Current Trends in the Management of Distributed Transactions in Micro-Services Architectures: A Systematic Literature Review

In the evolving landscape of software engineering, Microservice Architecture (MSA) has emerged as a transformative approach, facilitating enhanced scalability, agility, and independent service deployment. This systematic literature review (SLR) explores the current state of distributed transaction management within MSA, focusing on the unique challenges, strategies, and technologies utilized in this domain. By synthesizing findings from 16 primary studies selected based on rigorous criteria, the review identifies key trends and best practices for maintaining data consistency and integrity across microservices. This SLR provides a comprehensive understanding of the complexities associated with distributed transactions in MSA, offering actionable insights and potential research directions for software architects, developers, and researchers.

基于GAT与SVM的区块链异常交易检测

公有链因为透明公开而面临着众多恶意交易和非法加密活动的问题,这造成了区块链出现异常交易,对用户的资产和信息安全造成严重损害。针对区块链异常交易问题,提出一种关注区块链事务图局部结构邻节点特征与联系,基于图注意神经网络(graph attention network, GAT)与支持向量机(support vector machine, SVM)相融合的区块链异常交易检测方法——GAS(graph attention network and support vector machine)。采用随机森林对节点交易数据特征进行重要性评估,并选取降序排列后前140个重要特征,再结合邻节点特征,利用GAT对当前节点进行特征更新,更新后的特征作为SVM的输入,从而实现异常检测。实验结果表明,相比非融合方法,GAS检测结果性能更优,准确率可达98.11%,精度可达94.01%以及召回率可达85.48%。

基于图注意力Transformer神经网络的信用卡欺诈检测模型

针对现有模型无法精准识别复杂多变的团伙诈骗模式的问题,提出一种新型实用的基于复杂交易图谱的信用卡反欺诈检测模型。首先,利用用户原始的交易信息构造关联交易图谱;随后,使用图自注意力Transformer神经网络模块直接从交易网络中挖掘团伙欺诈特征,无需构建繁冗的特征工程;最后,通过欺诈预测网络联合优化图谱中的拓扑模式和时序交易模式,实现对欺诈交易的高精度检测。在信用卡交易数据上的反欺诈实验结果表明,所提模型在全部评价指标上均优于7个对比的基线模型:在交易欺诈检测任务中,平均精度(AP)比基准图注意力神经网络(GAT)提升了20%,ROC曲线下方面积(AUC)平均提升了2.7%,验证了所提模型在信用卡欺诈交易检测中的有效性。

Blockchain-Enabled Cybersecurity Provision for Scalable Heterogeneous Network:A Comprehensive Survey

Blockchain-enabled cybersecurity system to ensure and strengthen decentralized digital transaction is gradually gaining popularity in the digital era for various areas like finance,transportation,healthcare,education,and supply chain management.Blockchain interactions in the heterogeneous network have fascinated more attention due to the authentication of their digital application exchanges.However,the exponential development of storage space capabilities across the blockchain-based heterogeneous network has become an important issue in preventing blockchain distribution and the extension of blockchain nodes.There is the biggest challenge of data integrity and scalability,including significant computing complexity and inapplicable latency on regional network diversity,operating system diversity,bandwidth diversity,node diversity,etc.,for decision-making of data transactions across blockchain-based heterogeneous networks.Data security and privacy have also become the main concerns across the heterogeneous network to build smart IoT ecosystems.To address these issues,today’s researchers have explored the potential solutions of the capability of heterogeneous network devices to perform data transactions where the system stimulates their integration reliably and securely with blockchain.The key goal of this paper is to conduct a state-of-the-art and comprehensive survey on cybersecurity enhancement using blockchain in the heterogeneous network.This paper proposes a full-fledged taxonomy to identify the main obstacles,research gaps,future research directions,effective solutions,andmost relevant blockchain-enabled cybersecurity systems.In addition,Blockchain based heterogeneous network framework with cybersecurity is proposed in this paper tomeet the goal of maintaining optimal performance data transactions among organizations.Overall,this paper provides an in-depth description based on the critical analysis to overcome the existing work gaps for future research where it presents a potential cybersecurity design with key requirements of blockchain across a heterogeneous network.

Data Scale, Data Scope and Platform Enterprise Performance: Insights from Digital Platform M&As

Data is a key asset for digital platforms,and mergers and acquisitions(M&As)are an important way for platform enterprises to acquire it.The types of data obtained from intra-industry and cross-sector M&As differ,as does the extent to which they interact within or between platforms.The impact of such data on corporate market performance is an important question to consider when selecting strategies for digital platform M&As.Based on our research on advertising-driven platforms,we developed a two-stage Hotelling game model for comparing the market performance effects of intra-industry M&As and cross-sector M&As for digital platforms.We carried out an empirical test using relevant data from advertising-driven digital platforms between 2009 and 2021,as well as a case study on Baidu’s M&A activities.Our research discovered that intra-industry M&As driven by“data economies of scale”and cross-sector M&As driven by“data economies of scope”are both beneficial to the market performance of platform enterprises.Intra-industry M&As have a more significant positive effect on the market performance of platform enterprises because the same types of data are easier to integrate and develop the“network effect of data scale”.From a data factor perspective,this paper reveals the inherent economic logic by which different types of M&As influence the market performance of digital platforms,as well as policymaking recommendations for all digital platforms to select M&A strategies based on data scale,data scope,and the network effect of data.

An Energy Trading Method Based on Alliance Blockchain and Multi-Signature

Blockchain,known for its secure encrypted ledger,has garnered attention in financial and data transfer realms,including the field of energy trading.However,the decentralized nature and identity anonymity of user nodes raise uncertainties in energy transactions.The broadcast consensus authentication slows transaction speeds,and frequent single-point transactions in multi-node settings pose key exposure risks without protective measures during user signing.To address these,an alliance blockchain scheme is proposed,reducing the resource-intensive identity verification among nodes.It integrates multi-signature functionality to fortify user resources and transac-tion security.A novel multi-signature process within this framework involves neutral nodes established through central nodes.These neutral nodes participate in multi-signature’s signing and verification,ensuring user identity and transaction content privacy.Reducing interactions among user nodes enhances transaction efficiency by minimizing communication overhead during verification and consensus stages.Rigorous assessments on reliability and operational speed highlight superior security performance,resilient against conventional attack vectors.Simulation shows that compared to traditional solutions,this scheme has advantages in terms of running speed.In conclusion,the alliance blockchain framework introduces a novel approach to tackle blockchain’s limitations in energy transactions.The integrated multi-signature process,involving neutral nodes,significantly enhances security and privacy.The scheme’s efficiency,validated through analytical assessments and simulations,indicates robustness against security threats and improved transactional speeds.This research underscores the potential for improved security and efficiency in blockchain-enabled energy trading systems.

A Fair and Trusted Trading Scheme for Medical Data Based on Smart Contracts

Data is regarded as a valuable asset,and sharing data is a prerequisite for fully exploiting the value of data.However,the current medical data sharing scheme lacks a fair incentive mechanism,and the authenticity of data cannot be guaranteed,resulting in low enthusiasm of participants.A fair and trusted medical data trading scheme based on smart contracts is proposed,which aims to encourage participants to be honest and improve their enthusiasm for participation.The scheme uses zero-knowledge range proof for trusted verification,verifies the authenticity of the patient’s data and the specific attributes of the data before the transaction,and realizes privacy protection.At the same time,the game pricing strategy selects the best revenue strategy for all parties involved and realizes the fairness and incentive of the transaction price.The smart contract is used to complete the verification and game bargaining process,and the blockchain is used as a distributed ledger to record the medical data transaction process to prevent data tampering and transaction denial.Finally,by deploying smart contracts on the Ethereum test network and conducting experiments and theoretical calculations,it is proved that the transaction scheme achieves trusted verification and fair bargaining while ensuring privacy protection in a decentralized environment.The experimental results show that the model improves the credibility and fairness of medical data transactions,maximizes social benefits,encourages more patients and medical institutions to participate in the circulation of medical data,and more fully taps the potential value of medical data.

A Novel High-Efficiency Transaction Verification Scheme for Blockchain Systems

Blockchain can realize the reliable storage of a large amount of data that is chronologically related and verifiable within the system.This technology has been widely used and has developed rapidly in big data systems across various fields.An increasing number of users are participating in application systems that use blockchain as their underlying architecture.As the number of transactions and the capital involved in blockchain grow,ensuring information security becomes imperative.Addressing the verification of transactional information security and privacy has emerged as a critical challenge.Blockchain-based verification methods can effectively eliminate the need for centralized third-party organizations.However,the efficiency of nodes in storing and verifying blockchain data faces unprecedented challenges.To address this issue,this paper introduces an efficient verification scheme for transaction security.Initially,it presents a node evaluation module to estimate the activity level of user nodes participating in transactions,accompanied by a probabilistic analysis for all transactions.Subsequently,this paper optimizes the conventional transaction organization form,introduces a heterogeneous Merkle tree storage structure,and designs algorithms for constructing these heterogeneous trees.Theoretical analyses and simulation experiments conclusively demonstrate the superior performance of this scheme.When verifying the same number of transactions,the heterogeneous Merkle tree transmits less data and is more efficient than traditional methods.The findings indicate that the heterogeneous Merkle tree structure is suitable for various blockchain applications,including the Internet of Things.This scheme can markedly enhance the efficiency of information verification and bolster the security of distributed systems.

Optimized scheduling of integrated energy systems for low carbon economy considering carbon transaction costs

With the introduction of the“dual carbon”goal and the continuous promotion of low-carbon development,the integrated energy system(IES)has gradually become an effective way to save energy and reduce emissions.This study proposes a low-carbon economic optimization scheduling model for an IES that considers carbon trading costs.With the goal of minimizing the total operating cost of the IES and considering the transferable and curtailable characteristics of the electric and thermal flexible loads,an optimal scheduling model of the IES that considers the cost of carbon trading and flexible loads on the user side was established.The role of flexible loads in improving the economy of an energy system was investigated using examples,and the rationality and effectiveness of the study were verified through a comparative analysis of different scenarios.The results showed that the total cost of the system in different scenarios was reduced by 18.04%,9.1%,3.35%,and 7.03%,respectively,whereas the total carbon emissions of the system were reduced by 65.28%,20.63%,3.85%,and 18.03%,respectively,when the carbon trading cost and demand-side flexible electric and thermal load responses were considered simultaneously.Flexible electrical and thermal loads did not have the same impact on the system performance.In the analyzed case,the total cost and carbon emissions of the system when only the flexible electrical load response was considered were lower than those when only the flexible thermal load response was taken into account.Photovoltaics have an excess of carbon trading credits and can profit from selling them,whereas other devices have an excess of carbon trading and need to buy carbon credits.

Optimization of High-Concurrency Conflict Issues in Execute-Order-Validate Blockchain

With the maturation and advancement of blockchain technology,a novel execute-order-validate(EOV)architecture has been proposed,allowing transactions to be executed in parallel during the execution phase.However,parallel execution may lead to multi-version concurrency control(MVCC)conflicts during the validation phase,resulting in transaction invalidation.Based on different causes,we categorize conflicts in the EOV blockchain into two types:within-block conflicts and cross-block conflicts,and propose an optimization solution called FabricMan based on Fabric v2.4.For within-block conflicts,a reordering algorithm is designed to improve the transaction success rate and parallel validation is implemented based on the transaction conflict graph.We also merge transfer transactions to prevent triggering multiple version checks.For cross-block conflicts,a cache-based version validation mechanism is implemented to detect and terminate invalid transactions in advance.Experimental comparisons are conducted between FabricMan and two other systems,Fabric and Fabric++.The results show that FabricMan outperforms the other two systems in terms of throughput,transaction abort rate,algorithm execution time,and other experimental metrics.

TRADE DEPENDENCIES AND TRANSACTION COSTS: THE OC-CUPATION OF DECELEA HIGHLIGHTS BOTH THE BENEFITS AND THE DRAWBACKS OF A MARITIME ECONOMY

Thucydides asserts that the occupation of Decelea by the Spartans in 413 BC made the grain supply for Athens costly by forcing the transport from land onto the sea.This calls into question the well-established consensus that sea transport was far cheaper than land transport.This paper contends that the cost of protecting supply lines-specifically the expenses associated with the warships which escorted the supply ships-rendered the grain transported on the new route exceptionally costly.In this paper,the benefits and drawbacks of a maritime economy,including transaction costs,trade dependencies,and the capabilities of warships and supply ships are discussed.

基于ADMM的完全去中心化P2P能源交易机制

为研究完全去中心化的点对点(peer-to-peer,P2P)能源市场中产消者的最优清算问题,重点解决产消者内部的协作和在P2P市场中实现社会福利最大化的挑战,采用了一种新的平行、分布式的交替方向乘子法(alternating direction method of multipliers,ADMM),推导出P2P市场的交易机制。该方法考虑每个产消者的效用函数,并引入分布式发电机(distributed generator,DG)和电能存储系统(battery energy storage system,BESS)。算法中每个产消者通过迭代与其相邻的产消者同步交换少量信息,并优化以满足不同的需求。通过对6-peers系统的数值验证,证明了所提出方法的有效性。与基于池的交易机制相比,完全去中心化的P2P问题在单位时间内交易电量提升了160%,社会福利从-9.47元增加到32.43元。

An Optimized Method for Information System Transactions Based on Blockchain

Accounting Information System(AIS),which is the foundation of any enterprise resource planning(ERP)system,is often built as centralized system.The technologies that allow the Internet-of-Value,which is built onfive aspects that are network,algorithms,distributed ledger,transfers,and assets,are based on blockchain.Cryptography and consensus protocols boost the blockchain plat-form implementation,acting as a deterrent to cyber-attacks and hacks.Blockchain platforms foster innovation among supply chain participants,resulting in ecosys-tem development.Traditional business processes have been severely disrupted by blockchains since apps and transactions that previously required centralized struc-tures or trusted third-parties to authenticate them may now function in a decentra-lized manner with the same level of assurance.Because a blockchain split in AIS may easily lead to double-spending attacks,reducing the likelihood of a split has become a very important and difficult research subject.Reduced block relay time between the nodes can minimize the block propagation time of all nodes,resulting in better Bitcoin performance.In this paper,three problems were addressed on transaction and block propagation mechanisms in order to reduce the likelihood of a split.A novel algorithm for blockchain is proposed to reduce the total pro-pagation delay in AIS transactions.Numerical results reveal that,the proposed algorithm performs better and reduce the transaction delay in AIS as compared with existing methods.

An Interoperability Cross-Block Chain Framework for Secure Transactions in IoT

The purpose of this research is to deal with effective block chain framework for secure transactions.The rate of effective data transactions and the interoperability of the ledger are the two major obstacles involved in Blockchain and to tackle this issue,Cross-Chain based Transaction(CCT)is introduced.Traditional industries have been restructured by the introduction of Internet of Things(IoT)to become smart industries through the feature of data-driven decision-making.Still,there are a few limitations,like decentralization,security vulnerabilities,poor interoperability,as well as privacy concerns in IoTs.To overcome this limitation,Blockchain has been employed to assure a safer transaction process,especially in asset exchanges.In recent decades,scalable local ledgers implement Blockchains,simultaneously sustaining peer validations of transactions which can be at local or global levels.From the single Hyperledger-based blockchains system,the CCT takes the transaction amid various chains.In addition,the most significant factor for this registration processing strategy is the Signature to ensure security.The application of the Quantum cryptographic algorithm amplifies the proposed Hyperledger-based blockchains,to strengthen the safety of the process.The key has been determined by restricting the number of transactions that reach the global Blockchain using the quantum-based hash function and accomplished by scalable local ledgers,and peer validations of transactions at local and global levels without any issues.The rate of transaction processing for entire peers has enhanced with the ancillary aid of the proposed solution,as it includes the procedure of load distribution.Without any boosted enhancement,the recommended solution utilizes the current transaction strategy,and also,it’s aimed at scalability,resource conservation,and interoperability.The experimental results of the system have been evaluated using the metrics like block weight,ledger memory,the usage of the central processing unit,and the communication overhead.

Securing Stock Transactions Using Blockchain Technology: Architecture for Identifying and Reducing Vulnerabilities Linked to the Web Applications Used (MAHV-BC)

This paper deals with the security of stock market transactions within financial markets, particularly that of the West African Economic and Monetary Union (UEMOA). The confidentiality and integrity of sensitive data in the stock market being crucial, the implementation of robust systems which guarantee trust between the different actors is essential. We therefore proposed, after analyzing the limits of several security approaches in the literature, an architecture based on blockchain technology making it possible to both identify and reduce the vulnerabilities linked to the design, implementation work or the use of web applications used for transactions. Our proposal makes it possible, thanks to two-factor authentication via the Blockchain, to strengthen the security of investors’ accounts and the automated recording of transactions in the Blockchain while guaranteeing the integrity of stock market operations. It also provides an application vulnerability report. To validate our approach, we compared our results to those of three other security tools, at the level of different metrics. Our approach achieved the best performance in each case.

基于NFT-AMM的数据交易机制研究

数据潜在的巨大价值已经不断被挖掘和使用,数据的流通又是数据价值体现的重要方式。然而,数据交易市场存在流动性不足的问题,阻碍了数据的流通和价值的进一步开发。通过对传统数据交易机制的分析,明确交易市场流动性差的根本问题。通过研究自动化做市商算法,根据数据的特殊性将数据NFT化,从而提出一种基于NFT-AMM的数据交易机制,促进数据交易的流动性。最后,在以太坊智能合约平台上,测试系统功能并分析和验证数据交易流动性实现基于NFT-AMM的数据交易系统。

一种面向联盟链Hyperledger Fabric的并发冲突事务优化方法

随着区块链技术应用的普及,联盟链Hyperledger Fabric(简称Fabric)已成为知名区块链开源平台,并得到广泛关注.然而Fabric仍受困于并发事务间冲突问题,冲突发生时会引发大量无效交易上链,导致吞吐量下降,阻碍其发展.对于该问题,现有面向块内冲突的方案缺乏高效的冲突检测和避免方法,同时现有研究往往忽略区块间冲突对吞吐量的不利影响.提出了一种Fabric的优化方案Fabric-HT(fabric with high throughput),从区块内和区块间2方面入手,有效降低事务间并发冲突和提高系统吞吐量.针对区块内事务冲突,提出了一种事务调度机制,根据块内冲突事务集定义了一种高效数据结构——依赖关系链,识别具有“危险结构”的事务并提前中止,合理调度事务和消除冲突;针对区块间事务冲突,将冲突事务检测提前至排序节点完成,建立以“推送-匹配”为核心的冲突事务早期避免机制.在多场景下开展大量实验,结果表明Fabric-HT在吞吐量、事务中止率、事务平均执行时间、无效事务空间占用率等方面均优于对比方案.Fabric-HT吞吐量最高可达Fabric的9.51倍,是最新优化方案FabricSharp的1.18倍;空间利用率上相比FabricSharp提升了14%.此外,Fabric-HT也表现出较好的鲁棒性和抗攻击能力.

基于GWO-ELM技术的化工资源在线交易数据仿真研究

化工资源信息数据直接影响化工企业转型升级,传统在线交易数据预测模型存在精度低的问题,制约企业的发展。采用灰狼优化算法对极限学习机模型的输入权重系数和隐层单元偏置值进行优化,提出基于GWO-ELM技术的化工资源在线交易数据模型。将在线交易数据模型应用于某省化工资源电商平台交易额预测中,结果表明,所构建的模型具有比较高的预测精度,在2023年后某化工资源电商在线交易额将快速增加趋势下,这对该化工电商平台经营战略的制定提供了数据支撑。

An Enhanced Security System Using Blockchain Technology for Strong FMC Relationship

Blockchain technology is a shared database of logs of all consumer transactions which are registered on all machines on a network.Both transactions in the system are carried out by consensus processes and to preserve confidentiality all thefiles contained cannot be changed.Blockchain technology is the fundamental software behind digital currencies like Bitcoin,which is common in the marketplace.Cloud computing is a method of using a network of external machines to store,monitor,and process information,rather than using the local computer or a local personal computer.The software is currently facing multiple problems including lack of data protection,data instability,and reliability.This paper aims to give the highest security for multiple user environments in cloud for storing and accessing the data in blocks.The users who are legitimate are only allowed for storing and accessing the data as like a secured block chain approach.As like the Blockchain which does not require a centralized system for transactions,the proposed system is also independent on centralized network interface.The decentralized system is developed in such a way to avoid counterfeiting.The system enables the fabricator to spend less or null resources to perform the validations for its direct operated stores.This ensures the product fabricator to avoid the circulation of its duplicate products.The customer as an end-user is also ensured to have only the genuine products from the fabricator.The Fabricator(F),Merchant(M)and consumer(C)forms an interconnected triangular structure without allowing any counterfeiting agents in their secured cloud chain.The pro-posed approach provides the stability in the security system of the cloud using the chaining mechanism within different blocks at each node.It takes roughly 4.7,6.2,and 7.5 ms,respectively,to register each node in the proposed system for 5,10,and 15 nodes.The overall registration time for each scenario is 11.9,26.2,and 53.1 ms,despite the fact that each node’s registration time was greatest for 10 nodes.By looking at the data,it’s clear that the number of nodes is a func-tion of time.

A Novel Stackelberg-Game-Based Energy Storage Sharing Scheme Under Demand Charge

Demand response(DR)using shared energy storage systems(ESSs)is an appealing method to save electricity bills for users under demand charge and time-of-use(TOU)price.A novel Stackelberg-game-based ESS sharing scheme is proposed and analyzed in this study.In this scheme,the interactions between selfish users and an operator are characterized as a Stackelberg game.Operator holds a large-scale ESS that is shared among users in the form of energy transactions.It sells energy to users and sets the selling price first.It maximizes its profit through optimal pricing and ESS dispatching.Users purchase some energy from operator for the reduction of their demand charges after operator's selling price is announced.This game-theoretic ESS sharing scheme is characterized and analyzed by formulating and solving a bi-level optimization model.The upper-level optimization maximizes operator's profit and the lower-level optimization minimizes users'costs.The bi-level model is transformed and linearized into a mixed-integer linear programming(MILP)model using the mathematical programming with equilibrium constraints(MPEC)method and model linearizing techniques.Case studies with actual data are carried out to explore the economic performances of the proposed ESS sharing scheme.