Grey correlation analysis of factors influencing maldistribution in feeding device of copper flash smelting

An experimental model of maldistribution was established and grey correlation analysis method was employed to describe quantitatively the maldistribution phenomenon in the feeding device of copper flash smelting.Particle motion in the feeding device was separated into uniform flow in chute and restricted slanting parabolic motion in distributor channel.Factors affecting particle velocity at the chute outlet and particle moving distance in the distributor channel,which also cause the maldistribution,were analyzed based on the assumption of pseudo fluid.Experiments were conducted to study the maldistribution using river sand.The results indicate obvious mass maldistribution and an even higher degree with the increase of feeding mass rate;meanwhile,size maldistribution is negligible.Also,feeding intensity has a larger impact on circumferential maldistribution than on radial maldistribution.Based on the experimental results of the eight factors impacting the maldistribution,grey relation of each factor was calculated using grey correlation analysis.The importances of these factors were sequenced.The results show that a proper adjustment of the structure will ameliorate the maldistribution phenomenon in the feeding device of copper flash smelting.

Experimental Investigation of Two-Phase Flow Maldistribution in Plate Heat Exchangers

After conducting a critical survey of the different categories of existing heat exchangers,the results of several experiments about the behaviour of a two-phase current in an open channel are reported.The results confirm the complexity of the problems induced in heat exchangers by flow maldistribution,especially when two-phase flows are considered in multi-channel systems.It is shown that severe misalignment of heat exchangers can lead to a loss of economic performance of more than 25%.Improper distribution of fluid flow causes longer fluid coils to form,and the liquid cochlea can eventually occupy a large space,thereby reducing heat transfer and disrupting the considered biphasic system.The use of a small diameter distribution pipe with properly spaced outlet holes seems to be a promising approach to fix many of these issues.It is found that the current distribution in the channels,in addition to the header pressure distribution,also depends on factors such as the geometry and the initial flow regime in the header.

NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF THE EFFECT OF MALDISTRIBUTION IN A FIXED BED ADSORBER

The paper deals with the modeling of the effect of maldistribution in pollutant abatementtrichloroethylene（TCE）concerning low concentration(10-5-10-8kg·m-3)adsorption in an adsorber.Such a concentration range is rather typical in many an environmental application.Isotherms andbreakthrough curves for TCE adsorption are obtained both for a commercial activated carbonSorbonorit 4 and a laboratory adsorber of dB/dP=11.Two two-dimensional nonequilibrium isothermalmodels are developed to describe the mass transfer in the fixed bed taking into account the effect ofmaldistribution.It is found the simulation results with maldistribution are in very good agreementwith the experimental findings.Low concentration TCE adsorption in a fixed bed of activated carbonis found to be strongly influenced by maldistribution.The non-uniform distributions of concentrationand loading of the pollutant in the adsorber are predicted by the model.Maldistribution and its ef-fect on the initial breakthrough of TCE in

Numerical study on maldistribution of gas-solid flow in multiple-branching limestone-conveying pipelines of circulating fluidized bed

As one of the most important auxiliary systems of a circulating fluidized bed boiler,the limestone pneumatic conveying system is of great significance to its operation.Maldistribution of powder in the different injecting ports seriously limits inner-furnace desulfurization performance owing to inefficient mixing of limestone powder and SO2.The gas-solid flow characteristics of an industrial-scale multiple-branching limestone-conveying pipeline system of a 200 MW circulating fluidized bed boiler were studied using a computational particle fluid dynamics method.The maldistribution intensity was studied under different operating conditions of air velocity and particle mass flow rate.Simulation results indicated that when the air velocity increased,the maldistribution was mitigated,but when the particle mass flow rate increased,the maldistribution strengthened.To solve this problem,two improved schemes were proposed:adding a deflector at different angles and changing the height of pipeline distributor.According to the simulation,the maldistribution could be efficiently mitigated using a distributor height in the range of 100-120 mm and a deflector angle of 10°-30°.

INVESTIGATION INTO MALDISTRIBUTION IN A CIRCULATING FLUIDIZED BED

Experiments on maldistribution were conducted in a 8.5 m high, 1 m0.3 m cross-section circulating flu-idized bed equipped with a 33 bubble-cap distributor. There exists an uneven distribution in flow rate, the bubble caps in the center region having larger flow rates than those next to the wall. Flow resistance has been found to be the domi-nating factor influencing gas flow rate distribution. Increasing superficial gas velocity improves flow rate distribution for a low pressure-drop distributor. For a high pressure-drop distributor, superficial gas velocity has little effect on flow rate distribution. A ratio of maximum flow rate through a bubble cap to average flow rate through all bubble caps (Vmax/Vav) characterizes the flow rate distribution. Distributor-to-bed pressure drop ratio (DPd/DPr) is another necessary parameter to achieve even flow distribution. A correlation between these two ratios is developed for predicting flow rate maldistribution in CFB bubble-cap distributor.

INTERPRETATION OF FLOW NONUNIFORMITY AND HYSTERESIS WITH A CAPILLARY ARRAY MODEL

A novel capillary array model is proposed to shed light on the development of themaldistribution of cocurrent downward gas-liquid flow and the hysteretic performance behavior in apacked column.The model is based on the principle of nonequilibrium thermodynamics and incombination with lateral random walk of elemental liquid rivulets.The liquid distribution over aone-dimensional array of capillaries is simulated and the basic features of gas-liquid flow in packedbeds are demonstrated.With proper correspondence of hysteresis branches with nonuniformity of flowdistribution assumed,the experimentally observed hysteresis in pressure drop,liquid holdup and masstransfer rate can be qualitatively simulated.Strenuous efforts are still required for further developingthis model into a predictive tool for the evaluation of performance of packed-bed type devices.

Flow instability of supercritical hydrocarbon fuel in a multi-channel cooling system

Thermally-induced flow instabilities are a critical issue in multi-channel regenerative cooling systems.In particular,the interactions between Density-Wave Oscillations(DWO)and Flow Maldistribution(FMD)can result in complex and disastrous instability phenomena.This study investigates the instability behaviors of hydrocarbon fluid in a four-channel system with a constant heat flux ratio using both frequency-and time-domain methods.As the heat flux increases,the in-tube flow sequentially destabilizes in each channel and converges to new equilibrium states,leading to the emergence of FMD phenomena.This also causes the system eigenvalue to change repeatedly from negative to positive rather than increasing monotonically.Additionally,the system eigenvalues are between those of the two most unstable channels,indicating that the stability behavior of the entire system is dictated by the most unstable channel.After FMD occurs,flow oscillations are activated in channels with weak stability,and the in-tube flow is observed to evolve into various flow patterns,including stable flow,self-sustained oscillation,oscillation divergence,quasiperiodic oscillation,and oscillation excursion.The novel instability mode of oscillation excursion involves a spontaneous transition of operating states.It oscillates from an equilibrium state and then stabilizes at a new operational state after oscillation-induced redistribution.However,the newfound stable state may also be only temporary,with the in-tube flow regressing to the initial state,resulting in quasi-periodic oscillation.