS trauma and provide clarification and a new referential framework for future research.展开更多
Fabry Disease (FD) is a rare lysosomal storage disorder characterized by α-galactosidase A (α-Gal A) enzyme deficiency, resulting in glycosphingolipid accumulation. Its clinical spectrum ranges from severe classical...Fabry Disease (FD) is a rare lysosomal storage disorder characterized by α-galactosidase A (α-Gal A) enzyme deficiency, resulting in glycosphingolipid accumulation. Its clinical spectrum ranges from severe classical to milder nonclassical or late-onset phenotypes. Renal involvement, termed Fabry Nephropathy (FN), can vary from mild proteinuria to kidney failure. FN diagnosis, especially in nonclassical cases with a genetic Variant of Unknown Significance (VUS) in the GLA gene, poses challenges. Measurement of plasma lyso-Gb3 levels is gaining importance in FN diagnosis, while renal biopsy with electron microscopy remains the gold standard in equivocal cases. Treatment options include Enzyme Replacement Therapy (ERT) and chaperone therapy, demanding careful candidate selection due to high treatment costs. Research has predominantly focused on classical FD, revealing modest treatment benefits. However, evidence for treating patients, especially females, with milder nonclassical or late-onset phenotypes is scarce, emphasizing the necessity for placebo-controlled clinical trials in these subgroups. Meanwhile, participation in global FD registries can improve our understanding of disease management. Case Presentation: A woman in her late sixties presented with moderate chronic kidney disease, mild proteinuria, and microscopic hematuria. Her family history included a prevalence of renal, cardiac and cerebrovascular diseases. Kidney biopsy revealed characteristic myelin figures and zebra bodies in podocytes, strongly suggestive of FN. Genetic analysis identified a VUS in the GLA gene (c.655A > C, p.Ile219Leu), introducing diagnostic uncertainty. Further investigations revealed severe cardiac involvement. Considering the recurring difficulty presented by the finding of a VUS in the GLA gene during FN assessments, along with the uncertainty regarding the need for treatment in nonclassical or late-onset FD phenotypes, especially in women, this case becomes a central focus for a thorough review of the literature. This review aims to propose a practical algorithm that integrates clinical, biochemical, and genetic markers for FN screening and diagnosis. Additionally, it explores treatment benefits in nonclassical or late-onset FD phenotypes, with a focus on female patients.展开更多
基金supported by grants from Parkinson Canada,The Weston Brain Foundation and the Euregio Science Fund(to MV).
文摘Therapeutic progress in neurodegenerative conditions such as Parkinson’s disease has been hampered by a lack of detailed knowledge of its molecular etiology.The advancements in genetics and genomics have provided fundamental insights into specific protein players and the cellular processes involved in the onset of disease.In this respect,the autophagy-lysosome system has emerged in recent years as a strong point of convergence for genetics,genomics,and pathologic indications,spanning both familial and idiopathic Parkinson’s disease.Most,if not all,genes linked to familial disease are involved,in a regulatory capacity,in lysosome function(e.g.,LRRK2,alpha-synuclein,VPS35,Parkin,and PINK1).Moreover,the majority of genomic loci associated with increased risk of idiopathic Parkinson’s cluster in lysosome biology and regulation(GBA as the prime example).Lastly,neuropathologic evidence showed alterations in lysosome markers in autoptic material that,coupled to the alpha-synuclein proteinopathy that defines the disease,strongly indicate an alteration in functionality.In this Brief Review article,I present a personal perspective on the molecular and cellular involvement of lysosome biology in Parkinson’s pathogenesis,aiming at a larger vision on the events underlying the onset of the disease.The attempts at targeting autophagy for therapeutic purposes in Parkinson’s have been mostly aimed at“indiscriminately”enhancing its activity to promote the degradation and elimination of aggregate protein accumulations,such as alpha-synuclein Lewy bodies.However,this approach is based on the assumption that protein pathology is the root cause of disease,while pre-pathology and pre-degeneration dysfunctions have been largely observed in clinical and pre-clinical settings.In addition,it has been reported that unspecific boosting of autophagy can be detrimental.Thus,it is important to understand the mechanisms of specific autophagy forms and,even more,the adjustment of specific lysosome functionalities.Indeed,lysosomes exert fine signaling capacities in addition to their catabolic roles and might participate in the regulation of neuronal and glial cell functions.Here,I discuss hypotheses on these possible mechanisms,their links with etiologic and risk factors for Parkinson’s disease,and how they could be targeted for disease-modifying purposes.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(#81872159,#81902607,and#81874301)the Liaoning Colleges Innovative Talent Support Program(#Cancer Stem Cell Origin and Biology Behavior)+2 种基金the Major Project Construction Foundation of China Medical University(#2017ZDZX05)the Outstanding Scientific Fund of Shengjing Hospital(#201803)the Outstanding Young Scholars of Liaoning Province(#2019-YQ-10).
文摘The altered lysosomal function can induce drug redistribution which leads to drug resistance and poor prognosis for cancer patients.V-ATPase,an ATP-driven proton pump positioned at lysosomal surfaces,is responsible for maintaining the stability of lysosome.Herein,we reported that the potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily J member 15(KCNJ15)protein,which may bind to V-ATPase,can regulate the function of lysosome.The deficiency of KCNJ15 protein in breast cancer cells led to drug aggregation as well as reduction of drug efficacy.The application of the V-ATPase inhibitor could inhibit the binding between KCNJ15 and V-ATPase,contributing to the amelioration of drug resistance.Clinical data analysis revealed that KCNJ15 deficiency was associated with higher histological grading,advanced stages,more metastases of lymph nodes,and shorter disease free survival of patients with breast cancer.KCNJ15 expression level is positively correlated with a high response rate after receiving neoadjuvant chemotherapy.Moreover,we revealed that the small molecule drug CMA/BAF can reverse drug resistance by disrupting the interaction between KCNJ15 and lysosomes.In conclusion,KCNJ15 could be identified as an underlying indicator for drug resistance and survival of breast cancer,which might guide the choice of therapeutic strategies.
基金The project supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF)grant funded by the Korean government(MSIP)〔2011-0030043(SRC)〕a grant of the Korean Health Technology R&D Progect,Ministry of Health&Welfare(HI14C2230)
文摘OBJECTIVE Chloroquine is considered as a potential chemotherapy and radiotherapy sensitizer,but the anticancer effect of chloroquine alone is limited.Since we found that the flavonoid kaempferol effectively sensitizes glioma cells to chloroquine-mediated cell death,we investigated the underlying mechanisms of glioma cell death induced by the combination of kaempferol and chloroquine.METHODS To examine the effect of kaempferol and/or chloroquine on various glioma cells,cell viability assay using calcein-AM and EthD-1was performed.The changes in the lysosomal structures following treatment with kaempferol and/or chloroquine were observed by electron microscopy and fluorescence microscopy using acridine orange or Lyso-tracker Red.The changes in cathepsin D proteins were analyzed by Western blotting,immunocytochemistry,and fluorescence microscopy using BODIPY FL-pepstatin.RESULTS Treatment with subtoxic doses of chloroquine,when combined with kaempferol,effectively induced cell death in various glioma cells,but not in normal astrocytes.While kaempferol treatment increased the numbers of lysosome,chloroquine treatment increased lysosomal masses.Combined treatment with kaempferol and chloroquine induced the expansion and subsequent rupture of lysosomes,leading to the spillage of the lysosomal contents into the cytosol.We found that while kaemfperol treatment increased the active mature forms of cathepsin D,chloroquine treatment completely blocked the processing of cathepsin D.The processing of cathepsin D was also blocked by the combined treatment,but the activity of cathepsin D,which was released from the lysosomes,was restored.The cell death induced by kaempferol and chloroquine in U251 MG cells was accompanied by mitochondrial dysfunction,ER stress,and DNA damage.CONCLUSION Disruption of lysosomal membrane integrity and a resultant release of lysosomal proteases may critically contribute to the irreparable damage of various organelles and glioma cell death by chloroquine plus kaempferol.
基金This project was supported by a grant from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. C30100169).
文摘Summary: The expression of synaptotagmin Ⅱ(Syt2) in RBL-2H3 (RBL) and its role during exocytosis of RBL was investigated. The expression of Syt2 in RBL was detected by western blot and Syt2 gene was amplified by PCR. The anti-sense full length Syt2 cDNA expression vector was constructed with pEGFP-N1 and transfected into RBL by electroporation, and stable transfectants were selected by using G418. To analyze the role of Syt2 during exocytosis of RBL, the release of cathepsin D was assayed by immunoblotting. The results showed that Syt2 was expressed in RBL. The anti-sense expression vector pEGFP-N1-Syt2-AS was constructed and the sequence of insertion was completely consistent with rat Syt2 (accession number in GeneBank : NM012665). The stable transfectants (RBL-Syt2-AS) were obtained. Western blot showed that RBL-Syt2-AS expressed a lower level of Syt2 (8 % and 10 % of control cells), indicating that the expression of Syt2 in RBL-Syt2-AS was markedly down-regulated by anti-RNA. Compared with control, the release of cathepsin D by RBL-Syt2-AS was increased. It was concluded that Syt2 expressed in RBL and could inhibit exocytosis of lysosomes in RBL.
文摘Restitution of the cell organelles and the membrane implicates serine palmitoyltransferase (SPT) in signal-specific and selective assembly of the transport vesicles. Here, we reveal that SPT, embedded in the outer leaflet (OL) of endoplasmic reticulum (ER), is engaged in the synthesis of ER transport vesicles that recondition cell organelles, and the inner leaflet (IL) SPT in the restitution of the cell membrane. The OL SPT impacts assembly of sphingomyelinase (SMase)—susceptible ER vesicles but not the SMase-resistant and sphingolipid (SPhL) core—carrying vesicles that refurbish the cell membrane. The investigation of the SPT-initiated differences in the placement of SPhL in vesicular membranes by utilizing ER depleted of OL SPT, allows us to conclude that the restitution of endosomal and lysosomal membranes is achieved with the involvement of OL SPT, whereas the IL SPT is involved in formation of the lipid core for glycosphingolipids (GSL) and sphingomyelin (SM) of the apical and basolateral cell membrane. These findings along with our previously published report (Slomiany and Slomiany, Advances in Biological Chemistry, 2013, 3, 275-287), provide a clear distinction between the processes that renovate cell membrane and its organelles from that of the endocytotic cell debridement, and show that vesicles are navigated to the specific organelles and the cell membrane by the biomembrane constituents programmed in ER.
文摘OBJECTIVE: To observe the distribution of copper in the subcellular structure for the understanding of primary pathogenesis of hepatolenticular degeneration (HLD). METHODS: Skin fibroblasts taken from HLD patients were cultured as an in vitro model of HLD, and the control cells taken from healthy volunteers were clutured in the same way. The distribution of copper inside and outside of lysosomes in fibroblasts was detected by quantitative electron probe X-ray microanalysis. The relationship between the subcellular location of copper and the genotype of the patients, and relationship between the distribution of copper and the course of the disease were analyzed. RESULTS: The content of Cu^(2+) inside lysosomes of HLD cells (14.6±2.1 mmol/kg) and of heterozygote cells (11.6±0.6 mmol/kg) was higher than that of normal cells (4.5±1.2 mmol/kg) (P<0.01). The content of Cu^(2+) outside lysosomes of HLD cells (17.5±4.2 mmol/kg) and of heterozygote cells (12.0±0.9 mmol/kg) was higher than that of normal cells (4.7±1.2 mmol/kg) (P<0.01). The distribution of copper in the subcellular structure was correlated with disease courses of HLD patients. With the progression of the disease, more copper was deposited in lysosomes (r=0.85, P<0.01). The content of copper in the diffused cytoplasmic compartment in HLD cells was correlated with that of sulfur (r=0.86, P<0.05), but not in heterozygote and normal cells. CONCLUSIONS: In the early stage of HLD, copper is accumulated outside lysosome, which is paralleled with increase of metallothionein-like proteins (copper and sulfur-binding proteins). With the development of the disease, more copper is deposited inside lysosome than outside lysosome. We conclude that the up-regulation expression of copper and sulfur-binding proteins and copper accumulation in lysosomes may play an important role in lowering the ATP7B gene mutation-induced toxic effects of free copper on the cell.
基金funded by grants from Fondo Nacional de Desarrollo Científico y Tecnológico,FONDECYT 1200499 to EM,11200592 to MJY,1211329 to ACby the ANID PIA ACT172066 to EM and AC+3 种基金by the ANID postdoctoral fellowship 3210630 to MPHCby the ANID doctoral fellowship 21230122 to DPNby the ANID doctoral fellowship 21211189 to PRby the ANID doctoral fellowship by the ANID doctoral fellowship 21210611 to FDC。
文摘The brain is,after the adipose tissue,the organ with the greatest amount of lipids and diversity in their composition in the human body.In neurons,lipids are involved in signaling pathways controlling autophagy,a lysosome-dependent catabolic process essential for the maintenance of neuronal homeostasis and the function of the primary cilium,a cellular antenna that acts as a communication hub that transfers extracellular signals into intracellular responses required for neurogenesis and brain development.A crosstalk between primary cilia and autophagy has been established;however,its role in the control of neuronal activity and homeostasis is barely known.In this review,we briefly discuss the current knowledge regarding the role of autophagy and the primary cilium in neurons.Then we review the recent literature about specific lipid subclasses in the regulation of autophagy,in the control of primary cilium structure and its dependent cellular signaling in physiological and pathological conditions,specifically focusing on neurons,an area of research that could have major implications in neurodevelopment,energy homeostasis,and neurodegeneration.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 21778001, 21372005)the Anhui Provincial Natural Science Foundation (No. 1608085MB39)+1 种基金the Natural Science Foundation of Education Department of Anhui Province (No. KJ2015A047)the 211 Project of Anhui University
文摘Mitochondria and lysosomes are essential cellular organelles in most eukaryotic cells by playing the physiological roles to support the normal functions of cells, as well as the life of the whole body. To date,small-molecule fluorescent probes have been considered as one of the vital tools for monitoring and visualizing multiple biological analytes. This review summarized the recent advances in small-molecule two-photon fluorescent probes for metal ions, reactive oxygen species(ROS) and reactive sulfur species(RSS), and changes inside micro-environment(e.g., p H, viscosity and polarity) in mitochondria and lysosomes, or served as mitotracker and lysotracker with the assistance of two-photon microscopy.
基金supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Shanghai,No.22ZR147750Science and Technology Innovation Action Plan of Shanghai Science and Technology Commission,No.23Y11906600Shanghai Changzheng Hospital Innovative Clinical Research Project,No.2020YLCYJ-Y02(all to YY).
文摘Alzheimer’s disease is a debilitating,progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the progressive accumulation of abnormal proteins,including amyloid plaques and intracellular tau tangles,primarily within the brain.Lysosomes,crucial intracellular organelles responsible for protein degradation,play a key role in maintaining cellular homeostasis.Some studies have suggested a link between the dysregulation of the lysosomal system and pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases,including Alzheimer’s disease.Restoring the normal physiological function of lysosomes hold the potential to reduce the pathological burden and improve the symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease.Currently,the efficacy of drugs in treating Alzheimer’s disease is limited,with major challenges in drug delivery efficiency and targeting.Recently,nanomaterials have gained widespread use in Alzheimer’s disease drug research owing to their favorable physical and chemical properties.This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of recent advances in using nanomaterials(polymeric nanomaterials,nanoemulsions,and carbon-based nanomaterials)to enhance lysosomal function in treating Alzheimer’s disease.This review also explores new concepts and potential therapeutic strategies for Alzheimer’s disease through the integration of nanomaterials and modulation of lysosomal function.In conclusion,this review emphasizes the potential of nanomaterials in modulating lysosomal function to improve the pathological features of Alzheimer’s disease.The application of nanotechnology to the development of Alzheimer’s disease drugs brings new ideas and approaches for future treatment of this disease.
文摘Lysosomes are discrete organelles that act as recycling centers for extracellular and intracellular materials,playing a pivotal role in maintaining cellular homeostasis.Their acidic environment,maintained by numerous hydrolytic enzymes,facilitates substrate degradation.Dysfunction in lysosomal processes can lead to abnormal substrate degradation,significantly impacting cellular homeostasis.High energy-demanding cells,such as post-mitotic neurons,are especially vulnerable to these changes,often resulting in neurological diseases.Autophagy,a conserved catabolic process,requires extensive lysosomal utilization.It plays a key role in removing unnecessary intracellular components,ensuring cellular homeostasis,and promoting cell survival during stress conditions such as starvation,infection,or cellular damage.
基金supported by the financial support of the Louis-Jeantet Foundation(to ACG).
文摘Apolipoprotein E is the major lipid transporter in the brain and an important player in neuron-astrocyte metabolic coupling.It ensures the survival of neurons under stressful conditions and hyperactivity by nourishing and detoxifying them.Apolipoprotein E polymorphism,combined with environmental stresses and/or age-related alterations,influences the risk of developing late-onset Alzheimer’s disease.In this review,we discuss our current knowledge of how apolipoprotein E homeostasis,i.e.its synthesis,secretion,degradation,and lipidation,is affected in Alzheimer’s disease.
基金support of the foundation projects:Fujian Province Traditional Chinese Medicine Research Project Plan(No.2021ZYJC08).
文摘Background:Exploring the protective mechanism of the Liangxue Huayu(LXHY)decoction on human retinal pigment epithelial(RPE)cells induced by hypoxia through the autophagy pathway.Methods:The appropriate LXHY decoction concentration was determined by CCK-8.ARPE-19 cells were divided into the normal control group(A group),CoCl_(2)group(B group),3-Methyladenine(3-MA)group(treated with 3-MA(the inhibition of autophagy pathway))(C group),blank serum(BS)group(D group),LXHY drug-contained serum(DCS)group(E group),and Rapamycin(RAP)group[treated with LXHY drug-contained serum combined with rapamycin group(the activation of autophagy pathway)](F group).Counting the number of autophagosomes and autolysosomes in each group of cells under transmission electron microscopy.After infection of cells in each group by mRFP-GFP-LC3 fusion protein adenovirus,the strength of autophagic flux was detected.The mRNA expression levels of LC3 and Beclin-1 were detected by Q-PCR.Results:CCK-8 assay results showed that LXHY DCS could inhibit the cell proliferation of ARPE-19 under hypoxia(all P<0.05).As the transmission electron microscopy assay result showed,compared with the normal control group,the number of autolysosomes was significantly increased in the CoCl_(2)group(P<0.05).Compared with CoCl_(2)group,the number of autolysosomes was significantly reduced the 3-Methyladenine group,blank serum group and LXHY drug-contained serum group(all P<0.001).As autophagic flux assay result showed,compared with the normal control group,the level of autophagosomes and autolysosomes were significantly risen in CoCl_(2)group(all P<0.001).Compared with the CoCl_(2)group,the level of autophagosomes and autolysosomes were significantly fell down in 3-Methyladenine group,blank serum group and LXHY drug-contained serum group(all P<0.05).The level of autolysosomes in the LXHY drug-contained serum group was lower than in the blank serum group(P<0.05).Compared with the LXHY drug-contained serum group,the levels of autophagosomes and autolysosomes were significantly risen in the LXHY drug-contained serum combined with the rapamycin group(all P<0.05).As the Q-PCR result showed,compared with the normal control group,the expression of LC3 and Beclin-1 mRNA were significantly reduced in the CoCl_(2)group(all P<0.001).Compared with the CoCl_(2)group,the expression of LC3 mRNA were significantly increased in the 3-Methyladenine group,blank serum group and LXHY drug-contained serum group(all P<0.001).Beclin-1 mRNA expression was increased significantly(all P<0.001)in the blank serum group and the LXHY drug-contained serum group.And Beclin-1 mRNA expression in the LXHY drug-contained serum group was statistically significant increased than blank serum group(P<0.001).In the LXHY drug-contained serum combined with the rapamycin group,the LC3 and Beclin-1 mRNA expression was reduced significantly compared with the LXHY drug-contained serum group(all P<0.001).Conclusion:The LXHY DCS has the ability to protect the human retinal pigment epithelial cell(ARPE-19)damage under hypoxia through the autophagy pathway.
基金This work was supported by a grant from the Nationa NaturaI Science Foundation of China(No.C30100169).
文摘Synaptotagmin (Syt) constitutes a family of membrane-trafficking proteins, so far nearly 20 Syts have been discovered. Extensive work showed that synatotagmins were a potential Ca^2+ sensor for regulated exocytosis. This study was to investigate the expression and location of synaptotagmin II (Syt2) in RBL-2H3 (RBL) and its role in regulating exocytosis of RBL. The expression of Syt2 in RBL was confirmed by Western blot. The recombinant expression vector pEGFP-N1-Syt2 was constructed and transfected into RBL by electroporation, the stable transfectant RBL-Syt2-S expressing fusion protein Syt2-EGFP were obtained and Syt2 was highly concentrated at plasma membrane with little detected in cytoplasm. To analyze the role of Syt2 during exocytosis of RBL, the release of cathepsin D was assayed by immunoblotting. Compared with control, the release of cathepsin D by RBL-Syt2-S was markedly decreased. The results indicated that Syt2 played a negative regulation in exocytosis of lysosomes in RBL. Cellular & Molecular Immunology. 2005;2(3):205-209.
基金support from Interdisciplinary Toxicology Program,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology,College of Veterinary Medicine,and Office of the Vice President for Research at University of Georgia,as well as the National Institutes of Health(R01HD065939(co-funded by ORWH and NICHD),R03HD097384,and R03HD100652).
文摘The lysosome is the most acidic membrane-bound intracellular organelle.Lysosomal acidity is primarily maintained by vacuolar H+-ATPase(V-ATPase)and counter ion channels.There are>60 hydrolytic enzymes in the lysosome for its fundamental digestive role.Lysosomes also play important roles in endocytosis,exocytosis,autophagy,and cell death.Studies that have implicated roles of lysosomes in the female reproductive system are reviewed here.In the ovary,lysosomes are implicated in the preparation of free cholesterol for steroidogenesis and degradation of regulators of steroidogenesis,regulation of follicular atresia,follicle rupture during ovulation,luteal cell survival,and luteal regression.In the oviduct,lysosomes are involved in endocytosis of both serum and oviductal luminal components.In the uterus during the menstrual/estrous cycle,lysosomes are associated with endometrial secretion,apoptosis,and menstruation.In the uterus during early pregnancy,lysosomes are involved in the temporal and directional changes of endocytosis,uterine epithelial acidification upon embryo implantation initiation,and embryo-maternal mutual communications via extracellular vesicles.In the placenta,lysosomes are implicated in nutrient transport and placental separation from the uterus for parturition.In the mammary gland,lysosomes are important for mammary gland development and involution.These findings suggest/demonstrate functions of lysosomes in multiple processes of female reproduction,from ovulation to ovarian steroidogenesis for pregnancy maintenance,and from essential in utero nurturing of developing embryos/fetuses via embryo/fetal-maternal communications,to optional postpartum nurturing of newborns via lactation.Future studies using genetically or modified animal models and pharmacological approaches will provide novel insights into the functions and mechanisms of lysosomes in the mammalian female reproductive system.
文摘It is known that the synthesis of metallothionein (MT) is significantly augmented under stress conditions such as intoxication, infection, trauma, inflammation and radiation injury.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China,No.2019YFA0112000(to YHT)the National Natural Science Foundation of China,Nos.82071284(to YHT),81974179(to ZJZ)+4 种基金Shanghai Rising-Star Program,No.21QA1405200(to YHT)the Scientific Research and Innovation Program of Shanghai Education Commission,No.2019-01-07-00-02-E00064(to GYY)Scientific and Technological Innovation Act Program of Shanghai Science and Technology Commission,No.20JC1411900(to GYY)the Notional Research Foundation of Korea,Nos.2020M3E5D9079912(to WSC),2021R1A2C3005704(to WSC),2022M3E5E8081188(to WSC)the Korea Health Technology R&D Project,No.HU20C0290(to WSC)。
文摘Recent studies have shown that microglia/macrophages and astrocytes can mediate synaptic phagocytosis through the MER proto-oncokinase in developmental or stroke models,but it is unclear whether the same mechanism is also active in traumatic brain injury.In this study,we established a mouse model of traumatic brain injury and found that both microglia/macrophages and astrocytes phagocytosed synapses and expression of the MER proto-oncokinase increased 14 days after injury.Specific knockout of MER in microglia/macrophages or astrocytes markedly reduced injury volume and greatly improved neurobehavioral function.In addition,in both microglia/macrophages-specific and astrocytes-specific MER knock-out mice,the number of microglia/macrophage and astrocyte phagocytosing synapses was markedly decreased,and the total number of dendritic spines was increased.Our study suggested that MER proto-oncokinase expression in microglia/macrophages and astrocytes may play an important role in synaptic phagocytosis,and inhibiting this process could be a new strategy for treating traumatic brain injury.
基金supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft(DFG,425373668,HE 3220/4-1)(to GH).
文摘Evidence from genetics and from analyzing cellular and animal models have converged to suggest links between neurodegenerative disorders of early and late life.Here,we summarize emerging links between the most common late life neurodegenerative disease,Alzheimer’s disease,and the most common early life neurodegenerative diseases,neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses.Genetic studies reported an overlap of clinically diagnosed Alzheimer’s disease and mutations in genes known to cause neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses.Accumulating data strongly suggest dysfunction of intracellular trafficking mechanisms and the autophagy-endolysosome system in both types of neurodegenerative disorders.This suggests shared cytopathological processes underlying these different types of neurodegenerative diseases.A better understanding of the common mechanisms underlying the different diseases is important as this might lead to the identification of novel targets for therapeutic concepts,the transfer of therapeutic strategies from one disease to the other and therapeutic approaches tailored to patients with specific mutations.Here,we review dysfunctions of the endolysosomal autophagy pathway in Alzheimer’s disease and neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses and summarize emerging etiologic and genetic overlaps.
基金STI2030-Major Projects,No.2022ZD0213000the National Natural Science Foundation of China,Nos.92057103 and 31872820+1 种基金Shanghai Basic Research Program,No.18ZR1 404000State Key Laboratory of Drug Research,No.SIMM2004KF-09 (all to YL)。
文摘Millions of people are suffering from Alzheimer’s disease globally,but there is still no effective treatment for this neurodegenerative disease.Thus,novel therapeutic approaches for Alzheimer’s disease are needed,which requires further evaluation of the regulato ry mechanisms of protein aggregate degradation.Lysosomes are crucial degradative organelles that maintain cellular homeostasis.Transcription factor EB-mediated lysosome biogenesis enhances autolysosomedependent degradation,which subsequently alleviates neurodege nerative diseases,including Alzheimer’s disease,Parkinson’s disease,and Huntington’s disease.In this review,we start by describing the key features of lysosomes,including their roles in nutrient sensing and degradation,and their functional impairments in different neurodegenerative diseases.We also explain the mechanisms—especially the post-translational modifications—which impact transcription factor EB and regulate lysosome biogenesis.Next,we discuss strategies for promoting the degradation of toxic protein aggregates.We describe Proteolysis-Ta rgeting Chimera and related technologies for the targeted degradation of specific proteins.We also introduce a group of LYsosome-Enhancing Compounds,which promote transcription factor EB-mediated lysosome biogenesis and improve learning,memory,and cognitive function in APP-PSEN1 mice.In summary,this review highlights the key aspects of lysosome biology,the mechanisms of transcription factor EB activation and lysosome biogenesis,and the promising strategies which are emerging to alleviate the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.82072192(to KLZ)Public Welfare Technology Research Project of Zhejiang Province,No.LGF20H150003(to KLZ)+1 种基金the Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province,Nos.LY17H060009 and Y21H060050(both to WFN)Wenzhou Science and Technology Bureau Foundation,No.Y20210438(to KLZ)。
文摘Central nervous system(CNS)trauma,including traumatic brain injury and spinal cord injury,has a high rate of disability and mortality,and effective treatment is currently lacking.Previous studies have revealed that neural inflammation plays a vital role in CNS trauma.As the initial enzyme in neuroinflammation,cytosolic phospholipase A_(2)(cPLA2)can hydrolyze membranous phosphatides at the sn-2 position in a preferential way to release lysophospholipids andω3-polyunsaturated fatty acid dominated by arachidonic acid,thereby inducing secondary injuries.Although there is substantial fresh knowledge pertaining to cPLA2,in-depth comprehension of how cPLA2 participates in CNS trauma and the potential methods to amelio rate the clinical res ults after CNS trauma are still insufficient.The present review summarizes the latest understanding of how cPLA2 participates in CNS trauma,highlighting novel findings pertaining to how cPLA2 activation initiates the potential mechanisms specifically,neuroinflammation,lysosome membrane functions,and autophagy activity,that damage the CNS after trauma.Moreover,we focused on testing a variety of drugs capable of inhibiting cPLA2 or the upstream pathway,and we explored how those agents might be utilized as treatments to improve the results following CNS trauma.This review aimed to effectively understand the mechanism of cPLA2 activation and its role in the pathophysiological processes of CNS trauma and provide clarification and a new referential framework for future research.
文摘Fabry Disease (FD) is a rare lysosomal storage disorder characterized by α-galactosidase A (α-Gal A) enzyme deficiency, resulting in glycosphingolipid accumulation. Its clinical spectrum ranges from severe classical to milder nonclassical or late-onset phenotypes. Renal involvement, termed Fabry Nephropathy (FN), can vary from mild proteinuria to kidney failure. FN diagnosis, especially in nonclassical cases with a genetic Variant of Unknown Significance (VUS) in the GLA gene, poses challenges. Measurement of plasma lyso-Gb3 levels is gaining importance in FN diagnosis, while renal biopsy with electron microscopy remains the gold standard in equivocal cases. Treatment options include Enzyme Replacement Therapy (ERT) and chaperone therapy, demanding careful candidate selection due to high treatment costs. Research has predominantly focused on classical FD, revealing modest treatment benefits. However, evidence for treating patients, especially females, with milder nonclassical or late-onset phenotypes is scarce, emphasizing the necessity for placebo-controlled clinical trials in these subgroups. Meanwhile, participation in global FD registries can improve our understanding of disease management. Case Presentation: A woman in her late sixties presented with moderate chronic kidney disease, mild proteinuria, and microscopic hematuria. Her family history included a prevalence of renal, cardiac and cerebrovascular diseases. Kidney biopsy revealed characteristic myelin figures and zebra bodies in podocytes, strongly suggestive of FN. Genetic analysis identified a VUS in the GLA gene (c.655A > C, p.Ile219Leu), introducing diagnostic uncertainty. Further investigations revealed severe cardiac involvement. Considering the recurring difficulty presented by the finding of a VUS in the GLA gene during FN assessments, along with the uncertainty regarding the need for treatment in nonclassical or late-onset FD phenotypes, especially in women, this case becomes a central focus for a thorough review of the literature. This review aims to propose a practical algorithm that integrates clinical, biochemical, and genetic markers for FN screening and diagnosis. Additionally, it explores treatment benefits in nonclassical or late-onset FD phenotypes, with a focus on female patients.