The GIS and analysis of earthquake damage distribution of the 1303 Hongtong M=8 earthquake

The geography information system of the 1303 Hongtong M=8 earthquake has been established. Using the spatial analysis function of GIS, the spatial distribution characteristics of damage and isoseismal of the earthquake are studied. By comparing with the standard earthquake intensity attenuation relationship, the abnormal damage dis-tribution of the earthquake is found, so the relationship of the abnormal distribution with tectonics, site condition and basin are analyzed. In this paper, the influence on the ground motion generated by earthquake source and the underground structures near source also are studied. The influence on seismic zonation, anti-earthquake design, earthquake prediction and earthquake emergency responding produced by the abnormal density distribution are discussed.

Surface rupture zone of the 1303 Hongtong M=8 earthquake, Shanxi Province

Based on the latest displacement of Huoshan piedmont fault, Mianshan west-side fault and Taigu fault obtained from the beginning of 1990s up to the present, the characteristics of distribution and displacement of surface rup-ture zone of the 1303 Hongtong M = 8 earthquake, Shanxi Province are synthesized and discussed in the paper. If Taigu fault, Mianshan west-side fault and Huoshan piedmont fault were contemporarily active during the 1303 Hongtong M = 8 earthquake, the surface rupture zone would be 160 km long and could be divided into 3 segments, that is, the 50-km-long Huoshan piedmont fault segment, 35-km-long Mianshan west-side fault segment and 70-km-long Taigu fault segment, respectively. Among them, there exist 4 km and 8 km step regions. The surface rupture zone exhibits right-lateral features. The displacements of northern and central segments are respectively 6~7 m and the southern segment has the maximum displacement of 10 m. The single basin-boundary fault of Shanxi fault-depression system usually corresponds to M 7 earthquake, while this great earthquake (M = 8) broke through the obstacle between two basins. It shows that the surface rupture scale of great earthquake is changeable.

The 2024 M_(j) 7.6 Noto Peninsula, Japan earthquake caused by the fluid flow in the crust

On January 1, 2024 at 16:10:09 JST, an M_(j) 7.6 earthquake struck the Noto Peninsula in the southern part of the Sea of Japan. This location has been experiencing an earthquake swarm for more than three years. Here, we provide an overview of this earthquake, focusing on the slip distribution of the mainshock and its relationship with the preceding swarm. We also reexamined the source areas of other large earthquakes that occurred around the Sea of Japan in the past and compared them with the Matsushiro earthquake swarm in central Japan from1964 to 1968. The difference between the Matsushiro earthquake swarm and the Noto earthquake swarm is the surrounding stress field. The Matsushiro earthquake swarm was a strike-slip stress field, so the cracks in the crust were oriented vertically. This allowed fluids seeped from the depths to rise and flow out to the surface. On the other hand, the Noto area was a reverse fault stress field. Therefore, the cracks in the earth's crust were oriented horizontally. Fluids flowing underground in deep areas could not rise and spread over a wide area in the horizontal plane. This may have caused a large amount of fluid to accumulate underground, triggering a large earthquake. Although our proposed mechanism does not take into account other complex geological conditions into consideration, it may provide a simple way to explain why the Noto swarm is followed by a large earthquake while other swarms are not.

Astronomic background of global huge earthquakes at beginning of 21st century

Since the beginning of the 21st century,major earthquakes have frequently occurred worldwide.To explore the impact of astronomical factors on earthquakes,in this study,the statistical analysis method of correlation is used to systematically analyze the effects of astronomical factors,such as solar activity,Earth’s rotation,lunar declination angle,celestial tidal force,and other phenomena on M≥8 global earthquakes at the beginning of the 21st century.With regard to solar activity,this study focuses on the analysis of the 11-year and century cycles of solar activity.The causal relationship of the Earth’s rotation is not obvious in this work and previous works;in contrast,the valley period of the solar activity century cycle may be an important astronomical factor leading to the frequent occurrence of global earthquakes at the beginning of the 21st century.This topic warrants further study.

Focal mechanism of Luding M 6.8 earthquake, September 2022 and analysis of the loading role of the tectonic stress on the seismogenic fault

To reveal the seismogenic mechanism of the Luding earthquake, we employed the 118 China Seismic Network stations to collect the P-wave polarity data from each station, which was then used in the P-wave first motion approach to calculate the focal mechanism solution of the M6.8 Luding earthquake that occurred on September 5,2022. We have also studied the loading effect of tectonic stress on the Luding earthquake fault based on the stress field data for the research area. The results indicate that this earthquake was a strike-slip type, the nodal plane I:strike 167°, dip angle 78°, slip angle 2°;Nodal plane II: strike 77°, dip angle 88°, slip angle 168°. The two fault planes’ instability coefficients of the Luding earthquake are examined considering the region’s background stress field’s condition. The nodal plane I in the Moho circle is discovered to practically coincide with the Coulomb failure line and the tangent point of the Moho circle, indicating that this nodal plane has a high instability coefficient compared to the nodal plane II. The conclusion is that the nodal plane I has a higher likelihood of being the seismogenic fault plane, which is congruent with the seismogenic fault plane suggested by the aftershock distribution, the earthquake radiation energy distribution of a single station, and seismic intensity distribution.The Luding earthquake’s focal mechanism is highly like the theoretical focal mechanism of the fault situated at the location where the Coulomb failure line intersects the Mohr circle, demonstrating that background stress is what caused the earthquake. The substantial fault instability and similarity between the solved and theoretical focal mechanisms make it easier to comprehend the loading effect of tectonic stress on the Luding earthquake fault.

泸定M S6.8地震震前变形特征及鲜水河断裂南东段地震活动性

针对鲜水河断裂带南东段的历史地震活动性和近10 a该断裂带上发生的中小震群展布特征,利用GNSS观测数据给出2022年泸定M S6.8地震震源区及周边区域的速度场、应变率场,识别此次地震震前的变形特征。GNSS速度场显示,鲜水河断裂带南东段走滑速率约为10 mm/a,区域整体运动为ES向,与断裂构造运动具有一致性;应变率场结果显示,发震断裂仍存在较强的剪切应变积累,汶川特大地震后随着应变能不断释放,龙门山断裂带的卸载作用间接影响鲜水河断裂带的南东段,该断裂长期处于应变积累高值的过渡区,现今仍具有较高的断层闭锁状态,该地区的地震活动趋势和地震危险性值得进一步关注和研究。

蜂针疗法对银屑病样小鼠模型皮肤中TRPV1、TRPM8含量的影响

目的:观察蜂针疗法对咪喹莫特诱导银屑病样小鼠模型疗效,并观察其对TRPV1和TRPM8的影响。方法:40只白变种实验室(BALB/c)小鼠随机分为空白对照组3只和银屑病模型组37只,银屑病建模成功27只后再随机分为模型组、本维莫德乳膏组(阳性对照组)和蜂针疗法组,每组各9只。从实验第22天开始治疗,阳性治疗组外涂本维莫德乳膏1次/d,10 mg/次;蜂针疗法组每周采用蜂针治疗1次,1针/次,留针2 s后拔除,共3周。观察各组小鼠皮损情况,并应用HE染色观察皮损病理状态;免疫组化法观察皮损中TRPV1、TRPM8的表达情况;ELISA法检测IL-17水平;RT-PCR法检测皮损处TRPV1和TRPM8 mRNA表达水平。结果:实验结束时,阳性对照组、蜂针疗法组血清IL-17含量与治疗前相比显著下降,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),治疗后与模型组相比,血清IL-17含量亦下降明显,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。蜂针治疗后模型小鼠皮损中TRPV1表达含量较空白对照组显著下降,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);阳性对照组、蜂针疗法组与空白对照组比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。蜂针治疗后,蜂针疗法组小鼠皮损中TRPM8含量较模型组显著降低(P<0.05),阳性对照组下降不明显(P>0.05)。结论:蜂针治疗能有效改善银屑病患者皮疹及咪喹莫特诱导银屑病样小鼠皮损,同时发现蜂针治疗后皮损中TRPV1含量有所恢复、TRPM8含量有所减少,可见银屑病的发生与皮肤中冷热敏通道存在密切关系。

基于微震监测的浅埋8 m超大采高综采面矿压规律现场监测研究

以陕北矿区某矿2203浅埋超大采高综采面为工程背景,采用微震监测技术,对浅埋超大采高综采面矿压规律进行了研究。结果表明:单日微震事件数达到峰值后,综采面继续回采8.25~11 m内,能量大于103J的事件增多,微震事件能量及支架压力达到峰值,随后顶板出现垮落现象。综采面初次来压前,微震总能量为6.40×10^(3)J,矿压显现期间为1.07×10^(4)J,总能量增长67%;由于综采面矿压显现与微震最大能量峰值出现一致,通过2次最大能量峰值时综采面位置可以确定综采面周期来压步距。2203综采面初次来压步距为24.75 m,周期来压步距为27~35.25 m,由此确定,顺槽超前支护距离为36 m,实践表明,2203综采面采用ZCZY10300/31/55D型超前液压支架满足巷道超前支护的要求。微震监测是矿压显现规律分析的有效手段,采用液压支架压力变化与微震能量协同分析的方法研究超大采高综采面的矿压规律是可行的。

2023年12月18日甘肃积石山M 6.2地震的前兆异常和孕震过程

为了寻找确切的地震前兆异常,在2023年12月18日甘肃积石山M 6.2地震后,对甘肃省临夏地震台观测资料进行分析,发现临夏台所处地块从2023年1月10日起就处在构造应力的作用下,地块内裂隙张开,吸纳空气,导致钻孔与地面气压差ΔP负异常;从2月22日起,自然电位差ΔV和单极电阻率ρK相继出现异常变化;从3月16日起,开始了小幅度的预滑活动Xpo,并于8月11日前后达到峰值Xpm。预滑活动使临夏台所处地块内多个小裂隙快速张开,并吸纳气体,导致钻孔气压在12月6日起出现多个负气压脉冲G P,这些异常现象直到震后才结束。震前十几个小时的临震预滑活动使得积聚在孕震断层上的应力进一步加大,克服了断层面上的摩擦力,导致孕震断层失稳破裂,发生了积石山M 6.2地震。鉴于观测到的预滑活动和前兆异常发生的时间、空间都与积石山M 6.2地震有较好的相关性,推测临夏台震前观测到的地块预滑活动、气压差变化、气压脉冲、自然电位差和单极电阻率变化可能是M 6.2地震的前兆异常。前兆异常时空演化过程表明,积石山M 6.2地震的孕震过程分4个阶段。因此,关注震前地块预滑活动和各类前兆异常,对预测未来破坏性地震和研究孕震过程有一定的前兆意义。

冰片通过TRPM8减轻小鼠心肌梗死后炎症反应并抑制心脏重构

目的:研究冰片(borneol)对小鼠心肌梗死(myocardial infarction,MI)后炎症反应和心脏重构的作用及可能机制。方法:8周龄野生型(wild-type,WT)C57BL/6小鼠和瞬时受体电位阳离子通道M亚家族成员8(transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily M member 8,TRPM8)基因敲除(TRPM8 gene knockout,TRPM8−/−)小鼠随机分为假手术组和MI组,再分别用生理盐水(对照组)或冰片(冰片组)灌胃。绘制小鼠MI后生存曲线,28 d后超声心动图检测心脏功能,多导生理记录仪测量血流动力学参数,病理染色观察MI面积、心肌肥大和间质纤维化,并检测梗死交界区心肌中炎症反应情况。结果:在WT小鼠中,梗死交界区心肌组织中TRPM8表达显著增加(P<0.05),冰片对心脏中TRPM8表达无影响(P>0.05),但可提高小鼠生存率,缩小MI面积,抑制MI后心脏重构,改善心脏功能(P<0.05或P<0.01);在TRPM8−/−小鼠中,冰片对小鼠生存率、MI面积、心肌肥大、心肌纤维化和心脏功能未见明显影响(P>0.05)。在WT小鼠中,冰片可减少中性粒细胞和巨噬细胞的浸润(P<0.01),抑制炎症因子肿瘤坏死因子α(tumor necrosis factor-α,TNF-α)、白细胞介素1β(interleukin-1β,IL-1β)、IL-6和单核细胞趋化蛋白1(monocyte chemotactic protein-1,MCP-1)过度表达(P<0.05或P<0.01);而在TRPM8−/−小鼠中,冰片对炎症细胞数量和炎症因子表达未见明显影响(P>0.05)。结论:TRPM8可能是冰片在心脏的作用靶点;冰片可能通过TRPM8减轻MI后炎症反应和抑制心脏重构,改善小鼠MI后的心脏功能。

基于微震监测的浅埋8 m超大采高综采面末采阶段矿压显现规律研究

为了掌握浅埋超大采高综采面末采阶段矿压显现规律,以张家峁煤矿8 m超大采高综采面为研究背景,在工作面支架压力监测数据的基础上,引入微震监测技术手段,从微震事件数量和能量的角度对末采阶段矿压规律做出合理解释。得出如下结论:2203综采面末采最后90 m范围内共监测到微震事件66个,总能量1.75×10^(4)J,其中,中小能量事件合计占比达到92%。期间共来压5次,平均周期来压步距为19.5 m,来压持续距离2.9 m,动载系数1.46,周期来压具有来压步距短、持续时间长、局部动载矿压强烈的特点。来压期间微震的频次和能量明显高于未来压期间,微震频次和总能量的变化趋势呈现“M”形,表现为能量的“积聚-释放-积聚”的周期性变化,微震事件的周期性变化规律与工作面的周期来压保持一致。根据微震频次和能量的异常变化可对工作面的周期来压起到一定的预测作用。

Preliminary analysis on characteristics of coseismic deformation associated with M_S=8.1 western Kunlunshan Pass earthquake in 2001

Based on the analysis of coseismic deformation in the macroscopic epicentral region extracted by Differential Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (D-InSAR), and combined with the seismic activity, focal mechanism solutions of the earthquake and field investigation, the characteristic of coseismic deformation of MS=8.1 western Kunlunshan Pass earthquake in 2001 was researched. The study shows that its epicenter lies in the northeast side of Hoh Sai Hu; and the seismogenic fault in the macroscopic epicentral region can be divided into two central deformation fields: the west and east segments with the lengths of 42 km and 48 km, respectively. The whole fault extends about 90 km. From the distribution of interferometry fringes, the characteristic of sinistral strike slip of seismogenic fault can be identified clearly. The deformations on both sides of the fault are different with an obviously higher value on the south side. In the vicinity of macroscopic epicenter, the maximum displacement in look direction is about 288.4 cm and the minimum is 224.0 cm; the maximum sinistral horizontal dislocation of seismogenic fault near the macroscopic epicenter is 738.1 cm and the minimum is 551.8 cm.

TRPM8介导的冷刺激耐受机制

大量流行病学研究已经证明,寒冷天气会引起或加重慢性气道炎症疾病,比如哮喘及慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)的咳嗽、咳痰和喘息等症状[1-2]。近年来大量的研究关注于冷空气刺激作用于气道的分子生物学机制,其中介导冷感觉的瞬时受体电位M8型(transient receptor potential melastatin 8,TRPM8)引起了人们高度关注。

基于E81T8-Ni2填充盖面的L415M管线钢的焊接工艺评定

L415M管线钢环向焊接接头焊接工艺填充盖面焊丝采用E81T8-Ni2代替E71T8-Ni1,替代原则不符合GB/T 31032—2014《钢质管道焊接及验收》的覆盖原则,需要重新进行焊接工艺评定。基于施工单位焊接工艺需求,为了验证E81T8-Ni2能否用于L415M对接焊缝的填充盖面焊接,采用焊条电弧焊打底,自保护药芯焊丝半自动焊填充盖面组合焊接方法,根焊焊接材料为E6010,填充盖面为E81T8-Ni2,依据GB/T31032—2014进行焊接工艺评定。对评定试样进行外观检查、无损检测、拉伸试验、弯曲试验、刻槽锤断试验以及冲击试验。试验结果表明,L415M管线钢环向焊接接头各项指标合格,拉伸试样断在母材上,焊接接头满足高强匹配要求。焊接工艺评定试验研究成果可为长输管道用L415M管线钢焊接工艺以及焊材选择提供参考。

基于泰芯TX8M2260的矢量变频器

针对传统矢量变频器成本高、结构复杂等问题,设计了一种基于TX8M2260微控制器的矢量变频器设计方案,该方案充分利用了TX8M2260的高性能低功耗特性以及其特有的硬件加速单元(MDU),并且采用了一种结构紧凑、成本效益高且高度集成化的硬件架构。通过对基于FOC理论的控制算法的实施和对硬件设计的优化,提出的矢量变频器在TX8M2260平台上进行了实现和实验验证。实验结果表明,所设计的矢量变频器成功实现了要求的各项功能,并具有良好的动态性能和稳定性,这进一步证实了这种矢量变频方案的方便有效。

CXCL8通过增加M2型巨噬细胞浸润及抑制CD8^(+)T细胞浸润促进结直肠癌免疫抑制微环境的形成

目的探讨CXC趋化因子配体8(CXCL8)对结直肠癌(CRC)微环境的免疫调节作用。方法使用过表达CXCL8的鼠源CRC细胞株CT26细胞建立BALB/c小鼠皮下移植瘤模型,监测肿瘤生长情况,成瘤三周后剥离肿瘤组织并取出小鼠脾脏,一方面制备肿瘤单细胞悬液,流式细胞术检测肿瘤微环境中M2型巨噬细胞及CD8^(+)T细胞的浸润情况;另一方面制备脾脏单细胞悬液,分选脾脏CD8^(+)T细胞,在体外将T细胞与过表达CXCL8的CT26细胞共培养,细胞毒性实验检测T细胞杀伤能力。结果过表达CXCL8促进小鼠CRC移植瘤生长;过表达CXCL8的CRC组织中M2型巨噬细胞浸润增加、CD8^(+)T细胞浸润减少;过表达CXCL8的小鼠CRC细胞并不影响CD8^(+)T细胞体外杀伤能力。结论CXCL8过表达CRC细胞通过增加M2型巨噬细胞浸润及抑制CD8^(+)T细胞浸润促进CRC免疫抑制微环境的形成。

M2型巨噬细胞抑制CD8^(+)T细胞促进食管癌细胞恶性生物行为

目的探讨M2型巨噬细胞通过抑制CD8^(+)T细胞的抗肿瘤能力参与食管癌的恶性生物学行为的作用。方法利用佛波酯(PMA)联合白细胞介素4(IL-4)/IL-13将人单核细胞白血病细胞(THP-1)诱导为M2型巨噬细胞并用实时定量PCR检测相关炎性因子。运用磁珠分选法分选健康志愿者外周血CD8^(+)T细胞,用流式细胞术验证分选纯度。构建CD8^(+)T细胞与食管鳞癌细胞的非接触性共培养体系(CD8^(+)T细胞),和构建M2型巨噬细胞、CD8^(+)T细胞与食管鳞癌细胞的非接触性共培养体系(M2型巨噬细胞联合CD8^(+)T细胞)。平板克隆实验和CCK-8细胞毒性实验检测各组肿瘤细胞增殖能力。Transwell^(TM)实验检测各组肿瘤细胞侵袭和迁移能力。流式细胞术检测并分析各组肿瘤细胞的凋亡情况。运用GraphPadPrism9.5软件进行统计学分析和制图。结果诱导后巨噬细胞IL-10和精氨酸酶1(Arg1)表达上调,IL-12和肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)表达下降,具有M2表型巨噬细胞特征。磁珠分选法成功的分选出CD8^(+)T细胞,其阳性率>90%。食管鳞癌细胞与CD8^(+)T细胞非接触性共培养组的增殖、侵袭、迁移和抗凋亡能力显著低于单独癌细胞组;而食管鳞癌细胞与M2型巨噬细胞条件培养基预处理CD8^(+)T细胞共培养后,其增殖、侵袭、迁移和抗凋亡能力与食管鳞癌和CD8^(+)T细胞共培养组相比显著增强。结论M2型巨噬细胞通过抑制CD8^(+)T细胞的抗肿瘤能力促进食管鳞癌细胞的增殖、侵袭、迁移和抗凋亡。

基于i.MX8M的远程医疗监控系统设计

为提高医疗资源利用率,设计一款远程医疗监控系统。系统具有对心电监护、呼吸频率、血氧饱和度、心率、体温及环境温度等多种信息的监护能力,医护人员可以借此使用多种终端来查询和监视病人的体征信息与环境信息,并具有单向视频、双向语音通话功能,能够便捷地实现患者与医护、患者与家属等之间的沟通。系统以i.MX8M Mini嵌入式应用处理器作为主控制器,完成图形界面、多媒体数据处理、以太网数据传输控制等任务。使用STM32作为传感器数据采集控制器,实现对多种传感器数据采集、控制和处理;选用SPI、SDIO等高速片间总线进行数据通信。系统能够减少医护人员的工作量,缓解因医护人员不足导致的就医压力。

Fault plane parameters of Sanhe-Pinggu M8 earthquake in 1679 determined using present-day small earthquakes

The great Sanhe-Pinggu M8 earthquake occurred in 1679 was the largest surface rupture event recorded in history in the northern part of North China plain. This study determines the fault geometry of this earthquake by inverting seismological data of present-day moderate-small earthquakes in the focal area. We relocated those earthquakes with the double-difference method. Based on the assumption that clustered small earthquakes often occur in the vicinity of fault plane of large earthquake, and referring to the morphology of the long axis of the isoseismal line obtained by the predecessors, we selected a strip-shaped zone from the relocated earthquake catalog in the period from 1980 to 2009 to invert fault plane parameters of this earthquake. The inversion results are as follows： the strike is 38.23°, the dip angle is 82.54°, the slip angle is -156.08°, the fault length is about 80 km, the lower-boundary depth is about 23 km and the buried depth of upper boundary is about 3 kin. This shows that the seismogenic fault is a NNE-trending normal dip-slip fault, southeast wall downward and northwest wall uplift, with the right-lateral strike-slip component. Moreover, the surface rupture zone, intensity distribution of the earth-quake and seismic-wave velocity profile in the focal area all verified our study result.

Fault plane parameters of Tancheng M81/2 earthquake on the basis of present-day seismological data

The great Tancheng earthquake of M81/2 occurred in 1668 was the largest seismic event ever recorded in history in eastern China. This study determines the fault geometry of this earthquake by inverting seismological data of present-day moderate-small earthquakes in the focal area. We relocated those earthquakes with the double-difference method and found focal mechanism solutions using gird test method. The inversion results are as follows： the strike is 21.6°, the dip angle is 89.5°, the slip angle is 170°, the fault length is about 160 km, the lower-boundary depth is about 32 km and the buried depth of upper boundary is about 4 km. This shows that the seismic fault is a NNE-trending upright right-lateral strike-slip fault and has cut through the crust. Moreover, the surface seismic fault, intensity distribution of the earthquake, earthquake-depth distribution and seismic-wave velocity profile in the focal area all verified our study result.