Importance of Comprehensive Ecological Restoration of Mountains,Rivers,Forests,Farmland,Lakes and Grass:A Case Study of the Shichuan River

With China's economic development and population growth,China's ecological environment continues to deteriorate.The comprehensive ecosystem restoration of the Shichuan River aims to build an ecosystem containing"mountains,rivers,forests,farmland,lakes and grass"by determining scientific and reasonable thickness of foreign soil,pollution restoration,ecological reconstruction,safeguard measures,etc.It brings new vitality to local ecological environment remodeling and economic development.

Ecological Study of Two Grasses: <i>Cenchrus ciliaris</i>and <i>Digitaria commutate</i>Endangered Autochthonous of the Dry Zone of Tunisia

The Saharian ecosystems present an important intensity of rising sensitization to: Erosion, and desertification whose impacts are irreversible. On the one hand, the weakness of the yield and the poverty of soil lead to a limited biodiversity. In addition to these difficulties, hydra is the main cause of the rarification of certain pastoral species such as Cenchrus ciliaris and Digitaria commutata. The ecological study underlines a distribution of these species which are very dependent on water resources in the dry regions of Tunisia. The bioclimatic (temperature, pluviometry) variations lead to modifications to these species from one area to another which are translated through several parameters. Concerning the number of bundles, the difference is important. The national park of Bouhedma records the highest number, compared with Bni khdach, Jerba, Khanguit aicha and Matmata respectively. The variation inter-site of study also is considerable by the study of the morphological parameters (height, number and length of leaves by bundle, number of ear) whose bundles of the national park Bouhedma occupy the first class.

Research on the Low-carbon-high-value Agriculture Technology in the Comprehensive Improvement of Intra-county Environment Pollution——Taking the Development of Cultivation and Breeding Industry in the Ecological Cyclic Agricultural Garden in Shaoshan Irri

The comprehensive improvement strategy of intra-county environment pollution in the city and countryside was searched.By the research method which combined the microscopic view,the macroscopic view with the dynamic perspective,the seriousness of rural water quality,soil and atmospheric pollution in Xiangxiang,Xiangtan and the surrounding areas in Shaoshan irrigated area was revealed.The control measure which was 'four-dimensional pollution in the city and countryside'—— low-carbon-high-value agriculture and the technology innovation was proposed.The low-carbon-high-value technology innovation industrialization demonstration in three parts which included the pre-production,mid-production and post-production deep-processing of cultivation and breeding industry in the ecological cyclic agricultural garden in Shaoshan irrigated area was the driving force.We tried to propel the low-carbon ecological cultivation and breeding industry which included the paddy rice,grass,tree,medicinal herbs and pig,cow,chick,duck,fish.We wanted to relieve the structural unbalance of previous cultivation and breeding industry,'cheap grain hurting the farmers' and the short-leg problem of social-economic-ecological benefit.The results showed that the low-carbon-high-value agricultural system was a poly-generation technology system which promoted the multi-level and grading utilization,saved the energy,reduced the consumption and cleaned the production based on the ecology.

Mulch Grasses Planting and Management Techniques in Orchards of Southern China Based on Different Utilization Purposes

Planting mulch grasses in orchards,as a technique to build ecological orchards,can be one of the strategic approaches for rural revitalization.This study sorted out the common varieties of mulch grasses and analyzed their application statuses in orchards of southern China.According to different utilization purposes of mulch grasses in orchards,scientific suggestions were given from aspects of grass selection,cultivation techniques,management methods and use modes.The study will provide reference for the construction of ecological orchards in southern China.

Application Research of Water-saving and Drought-resistant Landscape Plants:A Case Study of Inner Mongolia Drought-resistant Mongolian Grasses

Construction of "water-saving landscape architecture" is a crucial content of building "conservation-minded society'',an important approach of ensuring the sustainable development of landscaping industry.It targets at exploring a reasonable means of using the nature,so as to improve ecological conditions and environment,save resources and energies,and promote the harmonious coexistence of man and nature.Landscape plant is a significant component of landscape architecture,it is a key section to choose proper drought-resistant plant species for the landscape construction.

基于AMBI和M-AMBI法的桑沟湾底栖生态环境质量评价

养殖环境评价是衡量海水养殖活动是否健康、可持续的重要环节。为掌握北方典型规模化养殖海湾——桑沟湾沉积环境质量状况,于2017年4和7月对桑沟湾全湾海域进行大型底栖动物走航调查取样,分析了大型底栖动物的种类组成、生物量、栖息密度及群落结构;运用AMBI(AZTI’s marine biotic index)指数法和M-AMBI(Multivariate-AMBI)指数法,分析了大型底栖动物群落受干扰程度,评价了沉积环境质量状况。研究表明,在两次调查中多毛类均为优势种,其中4月多毛类36种,占总种数63.16%;7月32种,占总种数的60.38%。AMBI法的评估结果表明,调查海域各站位以受到轻度扰动为主,个别站位受到中度扰动和无扰动,干扰程度从小到大依次为海带区<海草区<混养区<贝类区;M-AMBI法的评估结果表明,生态环境质量等级为良或优的站位占60.00%~68.42%,海草区环境质量状况要明显好于养殖区。多营养层次综合养殖模式缓解了桑沟湾近海生态系统的养殖压力,使得桑沟湾受人为干扰较小,海草区环境质量为优,贝类区、混养区和海带区的环境质量处于中等和良之间。

A Deep Ecological Review on“The Adamic”

Re-examined from the principles of Deep Ecology initiated by Arne Naess,Walt Whitman’s treatment of his 16 poems under the title of“Children of Adam”towards nature violates sustainability and the harmony between man and nature.First of all,the elitism of the new Adam is far away from the man-in-environment image advocated by Deep Ecology.Second,the unrestrained seed-spreading that Whitman boosts in his“spermatic trope”doesn’t take into account the rights to subsistence of myriad species of life and women’s right of choice.Third,in Whitman’s eyes,nature is lack of diversity and richness and his“omnisexual vision”has overlooked the diverse values of nature in themselves.

Molecular Cloning, Characterization and Expression Analysis of Macrohage-Colony Stimulating Factor 2 Gene from Grass Carp (<i>Ctenopharyngodon idellus</i>)

Macrophage colony-stimulating factor (CSF-1/M-CSF) is a key factor for the differentiation, growth and survival of monocytes/macrophages and osteoclasts. The functions of M-CSF have been well characterized in mammals. In this study, we have cloned and sequenced the cDNA of M-CSF2 in grass carp. The grass carp M-CSF2 cDNA was 1487 bp in length, containing an open reading frame of 855 bp that encodes 284 amino acids. The deduced protein of grass carp M-CSF2 possessed same domains similar to its mammalian counterparts. Multiple alignments and phylogenetic tree indicate that the grass carp M-CSF2 exhibits close evolutionary relationship with its counterparts in other teleosts. Lastly, the tissue distribution results also showed that the grass carp M-CSF2 transcript was dominantly expressed in head kidney, kidney and spleen in vivo.

基于AMBI和M-AMBI法的底栖生态环境质量评价——以厦门五缘湾海域为例

于2011-2013年5月和10月在厦门五缘湾海域设置7个站位进行大型底栖动物调查,并结合2005年的历史数据,运用AMBI和M-AMBI指数法评价该海域海底生态环境质量的时空变化状况。2011-2013年共鉴定大型底栖动物9门106科193种,多毛类(83种)、甲壳类(53种)和软体动物(25种)是该海域的主要优势类群,平均总密度和湿质量生物量分别为(518±292)ind/m2和(54.8±88.9)g/m2。多毛类的短鳃树蛰虫(Pista brevibranchia)为该海域的绝对优势种,其平均密度可达(170±179)ind/m2,其他优势种还有似蛰虫(Amaeana trilobata)、西方似蛰虫(Amaeana occidentalis)、丝鳃稚齿虫(Prionospio malmgreni)、梳鳃虫(Terebellides stroemii)、独毛虫属一种(Tharyxsp.)、菲律宾蛤仔(Ruditapes philippinarum)、长指马尔他钩虾(Melita longidactyla)和伍氏蝼蛄虾(Austinogebia wuhsienweni)等。评价结果显示,该海域底栖生态系统受轻度干扰,生态环境质量介于一般—优良之间,与2005年的调查相比,2011-2013年该海域的生态环境质量有所好转,这可能与五缘湾及周边海域近年来进行的海堤开口改造、海洋环境整治,以及海湾纳潮量及水交换能力的改善有关。

草鱼血清IgM蛋白的纯化及抗血清的制备

采用盐析法、重组蛋白A(HiTrapr Protein A Sepharose)亲和层析法分离纯化草鱼血清中的IgM,并通过SDS-PAGE及Western-blot技术对纯化蛋白的部分特性进行分析比较并制备兔抗IgM抗血清。结果表明:33%硫酸铵溶液可以沉淀血清中大部分蛋白,但电泳条带仍较多,其中含有78kD和28kD的条带,因此仅可作为免疫球蛋白粗提的方法;而rProtein A亲和层析法所提蛋白则仅有上述重链(78kD)和轻链(28kD)。Western-blot显示,鼠抗人Ig抗体可与78kD及28kD条带发生发应。rProtein A亲和法提纯蛋白的纯度较高,但含量较低,条带较淡,仅可作为实验室小量提纯草鱼IgM的有效方法。将提纯的蛋白免疫实验兔后可制得效价高达1:25600的兔抗鱼IgM血清,并测得血清蛋白总量和IgM含量分别为25.87mg和4.5mg,IgM占血清蛋白总量的17.39%。本实验所采用的蛋白A亲和层析法提取草鱼血清IgM可以方便、快捷地获得高纯度的产物,适合在实验室中纯化鱼类IgM。同时本研究所制备的兔抗草鱼IgM血清也为今后的相关研究工作打下基础。

基于PCA和M-SVMs的化学物质生态危害预测应用研究

为防止新化学物质投入市场时对生态环境造成危害,需对其生态危害程度进行评价。现有评价方法把各指标对生态危害的贡献看成是等效的,不能客观反映事实,且评价指标较多,指标之间具有较强的相关性,会降低预测精确度,为了解决该问题,文章将主成分分析和支持向量机相结合。首先运用主成分分析进行特征提取,降低数据维数,获取数据的主要信息;然后将二值分类支持向量机扩展到多类支持向量机,利用多类支持向量机建立化学物质生态危害预测模型,采用10折交叉验证法对模型进行检验,得到平均正确率达到89.24%。并与未进行主成分分析的支持向量机分类模型进行了比较,实验结果表明该方法具有更好的预测精度,值得推广。

Assessing the benthic quality status of the Bohai Bay(China)with proposed modifications of M-AMBI

Multivariate AZTI＇s Marine Biotic Index （M-AMBI） was designed to indicate the ecological status of European coastal areas. Based upon samples collected from 2009 to 2012 in the Bohai Bay, we have tested the response of variations of M-AMBI, using biomass （M-BAMBI） in the calculations, with different transformations of the raw data. The results showed that the ecological quality of most areas in the study indicated by M-AMBI was from moderate to bad status with the worse status in the coastal areas, especially around the estuaries, harbors and ouffalls, and better status in the offshore areas except the area close to oil platforms or disposal sites. Despite large variations in nature of the input data, all variations of M-AMBI gave similar spatial and temporal distribution patterns of the ecological status within the bay, and showed high correlation between them. The agreement of new ecological status obtained from all M-AMBI variations, which were calculated according to linear regression, was almost perfect. The benthic quality, assessed using different input data, could be related to human pressures in the bay, such as water discharges, land reclamation, dredged sediment and drilling cuts disposal sites. It seems that M-BAMBI were more effective than M-NABMI （M-AMBI calculated using abundance data） in indicating human pressures of the Bay. Finally, indices calculated with more severe transformations, such as presence/absence data, could not indicate the higher density of human pressures in the coastal areas of the north part of our study area, but those calculated using mild transformation （i.e., square root） did.

A comparison of the applicability of the Shannon-Wiener index,AMBI and M-AMBI indices for assessing benthic habitat health in the Huanghe(Yellow River) Estuary and adjacent areas

From a dataset of macrobenthos obtained from 18 cruises from 2004 to 2013 in the Huanghe（Yellow River）Estuary and its adjacent areas,the composition and characteristics of macrobenthos were analyzed,and the applicability of the Shannon-Wiener Index（H′）,AZTI＇s Marine Biotic Index（AMBI） and multivariate AMBI（MAMBI） for assessing benthic habitat quality was compared.The results showed a total of 203 macrobenthos in the study area.The macrobenthos were dominated by polychaetes,followed by mollusks and crustaceans.The macrobenthic ecological groups were dominated by EGI,EGII and EGIII,which respectively accounted for 31.5%,36.0% and 21.2% of the total.There were significant differences between the evaluation results of the three indices.The ecological quality status（EQS） levels given by the AMBI were greater than those given by the H′ and M-AMBI.The AMBI could not reflect the differences between 11 sites but the H′ and M-AMBI could do.Moreover,the three indices responded well to the variations in salinity（S） and dissolved oxygen（DO） in the waters.The H′ and MAMBI also responded sensitively to the differences in physical parameters,such as water depth and sediment texture.The correlation between M-AMBI and environmental pressure gradient data was the strongest.The MAMBI could effectively distinguish degraded conditions from undegraded but the H′ and AMBI could not.Therefore,the M-AMBI reflected benthic habitat health well in the study areas.However,the objectivity of evaluation results of M-AMBI needs further verification by physical,chemical and biological methods.The thresholds also need further discussion.

Thinking inside the Box: Tissue Culture for Plant Propagation in a Key Ecological Species, <i>Andropogon gerardii</i>

Intraspecific diversity has widespread effects on ecological communities and ecosystems. To elucidate the mechanisms underlying these effects, manipulative studies require a rigorous and efficient empirical approach. Yet, replicating sufficient numbers of genetically identical individuals remains a challenge. As a result, we are limited in our understanding of the mechanisms underlying the ecological effects of intraspecific diversity. In contrast, large sample sizes are routinely produced in horticultural research using micropropagation, or tissue culture. In order to determine the potential usefulness of micropropagation technique for ecological studies, we investigated the efficiency and efficacy of micropropagation on the ecologically important non-model C4 grass species, Andropogon gerardii. Our preliminary results demonstrate that micropropagation is a rapid and effective technique for producing large numbers of genetically identical clones at up to 100 times the rate of traditional propagation. Key intraspecific differences among clones of A. gerardii were also retained through the micropropagation process. Given that traditional techniques used to test the effects of intraspecific diversity manipulations are time-limiting (greenhouse propagation) or can be biologically misrepresentative (seeds) for some species, we suggest that micropropagation might be a powerful tool for advancing ecological genetics studies in many plant systems.

从草鱼血清中提取抗草鱼出血病的IgM

采用sephadex G—200凝胶过滤法,对感染草鱼出血病的草鱼血清进行凝胶过滤,可提取草鱼免疫球蛋白IgM。试验结果:得到Sephadex G-200凝胶过滤的草鱼特异性免疫球蛋白IgM的分离曲线,经分析,在此分离曲线下收集的样品是草鱼特异性免疫球蛋白IgM。

不同生态修复草种对土壤水分蒸散的影响

以紫花苜蓿、结缕草、青绿苔草和无芒雀麦为试材,通过人工草地建植对退化植被进行生态修复,实时监测植被NDVI指数、根系体积、土壤含水量及水分蒸散动态变化,研究不同草种植被覆盖效果及其对土壤蒸散特征的影响,揭示植被土壤水分吸收的主要作用机理,以期为我国北方地区适宜生态修复草种选择提供参考依据。结果表明:4种生态修复草种均可快速增加植被生物量,减少非生长季土壤水分蒸散,但生长季植被生物量增加,土壤水分吸收增强,土壤蒸散明显增加,且不同草地月蒸散量峰值排序为青绿苔草(112.65 mm)>结缕草(107.42 mm)>紫花苜蓿(98.19 mm)>无芒雀麦(86.69 mm)。另外,植被根系分布及其体积变化是土壤水分吸收的关键,根系体积越大,分布越集中,土壤水分吸收能力越强,其中,青绿苔草与结缕草土壤水分吸收的主要区域在0~20 cm土层,紫花苜蓿与无芒雀麦在20~40 cm土层。综上所述,由于生长季植被增加土壤水分蒸散,建议北方干旱缺水地区生态修复过程中尽量选择水土保持能力强但水分消耗相对较少的植物种类,就供试植物优先选择无芒雀麦,其次是紫花苜蓿。

我国草原分区-分类-分级生态修复模式研究

草原是我国重要的自然资源和生态屏障,草原生态修复是我国生态文明建设的重要内容,也是提升草原生态系统服务功能和固碳潜力的重要途径。已有大量研究针对退化草原提出了多种有效的生态恢复措施,但缺乏系统性和针对性的总结。本文在系统梳理和总结国内外草原生态修复研究的基础上,基于文献计量学的研究方法,总结了我国草原生态修复经历的三个阶段。同时,针对不同区域、不同退化/受损/破坏类型和和不同退化程度的草原,探索和提出了我国草原分区-分类-分级生态修复模式,并对我国草原生态修复的未来发展提出了相关建议,以期为我国草原生态修复和可持续管理提供科学依据和参考。

中国式现代化视域下习近平生态文明思想整体系统观及其方法论

党的十八大以来,在推进中国式现代化建设的伟大征程中,以习近平同志为核心的党中央坚持系统观念,基于对西方现代化道路的深刻反思和对自然界作为有机系统整体的精准认识,赓续与拓新马克思主义和中华优秀传统文化关于人与自然真实图景的系统辩证思想,形成和确立了丰富完备、逻辑严密的习近平生态文明思想整体系统观。秉持山水林田湖草沙是生命共同体的系统理念,这一整体系统观锚定生态文明建设和环境治理的目标任务,坚持推进中国式现代化生态文明建设与环境治理的系统层级观,坚持共同体构架的国内外合作治理的系统联动机制,对其内核“是什么”的问题作了精要而又深邃的回答。习近平生态文明思想层层追问中国式现代化生态文明建设之道,彰显了其整体系统思维在回答生态文明建设根本性问题上的强大方法论功能;以系统工程方式“全方位全地域全过程”推进生态文明建设与环境治理的全面系统展开,立体呈现了习近平生态文明思想整体系统观鲜明的方法论特质,为中国式现代化新征程上全面推进美丽中国建设提供了科学思想方法,开拓了中国式现代化恢宏壮丽的生态篇章。

不同时间添加蚯蚓对矸石覆土生理生态的影响

为探究不同时间添加蚯蚓对矸石覆土中香根草(Vetiveria zizanioides)生理生态的影响,采用土柱试验,设置两种覆土厚度[30 cm(M)、50 cm(N)],每组覆土分别设4个处理组:单独种植香根草(CK)、接种蚯蚓20 d后添加香根草(A)、同时接种蚯蚓和添加香根草(B)、添加香根草20 d后接种蚯蚓(C)处理,分析覆土理化性质及香根草生理生态指标变化特征。结果显示:与CK相比,A、B和C处理均能使覆土pH显著降低趋向中性(P<0.05),提升覆土电导率(EC)、有机质(OM)、全氮(TN)和全磷(TP)含量。与CK相比,不同时间接种蚯蚓均能增加香根草发芽率、总重和叶绿素a含量,其中B处理光合色素(叶绿素a、叶绿素b、类胡萝卜素)含量、A处理叶绿素b含量和C处理根系总长较CK均显著提高(P<0.05)。与CK相比,B处理降低香根草可溶性蛋白和脯氨酸含量效果较强,30和50 cm厚度覆土下B处理香根草可溶性蛋白较CK分别降低9.34%和4.69%(P<0.05),50 cm厚度覆土下脯氨酸含量较CK降低了5.55%(P<0.05),而A处理能显著提高香根草丙二醛含量。同一覆土厚度下,A处理仅在30 cm条件下显著降低香根草过氧化氢酶活性;B、C处理香根草超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化物酶活性较CK相比均无显著差异(P>0.05)。冗余分析和相关性分析表明:A、C处理中覆土OM、TN是影响香根草生理生态特性主要环境因子,而B处理中覆土OM、TP是影响香根草生理生态特性的主要环境因子。研究结果可为蚯蚓-香根草联合应用于复垦土壤修复提供理论依据。

人工草地种植策略下的草原生态变化仿真

人工草地种植是实现草地生态环境保护和牧户生活质量改善的重要途径,也是草业生产和环境治理中的重要内容之一。为了研究人工草地种植是否能达到预期的生态调节效果,该文以锡林郭勒草原的镶黄旗作为研究区域构建APG-ABM模型,模拟了五种情景下未来30年的草地发展状况,分析了牧民收入以及生态压力等指标的变化趋势。实验结果表明,未种植人工草地的情况下,牧民分别以经济效益或生态效益优先时,牧民人均收入分别在35 000元及20 000元左右,前者压力指数在[0.8,1]区间内,后者压力指数稳定在0.5以下。种植人工草地后,牧民人均收入分别达到70 000元及55 000元左右,压力指数前者在[0.7,0.9]内波动,后者稳定在0.2左右。将50%的草地资源保护后,牧民人均收入处于45 000~50 000元,生态压力处于0.5以下的正常水平。因此,人工草地的广泛种植能够使生态压力得到明显缓解,并且牧民人均收入显著提高,有利于加强中国草地生态建设。