Knockout of C6orf120 in Rats Alleviates Concanavalin A-induced Autoimmune Hepatitis by Regulating Macrophage Polarization

Objective The effect of the functionally unknown gene C6orf120 on autoimmune hepatitis was investigated on C6orf120 knockout rats(C6orf120^(-/-))and THP-1 cells.Method Six–eight-week-old C6orf120^(-/-)and wild-type(WT)SD rats were injected with Con A(16 mg/kg),and euthanized after 24 h.The sera,livers,and spleens were collected.THP-1 cells and the recombinant protein(rC6ORF120)were used to explore the mechanism in vitro.The frequency of M1 and M2 macrophages was analyzed using flow cytometry.Western blotting and PCR were used to detect macrophage polarization-associated factors.Results C6orf120 knockout attenuated Con A-induced autoimmune hepatitis.Flow cytometry indicated that the proportion of CD68^(+)CD86^(+)M1 macrophages from the liver and spleen in the C6orf120^(-/-)rats decreased.C6orf120 knockout induced downregulation of CD86 protein and the mRNA levels of related inflammatory factors TNF-α,IL-1β,and IL-6 in the liver.C6orf120 knockout did not affect the polarization of THP-1 cells.However,rC6ORF120 promoted the THP-1 cells toward CD68^(+)CD80^(+)M1 macrophages and inhibited the CD68^(+)CD206^(+)M2 phenotype.Conclusion C6orf120 knockout alleviates Con A-induced autoimmune hepatitis by inhibiting macrophage polarization toward M1 macrophages and reducing the expression of related inflammatory factors in C6orf120^(-/-)rats.

Inhibition of M2 tumor-associated macrophages polarization by modulating the Wnt/β-catenin pathway as a possible liver cancer therapy method

The problem of liver cancer is becoming increasingly important due to the epi-demic of metabolic diseases and persistent high alcohol consumption.This deter-mines great attention to the development and improvement of methods for early diagnosis and treatment of liver cancer.Huang et al presented a study in the World Journal of Gastroenterology,in which they showed that the use of the traditional Chinese medicine Calculus bovis(CB)can suppress tumor growth in mice by inhibiting M2 tumor-associated macrophages(TAM)through modulating the activity of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway.The interaction of CB components with the Wnt/β-catenin pathway,M2 TAM polarization,and tumor dynamics were studied using network pharmacology,transcriptomics,and molecular docking.It is now generally accepted that the polarization of TAM and the differentiation of the functions of M1 and M2 phagocytes are of great importance for the progression of neoplasms.It is assumed that M2 TAM promote proliferation and migration of tumor cells.Attempts to medicinally influence the Wnt/β-catenin pathway in order to modulate phagocyte polarization now belong to one of the most promising areas of immunotherapy of oncological diseases.Undoubtedly,the work of the Chinese authors deserves attention and further development.

Calculus bovis inhibits M2 tumor-associated macrophage polarization via Wnt/β-catenin pathway modulation to suppress liver cancer

BACKGROUND Calculus bovis(CB),used in traditional Chinese medicine,exhibits anti-tumor effects in various cancer models.It also constitutes an integral component of a compound formulation known as Pien Tze Huang,which is indicated for the treatment of liver cancer.However,its impact on the liver cancer tumor microenvironment,particularly on tumor-associated macrophages(TAMs),is not well understood.AIM To elucidate the anti-liver cancer effect of CB by inhibiting M2-TAM polarization via Wnt/β-catenin pathway modulation.METHODS This study identified the active components of CB using UPLC-Q-TOF-MS,evaluated its anti-neoplastic effects in a nude mouse model,and elucidated the underlying mechanisms via network pharmacology,transcriptomics,and molecular docking.In vitro assays were used to investigate the effects of CB-containing serum on HepG2 cells and M2-TAMs,and Wnt pathway modulation was validated by real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and Western blot analysis.RESULTS This study identified 22 active components in CB,11 of which were detected in the bloodstream.Preclinical investigations have demonstrated the ability of CB to effectively inhibit liver tumor growth.An integrated approach employing network pharmacology,transcriptomics,and molecular docking implicated the Wnt signaling pathway as a target of the antineoplastic activity of CB by suppressing M2-TAM polarization.In vitro and in vivo experiments further confirmed that CB significantly hinders M2-TAM polarization and suppresses Wnt/β-catenin pathway activation.The inhibitory effect of CB on M2-TAMs was reversed when treated with the Wnt agonist SKL2001,confirming its pathway specificity.CONCLUSION This study demonstrated that CB mediates inhibition of M2-TAM polarization through the Wnt/β-catenin pathway,contributing to the suppression of liver cancer growth.

Th17/Treg balance and macrophage polarization ratio in lower extremity arteriosclerosis obliterans

Objective:To explore the balance of peripheral blood T helper 17 cells/regulatory T cell(Th17/Treg)ratio and the polarization ratio of M1 and M2 macrophages in lower extremity arteriosclerosis obliterans(ASO).Methods:A rat model of lower extremity ASO was established,and blood samples from patients with lower extremity ASO before and after surgery were obtained.ELISA was used to detect interleukin 6(IL-6),IL-10,and IL-17.Real-time RCR and Western blot analyses were used to detect Foxp3,IL-6,IL-10,and IL-17 expression.Moreover,flow cytometry was applied to detect the Th17/Treg ratio and M1/M2 ratio.Results:Compared with the control group,the iliac artery wall of ASO rats showed significant hyperplasia,and the concentrations of cholesterol and triglyceride were significantly increased(P<0.01),indicating the successful establishment of ASO.Moreover,the levels of IL-6 and IL-17 in ASO rats were pronouncedly increased(P<0.05),while the IL-10 level was significantly decreased(P<0.05).In addition to increased IL-6 and IL-17 levels,the mRNA and protein levels of Foxp3 and IL-10 in ASO rats were significantly decreased compared with the control group.The Th17/Treg and M1/M2 ratios in the ASO group were markedly increased(P<0.05).These alternations were also observed in ASO patients.After endovascular surgery(such as percutaneous transluminal angioplasty and arterial stenting),all these changes were significantly improved(P<0.05).Conclusions:The Th17/Treg and M1/M2 ratios were significantly increased in ASO,and surgery can effectively improve the balance of Th17/Treg,and reduce the ratio of M1/M2,and the expression of inflammatory factors.

Recombinant chitinase-3-like protein 1 alleviates learning and memory impairments via M2 microglia polarization in postoperative cognitive dysfunction mice

Postoperative cognitive dysfunction is a seve re complication of the central nervous system that occurs after anesthesia and surgery,and has received attention for its high incidence and effect on the quality of life of patients.To date,there are no viable treatment options for postoperative cognitive dysfunction.The identification of postoperative cognitive dysfunction hub genes could provide new research directions and therapeutic targets for future research.To identify the signaling mechanisms contributing to postoperative cognitive dysfunction,we first conducted Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway enrichment analyses of the Gene Expression Omnibus GSE95426 dataset,which consists of mRNAs and long non-coding RNAs differentially expressed in mouse hippocampus3 days after tibial fracture.The dataset was enriched in genes associated with the biological process"regulation of immune cells,"of which Chill was identified as a hub gene.Therefore,we investigated the contribution of chitinase-3-like protein 1 protein expression changes to postoperative cognitive dysfunction in the mouse model of tibial fractu re surgery.Mice were intraperitoneally injected with vehicle or recombinant chitinase-3-like protein 124 hours post-surgery,and the injection groups were compared with untreated control mice for learning and memory capacities using the Y-maze and fear conditioning tests.In addition,protein expression levels of proinflammatory factors(interleukin-1βand inducible nitric oxide synthase),M2-type macrophage markers(CD206 and arginase-1),and cognition-related proteins(brain-derived neurotropic factor and phosphorylated NMDA receptor subunit NR2B)were measured in hippocampus by western blotting.Treatment with recombinant chitinase-3-like protein 1 prevented surgery-induced cognitive impairment,downregulated interleukin-1βand nducible nitric oxide synthase expression,and upregulated CD206,arginase-1,pNR2B,and brain-derived neurotropic factor expression compared with vehicle treatment.Intraperitoneal administration of the specific ERK inhibitor PD98059 diminished the effects of recombinant chitinase-3-like protein 1.Collectively,our findings suggest that recombinant chitinase-3-like protein 1 ameliorates surgery-induced cognitive decline by attenuating neuroinflammation via M2 microglial polarization in the hippocampus.Therefore,recombinant chitinase-3-like protein1 may have therapeutic potential fo r postoperative cognitive dysfunction.

Abnormally activated wingless/integrated signaling modulates tumor-associated macrophage polarization and potentially promotes hepatocarcinoma cell growth

In this article,we comment on the article by Huang et al.The urgent development of new therapeutic strategies targeting macrophage polarization is critical in the fight against liver cancer.Tumor-associated macrophages(TAMs),primarily of the M2 subtype,are instrumental in cellular communication within the tumor microenvironment and are influenced by various signaling pathways,including the wingless/integrated(Wnt)pathway.Activation of the Wnt signaling pathway is pivotal in promoting M2 TAMs polarization,which in turn can exacerbate hepatocarcinoma cell proliferation and migration.This manuscript emphasizes the burgeoning significance of the Wnt signaling pathway and M2 TAMs polarization in the pathogenesis and progression of liver cancer,highlighting the potential therapeutic benefits of inhibiting the Wnt pathway.Lastly,we point out areas in Huang et al’s study that require further research,providing guidance and new directions for similar studies.

Growth differentiation factor 11 promotes macrophage polarization towards M2 to attenuate myocardial infarction via inhibiting Notch1 signaling pathway

Background:Myocardial infarctions(MI)is a major threat to human health especially in people exposed to cold environment.The polarization of macrophages towards different functional phenotypes(M1 macrophages and M2 macrophages)is closely related to MI repairment.The growth differentiation factor 11(GDF11)has been reported to play a momentous role in inflammatory associated diseases.In this study,we examined the regulatory role of GDF11 in macrophage polarization and elucidated the underlying mechanisms in MI.Methods:In vivo,the mice model of MI was induced by permanent ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery(LAD),and mice were randomly divided into the sham group,MI group,and MI+GDF11 group.The protective effect of GDF11 on myocardial infarction and its effect on macrophage polarization were verified by echocardiography,triphenyl tetrazolium chloride staining and immunofluorescence staining of heart tissue.In vitro,based on the RAW264.7 cell line,the effect of GDF11 in promoting macrophage polarization toward the M2 type by inhibiting the Notch1 Signaling pathway was validated by qRT-PCR,Western blot,and flow cytometry.Results:We found that GDF11 was significantly downregulated in the cardiac tissue of MI mice.And GDF11 supplementation can improve the cardiac function.Moreover,GDF11 could reduce the proportion of M1 macrophages and increase the accumulation of M2 macrophages in the heart tissue of MI mice.Furthermore,the cardioprotective effect of GDF11 on MI mice was weakened after macrophage clearance.At the cellular level,application of GDF11 could inhibit the expression of M1 macrophage(classically activated macrophage)markers iNOS,interleukin(IL)-1β,and IL-6 in a dose-dependent manner.In contrast,GDF11 significantly increased the level of M2 macrophage markers including IL-10,CD206,arginase 1(Arg1),and vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF).Interestingly,GDF11 could promote M1 macrophages polarizing to M2 macrophages.At the molecular level,GDF11 significantly down-regulated the Notch1 signaling pathway,the activation of which has been demonstrated to promote M1 polarization in macrophages.Conclusions:GDF11 promoted macrophage polarization towards M2 to attenuate myocardial infarction via inhibiting Notch1 signaling pathway.

超声造影联合血清Ficolin-3,FOXM1对2型糖尿病下肢动脉病变的诊断价值分析

目的超声造影联合血清纤维胶凝蛋白-3(Ficolin-3)、叉头框蛋白M1(FOXM1)对2型糖尿病(T2DM)下肢动脉病变的诊断价值分析。方法选取2022年2月至2023年2月我院收治的T2DM患者114例,以下肢动脉血管造影检查为金标准,将患者分为下肢动脉病变组23例(病变组)和无下肢动脉病变组91例(T2DM组),另选取同期于本院进行体检的健康志愿者91例为对照组。对患者及健康志愿者进行血清Ficolin-3、FOXM1及超声造影检查;ROC曲线分析血清Ficolin-3、FOXM1对T2DM下肢动脉病变的诊断价值;采用四格表法分析血清Ficolin-3、FOXM1、超声造影及3项联合对T2DM下肢动脉病变的诊断价值。结果病变组、T2DM组血清Ficolin-3水平显著高于对照组,且病变组血清Ficolin-3水平显著高于T2DM组(均P<0.05);病变组、T2DM组血清FOXM1水平显著低于对照组,且病变组血清FOXM1水平显著低于T2DM组(均P<0.05);血清Ficolin-3诊断T2DM下肢动脉病变的曲线下面积为0.868,敏感度为86.96%,特异度为75.82%,最佳截断值为35.12μg/ml;血清FOXM1诊断T2DM下肢动脉病变的曲线下面积为0.854,敏感度为82.61%,特异度为78.02%,最佳截断值为0.57;血清Ficolin-3、FOXM1检查结果与金标准均具有中度一致性(Kappa=0.480、0.481,均P<0.001);超声造影检查结果显示,T2DM下肢动脉病变的阳性检出率为73.91%,与金标准具有较高一致性(Kappa=0.631,P<0.001);3项联合检测的敏感度、漏诊率均显著优于超声造影单独诊断,准确度显著优于Ficolin-3、FOXM1单独诊断,差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.05)。结论血清Ficolin-3、FOXM1联合超声造影检查在T2DM下肢动脉病变诊断中的应用价值较高,进一步提升了诊断的敏感度、准确度,减少了误诊率。

IL-1β通过激活ERK1/2信号通路抑制人脐带间充质干细胞CD200表达抑制巨噬细胞M2极化

目的探究白细胞介素1β(IL-1β)调控人脐带间充质干细胞CD200表达及其对巨噬细胞极化的影响及作用机制。方法无血清培养基分离培养获得人脐带间充质干细胞(hUC-MSC),形态学观察及流式细胞术检测CD73、CD90、CD105、CD14、CD34、CD45、人类白细胞抗原DR(HLA-DR)的表达,确定间充质干细胞属性;20 ng/mL IL-1β处理hUC-MSC 24 h,流式细胞术检测CD200阳性细胞率,实时定量PCR和Western blot法检测CD200 mRNA和蛋白表达水平;佛波酯(PMA)诱导THP-1巨噬细胞活化,并与IL-1β处理感染CD200过表达慢病毒的hUC-MSC共培养,流式细胞术检测CD11c和CD206阳性细胞比例;IL-1β联合细胞外信号调节激酶1/2(ERK1/2)特异性抑制剂PD98059处理hUC-MSC,Western blot法检测细胞丝裂原激活蛋白激酶(MAPK)信号分子与CD200的表达。结果IL-1β显著下调hUC-MSC CD200蛋白表达与CD200阳性细胞率;过表达CD200显著上调hUC-MSC CD200表达,且CD200过表达hUC-MSC提高巨噬细胞CD206阳性细胞比率;IL-1β激活hUC-MSC的ERK1/2信号通路,PD98059上调IL-1β处理后hUC-MSC中CD200的蛋白表达。结论IL-1β通过激活ERK1/2信号通路抑制CD200的表达,进而抑制hUC-MSC对巨噬细胞向M2型极化的促进作用。

老年心力衰竭并发肺炎患者血清FOXM1和IGF2表达水平及与预后价值研究

目的探究血清叉头盒蛋白M1(forkhead box protein M1,FOXM1)和胰岛素样生长因子2(insulin-like growth factor 2,IGF2)表达对老年心力衰竭合并肺炎患者预后的预测价值。方法将邯郸市中心医院2021年3月~2022年6月收治的126例老年心力衰竭并发肺炎患者设为病例组,并根据随访情况将122例患者分为预后不良组(n=33)和预后良好组(n=89),另选取该院同期126例健康体检者为对照组。检测两组(病例组和对照组)血清FOXM1和IGF2水平,检测病例组用力肺活量(forced vital capacity,FVC)和第一秒用力呼容积(forced expiratory volume in one second,FEV1)。采用Spearman分析法分析老年心力衰竭并发肺炎患者血清FOXM1和IGF2水平与心功能分级的相关性;受试者工作特征(receiver operating characteristic,ROC)曲线分析血清FOXM1和IGF2水平对老年心力衰竭并发肺炎患者预后的预测价值。结果与对照组比较,病例组血清FOXM1(2.39±0.55 vs 1.06±0.21)和IGF2(71.33±7.96pg/ml vs 47.82±5.14pg/ml)水平明显较高,差异有统计学意义(t=25.358,27.581,均P<0.05);与预后良好组比较,预后不良组血清FOXM1(3.87±1.06 vs 1.95±0.51)和IGF2水平(85.88±9.54pg/ml vs 69.14±8.73pg/ml)明显较高,差异具有统计学意义(t=13.453,9.174,均P<0.05);预后良好组和预后不良组心功能分级比较差异有统计学意义(χ^(2)=7.120,P<0.05),且与预后不良组比较,预后良好组FEV1(1.24±0.32L vs 1.08±0.25L)和FEV1/FVC(55.46%±5.77%vs 52.30%±5.38%)明显较高,差异有统计学意义(t=2.592,2.735,均P<0.05);老年心力衰竭并发肺炎患者血清FOXM1水平和IGF2水平与心功能分级呈显著正相关(r=0.496,0.517,均P<0.05)。ROC曲线结果显示,血清FOXM1单独预测老年心力衰竭并发肺炎患者预后的曲线下面积(area under the curve,AUC)为0.854(95CI%:0.779~0.912),其敏感度、特异度分别为75.76%,86.52%,最佳截断值为2.75;IGF2单独预测老年心力衰竭并发肺炎患者预后的AUC为0.874(95CI%:0.802~0.927),其敏感度、特异度分别为72.73%,85.39%,最佳截断值为78.30 pg/ml;二者联合预测老年心力衰竭并发肺炎患者预后的AUC显著大于血清FOXM1和IGF2单独诊断的AUC(Z=2.413,2.737,P=0.006,0.016)。结论血清FOXM1和IGF2水平在老年心力衰竭并发肺炎患者中升高,且二者联合检测对患者预后具有较高的预测价值。

血清Th1/Th2、Hmga1、PKM2表达水平及其联合HPV诊断宫颈癌的价值

目的探讨辅助性T细胞1(Th1)/辅助性T细胞2(Th2)、高迁移率族蛋白A1(Hmga1)、丙酮酸激酶M2型(PKM2)水平及联合人乳头状瘤病毒(HPV)对宫颈癌的诊断价值。方法选取2022年3月至2023年3月在河南省中医院就诊的186例宫颈疾病患者作为研究对象,根据疾病类型分为宫颈炎组(n=62)、宫颈癌前病变组(n=58)和宫颈癌组(n=66),另选取60例同期健康体检者作为对照组,比较四组及宫颈癌前病变组和宫颈癌组合并、未合并HPV感染患者入院时Th1/Th2因子[血清干扰素γ(IFN-γ)、白细胞介素-2(IL-2)、白细胞介素-4(IL-4)、白细胞介素-10(IL-10)]、Hmga1、PKM2水平,分析血清Th1/Th2、Hmga1、PKM2水平表达与肿瘤病理特征的关系及联合HPV对宫颈癌合并HPV感染的诊断价值。结果四组受检者入院(体检)时的血清IFN-γ、IL-2、IL-4、IL-10、Hmga1、PKM2水平比较,宫颈癌组>宫颈癌前病变组>宫颈炎组>对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);与未合并HPV感染患者比较,宫颈癌前病变组、宫颈癌组合并HPV感染患者入院时的血清IFN-γ、IL-2、IL-4、IL-10、Hmga1、PKM2水平较高,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);不同肿瘤分化程度、临床分期、有无淋巴结转移宫颈癌合并HPV感染患者入院时的血清IFN-γ、IL-2、IL-4、IL-10、Hmga1、PKM2水平比较差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);HPV感染对宫颈癌诊断灵敏度为84.85%(54/66),特异度为72.41%(16/28),准确度为56.45%(70/124);血清IFN-γ、IL-2、IL-4、IL-10、Hmga1、PKM2、HPV感染对宫颈癌、宫颈癌前病变诊断AUC分别为0.761、0.730、0.745、0.806、0.819、0.707、0.786,HPV感染联合各血清指标诊断AUC为0.908,大于单一指标诊断。结论血清Th1/Th2、Hmga1、PKM2水平检测对宫颈癌具有一定的诊断价值,临床可通过其联合HPV感染情况早期辅助诊断宫颈病变,为临床针对性制定干预方案提供参考。

M2型丙酮酸激酶、缺氧诱导因子-1α在子宫内膜癌组织中的表达及与患者临床特征的关系

目的探讨M2型丙酮酸激酶(PKM2)、缺氧诱导因子-1α(HIF-1α)在子宫内膜癌(EC)组织中的表达及与患者临床特征的关系。方法取41例EC患者的EC组织及相应癌旁组织和10例子宫内膜良性疾病患者的正常子宫内膜组织。采用免疫组化法检测PKM2、HIF-1α的表达情况。比较EC组织、癌旁组织及正常子宫内膜组织中PKM2、HIF-1α的阳性表达率及不同临床特征EC患者EC组织中PKM2、HIF-1α的表达情况。结果EC组织中HIF-1α的阳性表达率明显高于癌旁组织和正常子宫内膜组织,差异均有统计学意义(P﹤0.01)。p53突变型、分化程度为低分化EC患者EC组织中PKM2的阳性表达率分别明显高于p53野生型、分化程度为中高分化患者,差异均有统计学意义(P﹤0.01)。有脉管浸润的EC患者EC组织中HIF-1α的阳性表达率高于无脉管浸润患者,差异有统计学意义(P﹤0.05)。结论HIF-1α在EC组织中的阳性表达率较高。PKM2、HIF-1α表达与EC患者的临床特征有关,或可作为EC患者的有效治疗靶点。

Poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase family member 14 promotes functional recovery after spinal cord injury through regulating microglia M1/M2 polarization via STAT1/6 pathway

Poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase family member 14(PARP14),which is an intracellular mono(ADP-ribosyl)transferase,has been reported to promote post-stroke functional recovery,but its role in spinal cord injury(SCI)remains unclear.To investigate this,a T10 spinal cord contusion model was established in C57BL/6 mice,and immediately after the injury PARP14 shRNA-carrying lentivirus was injected 1 mm from the injury site to silence PARP14 expression.We found that PARP14 was up-regulated in the injured spinal cord and that lentivirus-mediated downregulation of PARP14 aggravated functional impairment after injury,accompanied by obvious neuronal apoptosis,severe neuroinflammation,and slight bone loss.Furthermore,PARP14 levels were elevated in microglia after SCI,PARP14 knockdown activated microglia in the spinal cord and promoted a shift from M2-polarized microglia(anti-inflammatory phenotype)to M1-polarized microglia(pro-inflammatory phenotype)that may have been mediated by the signal transducers and activators of transcription(STAT)1/6 pathway.Next,microglia M1 and M2 polarization were induced in vitro using lipopolysaccharide/interferon-γand interleukin-4,respectively.The results showed that PARP14 knockdown promoted microglia M1 polarization,accompanied by activation of the STAT1 pathway.In addition,PARP14 overexpression made microglia more prone to M2 polarization and further activated the STAT6 pathway.In conclusion,these findings suggest that PARP14 may improve functional recovery after SCI by regulating the phenotypic transformation of microglia via the STAT1/6 pathway.

过表达miR-124-1基因的骨髓间充质干细胞外泌体调控小胶质细胞M2型极化对脑卒中的影响

目的探讨骨髓间充质干细胞(bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells,BMMSCs)外泌体(exosomes,Exo)过表达miR-124-1基因(Exo/124-1)调控小胶质细胞(microglia,MG)的M2型极化对脑卒中的影响。方法分离培养大鼠BMMSCs,收集其Exo(BMMSCs-Exo),采用流式细胞术、Western blot与透射电子显微镜(transmission electron microscope,TEM)分别对其进行检测鉴定。30只大鼠简单随机分为假手术组(Sham组)、模型组(MCAO/R组)、Exo移植组(Exo组)、空病毒(Empty lentivirus,Elv)转染Exo移植组(Exo-Elv组)及Exo/124-1移植组(Exo/124-1组),每组6只。Sham组仅行假手术,其余各组均复制大脑中动脉栓塞/再灌注(middle cerebral artery occlusion and reperfusion,MCAO/R)模型。模型复制1 d与14 d后,各移植组动物于右侧脑室植入相应移植物,Sham组、模型组注入相同剂量生理盐水作对照。术后2 h及1、3、7、14、21、28 d,分别对各组动物行改良神经系统严重程度评分(modified neurological severity scores,mNSS)。三苯基四氮唑(triphenyl tetrazolium chloride,TTC)染色检测其梗死体积。在基因与蛋白水平分别检测各组28 d脑组织MG的M1型分子[肿瘤坏死因子-α(tumor necrosis factor-α,TNF-α)]、M2型分子(CD206)的表达情况。结果成功获取并鉴定了BMMSCs及其Exo。Exo/124-1显著表达miR-124-1。所有动物(假手术组除外)术后出现神经功能缺损。术后7~28 d,Exo/124-1组的mNSS明显低于MCAO/R组(P<0.05)与Exo组、Exo-Elv组(P<0.01);术后28 d,Exo/124-1组的脑梗死体积、TNF-α的表达明显小于MCAO/R组(P<0.01)与Exo组、Exo-Elv组(P<0.01),CD206的表达显著高于MCAO/R组(P<0.01)与Exo组、Exo-Elv组(P<0.01)。结论BMMSCs-Exo携带miR-124-1基因可能调控MG的M2型极化,抑制M1型介导的炎症反应,促进脑卒中大鼠神经功能的恢复。

泽泻汤基于PI3K/AKT通路调节巨噬细胞M1/M2极化平衡机制研究

目的:探讨泽泻汤(ZXT)对巨噬细胞M1/M2极化平衡的影响及可能的作用机制。方法:体内使用西式饮食(WD)诱导脂代谢紊乱小鼠模型,体外通过LPS/IL-4诱导RAW264.7细胞M1/M2型巨噬细胞模型,设置空白组、模型组、ZXT组。采用免疫荧光染色观察脂肪组织和RAW264.7细胞M1、M2型巨噬细胞标志物荧光强度;Western blot检测p-AKT、AKT、COX-2蛋白水平;qPCR分析M1、M2型巨噬细胞标志基因mRNA水平;ELISA测定IL-1β、IL-10分泌量;Griess法检测NO含量;Docking分析泽泻、白术活性成分与PI3K蛋白的结合情况。结果:与WD组相比,ZXT组CD11c表达显著减少,CD206表达量显著上调;ZXT逆转了LPS诱导的CD80表达升高,下调M1型巨噬细胞标志基因iNOS等mRNA水平,降低COX-2蛋白表达,抑制IL-1β分泌;ZXT促进IL-4诱导的CD206表达,上调M2型巨噬细胞标志基因Arg-1等mRNA水平及IL-10的分泌;ZXT逆转了LPS引起的NO释放增加;ZXT给药后体内外p-AKT/AKT蛋白水平均上升;Docking结果显示泽泻、白术中多个活性成分可与PI3K蛋白形成氢键稳定结合。结论:泽泻汤调节巨噬细胞M1/M2极化平衡,其作用机制可能与调控PI3K/AKT通路有关。

胶质母细胞瘤中癌-睾丸抗原OY-TES-1的表达对M2型巨噬细胞极化的影响

目的探讨胶质母细胞瘤(GBM)中癌-睾丸抗原OY-TES-1的表达对M2型巨噬细胞极化的影响。方法体外培养人GBM细胞U251与人外周血单核细胞THP-1,构建稳定下调OY-TES-1的U251稳转株(U251-SH-OY-TES-1组),将转染无关序列的U251作为对照(U251-SH-NC组)。48h后取两组上清液与THP-1细胞共培养,加入U251-SH-NC组上清液的THP-1细胞为SH-NC组,加入U251-SH-OY-TES-1组上清液的THP-1细胞为SH-OY-TES-1组。通过实时荧光定量聚合酶链反应(RT-qPCR)和蛋白免疫印迹法分别检测两组OY-TES-1mRNA和蛋白相对表达量,确定转染效率。通过酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)检测培养液中人白细胞介素-10(IL-10)、人转化生长因子-β(TGF-β)表达水平。通过流式细胞术检测CD206表达水平。结果RT-qPCR与蛋白免疫印迹法检测结果显示,U251-SH-OY-TES-1组OY-TES-1mRNA和蛋白的相对表达量低于U251-SH-NC组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。ELISA结果显示,两组培养液中TGF-β、IL-10水平随培养时间的增加呈上升趋势。第0天、第2天SH-OY-TES-1组培养液中TGF-β水平显著低于SH-NC组(P<0.05),IL-10水平比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。第4天SH-OY-TES-1组培养液中TGF-β、IL-10水平显著低于SH-NC组(P<0.05)。流式细胞术结果显示,与SH-NC组比较,SH-OY-TES-1组CD206水平下降,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论GBM中OY-TES-1高表达能够促进M2型巨噬细胞的极化。

二烯丙基二硫通过磷酸化Chk1负调控Cdc25C/CyclinB1/CDK1通路阻滞白血病K562细胞G_(2)/M期

目的:研究二烯丙基二硫(diallyl disulfide,DADS)诱导人白血病K562细胞周期阻滞及其分子机制。方法:采用CCK-8、细胞计数及流式细胞术观察DADS对K562细胞增殖与周期阻滞效应。Western Blot检测DADS对K562细胞PCNA、Chk1/2以及下游分子Cdc25C、CyclinB1与CDK1表达的影响。结果:CCK-8检测显示,15μmol/L、30μmol/L、60μmol/L、120μmol/L、240μmol/L DADS处理后,呈浓度依赖性抑制K562细胞增殖,抑制率分别为32.48%、59.34%、66.42%、77.06%、81.05%(P<0.05)。对照组与Tween80组无抑制作用(P>0.05)。细胞计数结果显示,30μmol/L、60μmol/L与120μmol/L DADS处理K562细胞后,群体倍增时间分别为22.71±0.29、36.69±0.93与73.02±0.87呈浓度依赖性增加(P<0.05),而Tween80组与对照组无明显差异(P>0.05)。流式细胞术检测显示,60μmol/L与120μmol/L DADS作用K562细胞24 h与48 h后,G_(2)/M期百分率分别增加到17.6%与28.5%和18.6%与34.4%,较对照组有显著性差异(P<0.05)。60μmol/L DADS作用K562细胞1 h、2 h、4 h、8 h和24 h后,PCNA表达呈时间依赖性表达下调(P<0.05)。p-Chk1表达呈时间依赖性上调(P<0.05),而Chk1、Chk2与p-Chk2表达无明显差异(P>0.05)。并且,Cdc25C、CyclinB1和CDK1分别呈时间依赖性下调(P<0.05),但是,14-3-3蛋白无明显改变(P>0.05)。结论:DADS可磷酸化Chk1通过Cdc25C/CyclinB1/CDK1通路抑制K562细胞增殖与阻滞G_(2)/M期。

宫颈癌组织中机械敏感离子通道蛋白1表达变化及M1/M2型巨噬细胞浸润情况观察分析

目的观察宫颈癌组织中机械敏感离子通道蛋白1(Piezo-type mechanosensitive ion channel component 1,Piezo1)的表达变化及M1/M2型巨噬细胞浸润情况,探讨其可能作用机制。方法选择病理明确诊断为宫颈癌患者的宫颈癌组织35例份、子宫肌瘤或子宫腺肌瘤行子宫全切患者正常宫颈组织30例份,分别采用免疫组织化学染色法及Western Blotting法检测Piezo1。从TCGA宫颈癌RNA-seq数据库中,使用R软件通过CIBERSORT法分析不同Piezo1表达的宫颈癌组织22种免疫细胞浸润情况,利用GSEA 4.2.3软件筛选1NES1>1、P<0.05、FDR<0.25的Piezo1巨噬细胞相关信号通路。采用免疫组织化学染色法和Pearson相关性分析法分析Piezo1表达与宫颈癌组织M1/M2巨噬细胞浸润的相关性。结果与正常宫颈组织相比,宫颈癌组织Piezo1相对表达量高(P<0.05)。宫颈癌组织和正常宫颈组织中M1巨噬细胞浸润强度为7.70±1.31、7.17±2.05(P>0.05),M2巨噬细胞浸润强度分别为16.21±6.36、3.89±1.56(P<0.05)。Piezo1表达与宫颈癌组织M2型巨噬细胞浸润水平成正相关(r=0.8617,P<0.001)。与Piezo1低表达者相比,Piezo1高表达的宫颈癌组织M2型巨噬细胞比例高(P<0.01)。Piezo1与M2型巨噬细胞极化细胞相关信号通路主要有IL6/JAK/STAT3信号通路、TGF-β信号通路及TNF-α/NF-κB信号通路。结论Piezo1在宫颈癌组织中高表达、M2巨噬细胞浸润多。Piezo1可能通过激活宫颈癌组织IL6/JAK/STAT3信号通路、TGF-β信号通路和TNF-α/NF-κB信号通路,促进M2型巨噬细胞极化,参与宫颈癌的发生发展。

巨噬细胞M1/M2型极化在不同肝病中的作用研究进展

巨噬细胞具有较强的可塑性与异质性,可针对不同信号刺激发生功能转化,如转化为经典激活M1型(即M1型极化)、选择性激活M2型(即M2型极化)等。巨噬细胞M1/M2型极化的途径较为广泛,涉及核因子-κB(nuclear factor-κB,NF-κB)/丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(mitogen-activated protein kinase,MAPK)信号通路、白细胞介素-4(interleukin-4,IL-4)/信号转导与转录激活因子6(signal transduction and activator of transcription 6,STAT6)信号通路、Notch信号通路、无翼样糖蛋白/β-连环蛋白(Wnt/β-catenin)信号通路等。同时,巨噬细胞M1/M2型极化可不同程度地受到外泌体、代谢物、非编码RNA、电刺激、益生菌等的功能调节,其失衡与不同类型肝病的发生、发展关系密切。该文通过对该极化的作用机制进行梳理,发现巨噬细胞M1型极化在肝组织损伤、炎症反应及纤维化进程中起助推作用,巨噬细胞M2型极化则相反;其中,肝癌作为慢性肝病的晚期阶段,以巨噬细胞M2型极化增强、巨噬细胞M1型极化受损为特征。因此,该文关注巨噬细胞M1/M2型极化在不同类型肝病中的作用,以期能更好地确立巨噬细胞亚群靶向疗法。

Mechanism of Qishen Decoction inhibition of macrophage M1 type polarization by targeting TGR5-mediated NLRP3 inflammasome

Objective:To observe the effect of Qishen decoction on TGR5-mediated activation of NLRP3 inflammasome,so as to clarify the molecular mechanism of its inhibition of macrophage M1-type polarisation to ameliorate non-alcoholic steatohepatitis;Methods:Mouse macrophage cell line RAW264.7 was randomly divided into a control group,model group,Qishen decoction group,TGR5 agonist group and Qishen decoction+TGR5 agonist group.Except for the control group,the remaining groups were constructed the macrophage NLRP3 activation model by palmitic acid induction,and the corresponding drugs were given to intervene.ELISA was used to detect the levels of TNF-α,IL-6,IL-1βand CXCL2 in macrophage supernatants,flow cytometry was used to detect the expression levels of macrophage polarisation marker molecules CD86 and iNOS,and Western blot was used to detect the expression of the TGR5/STAT1/STAT6 signaling pathway and the expression of NLRP3 inflammasome-associated proteins,respectively.Results:Compared with the control group,the contents of macrophages TNF-α,IL-6,IL-1β,CXCL2 and the proportion of macrophages with positive expression of CD86 and iNOS were significantly increased in the model group,and the differences were all statistically significant(P<0.01).Compared with the model group,the contents of TNF-α,IL-6,IL-1β,CXCL2 and the proportion of macrophages with positive expression of CD86 and iNOS were significantly decreased in the Qishen decoction group,and the differences were all statistically significant(P<0.01).In addition,the expression of NLRP3 and Pro-IL-1βproteins in the macrophage lysate and the expression of Caspase-1 p10,Caspase-1 p20 and IL-1βp17 proteins in the cell supernatant of the model group were significantly increased when compared with the control group,and the differences were all statistically significant(P<0.01).Compared with the model group,the expression of NLRP3 and Pro-IL-1βproteins in macrophage lysate and the expression of Caspase-1 p10,Caspase-1 p20 and IL-1βp17 proteins in cell supernatant of the Qishen decoction were significantly reduced,and the differences were all statistically significant(P<0.01);Conclusion:Qishen decoction can inhibit the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome in macrophages by inhibiting the TGR5/STAT1/STAT6 signaling pathway,thereby inhibiting macrophage M1 polarization and improving inflammatory response.