Improved QoS-Secure Routing in MANET Using Real-Time Regional ME Feature Approximation

Mobile Ad-hoc Network(MANET)routing problems are thoroughly studied several approaches are identified in support of MANET.Improve the Quality of Service(QoS)performance of MANET is achieving higher performance.To reduce this drawback,this paper proposes a new secure routing algorithm based on real-time partial ME(Mobility,energy)approximation.The routing method RRME(Real-time Regional Mobility Energy)divides the whole network into several parts,and each node’s various characteristics like mobility and energy are randomly selected neighbors accordingly.It is done in the path discovery phase,estimated to identify and remove malicious nodes.In addition,Trusted Forwarding Factor(TFF)calculates the various nodes based on historical records and other characteristics of multiple nodes.Similarly,the calculated QoS Support Factor(QoSSF)calculating by the Data Forwarding Support(DFS),Throughput Support(TS),and Lifetime Maximization Support(LMS)to any given path.One route was found to implement the path of maximizing MANET QoS based on QoSSF value.Hence the proposed technique produces the QoS based on real-time regional ME feature approximation.The proposed simulation implementation is done by the Network Simulator version 2(NS2)tool to produce better performance than other methods.It achieved a throughput performance had 98.5%and a routing performance had 98.2%.

QoS Aware Power and Hop Count Constraints Routing Protocol with Mobility Prediction for MANET Using SHORT

A mobile ad hoc network (MANET) is composed of mobile nodes, which do not have any fixed wired communication infrastructure. This paper proposes a protocol called “Delay, Jitter, Bandwidth, Cost, Power and Hop count Constraints Routing Protocol with Mobility Prediction for Mobile Ad hoc Network using Self Healing and Optimizing Routing Technique (QPHMP-SHORT)”. It is a multiple constraints routing protocol with self healing technique for route discovery to select a best routing path among multiple paths between a source and a destination as to increase packet delivery ratio, reliability and efficiency of mobile communication. QPHMP-SHORT considers the cost incurred in channel acquisition and the incremental cost proportional to the size of the packet. It collects the residual battery power of each node for each path;selects multiple paths, which have nodes with good battery power for transmission to satisfy the power constraint. QPHMP-SHORT uses Self-Healing and Optimizing Routing Technique (SHORT) to select a shortest best path among multiple selected paths by applying hops count constraint. It also uses the mobility prediction formula to find the stability of a link between two nodes.

A Novel Review on Security and Routing Protocols in MANET

The origin of Mobile ad hoc network (MANET) was started in 1970 as packet radio network (PRNET), later on different researches were made on it in different ages. MANET works under no fixed infrastructure in which every node works likes a router that stores and forwards packet to final destination. Due to its dynamic topology, MANET can be created anywhere, anytime. As there are limited resources in MANET so it faces many problems such as security, limited bandwidth, range and power constraints. Due to this, many new routing protocols are proposed. This article examines different techniques to manage congestion control, security issues, different layers attacks, routing protocols and challenges that are faced by MANET.

DBLAR:A DISTANCE-BASED LOCATION-AIDED ROUTING FOR MANET

In location-aided routing of Mobile Ad hoc NETworks(MANET),nodes mobility and the inaccuracy of location information may result in constant flooding,which will reduce the network performance.In this paper,a Distance-Based Location-Aided Routing(DBLAR) for MANET has been proposed.By tracing the location information of destination nodes and referring to distance change between nodes to adjust route discovery dynamically,the proposed routing algorithm can avoid flooding in the whole networks.Besides,Distance Update Threshold(DUT) is set up to reach the balance between real-time ability and update overhead of location information of nodes,meanwhile,the detection of relative distance vector can achieve the goal of adjusting forwarding condition.Simulation results reveal that DBLAR performs better than LAR1 in terms of packet successful delivery ratio,average end-to-end delay and routing-load,and the set of DUT and relative distance vector has a significant impact on this algorithm.

A Collaborative Approach for Secured Routing in Mobile Ad-Hoc Network

Mobile computing is the most powerful application for network com-munication and connectivity,given recent breakthroughs in thefield of wireless networks or Mobile Ad-hoc networks(MANETs).There are several obstacles that effective networks confront and the networks must be able to transport data from one system to another with adequate precision.For most applications,a frame-work must ensure that the retrieved data reflects the transmitted data.Before driv-ing to other nodes,if the frame between the two nodes is deformed in the data-link layer,it must be repaired.Most link-layer protocols immediately disregard the frame and enable the high-layer protocols to transmit it down.In other words,because of asset information must be secured from threats,information is a valu-able resource.In MANETs,some applications necessitate the use of a network method for detecting and blocking these assaults.Building a secure intrusion detection system in the network,which provides security to the nodes and route paths in the network,is a major difficulty in MANET.Attacks on the network can jeopardize security issues discovered by the intrusion detection system engine,which are then blocked by the network’s intrusion prevention engine.By bringing the Secure Intrusion Detection System(S-IDS)into the network,a new technique for implementing security goals and preventing attacks will be developed.The Secure Energy Routing(SER)protocol for MANETs is introduced in this study.The protocol addresses the issue of network security by detecting and preventing attacks in the network.The data transmission in the MANET is forwarded using Elliptical Curve Cryptography(ECC)with an objective to improve the level of security.Network Simulator–2 is used to simulate the network and experiments are compared with existing methods.

A quality of service routing protocol based on mobility prediction in mobile ad hoc networks

A QoS routing protocol based on mobility prediction is proposed. The protocol selects the steadiest path based on mobility prediction and QoS requirements on bandwidth, delay, and so forth. The main properties of the protocol as follows. (1) Each node just broadcasts its own information, so the packet is very small and can get to the destination in a very short time. (2) When another path is built for the same QoS requirements, the original path has higher priority. (3) The update messages are reduced by using mobility prediction. (4) Data packets carry the information of link change using piggyback, which is helpful for forecasting the link status more accurately. (5) When source node gets Resource Reserve and reconnect packets at the same time, it selects reconnect packet over Resource Reserve packet. The results of simulation show that the protocol has good network performance with low control overload, and efficiently supports transmitting multimedia with QoS requirements in mobile ad hoc networks.

Anonymous multipath routing protocol based on secret sharing in mobile ad hoc networks

Because the intrinsic characteristics of mobile ad hoc networks（MANETs） cause several vulnerabilities,anonymous routing protocols attract much more attention in secure mobile ad hoc networks for the purposes of security and privacy concerns.Until recently,lots of anonymous routing protocols have been proposed.However,most of them are single path or use one path at a time,and the multipath schemes can not thwart both the passive attacks and active attacks simultaneously.Thus an anonymous multipath routing protocol based on secret sharing is proposed.The protocol provides identity anonymity,location anonymity,data and traffic anonymity by employing cryptograph technology and secret sharing in MANET communication process.Meanwhile,a hash function is introduced to detect active attacks in the data transmission process.The protocol can effectively thwart various passive attacks and reduce the successful probability of active attacks（such as interception and physical destroy attacks）.Simulation results show that the proposed scheme provides a reasonably good level of network security and performance.

Routing Protocol for Heterogeneous FANETs with Mobility Prediction

In recent years,with the growth in Unmanned Aerial Vehicles(UAVs),UAV-based systems have become popular in both military and civil applications.In these scenarios,the lack of reliable communication infrastructure has motivated UAVs to establish a network as flying nodes,also known as Flying Ad Hoc Networks(FANETs).However,in FANETs,the high mobility degree of flying and terrestrial users may be responsible for constant changes in the network topology,making end-to-end connections in FANETs challenging.Mobility estimation and prediction of UAVs can address the challenge mentioned above since it can provide better routing planning and improve overall FANET performance in terms of continuous service availability.We thus develop a Software Defined Network(SDN)-based heterogeneous architecture for reliable communication in FANETs.In this architecture,we apply an Extended Kalman Filter(EKF)for accurate mobility estimation and prediction of UAVs.In particular,we formulate the routing problem in SDN-based Heterogeneous FANETs as a graph decision problem.As the problem is NP-hard,we further propose a Directional Particle Swarming Optimization(DPSO)approach to solve it.The extensive simulation results demonstrate that the proposed DPSO routing can exhibit superior performance in improving the goodput,packet delivery ratio,and delay.

Resistance to Malicious Packet Droppers Through Enhanced AODV in a MANET

Packet dropping in a mobile ad hoc network can manifest itself as the data plane attacks as well as control plane attacks.The former deal with malicious nodes performing packet drop on the data packets following the route formation and the latter deal with those malicious nodes which either drop or manipulate the control packets to degrade the network performance.The idea of the proposed approach is that during the route establishment,each of the on-path nodes is provided with pre-computed hash values which have to be used to provide a unique acknowledgement value to the upstream neighbor which acts as a proof of the forwarding activity.The analysis phase results in the detection of nodes which exhibited malicious behavior in the current communication session so as to avoid them in the future communication sessions resulting in an improved packet delivery fraction even in the presence of one or more malicious nodes in the network.The communication overhead incurred is minimum since the acknowledgement reports are sent to the destination for a transmission of N packets rather than an individual acknowledgement for each transmitted packet.In contrast to some of the existing techniques,the proposed mechanism is not dependent on the deployment of additional infrastructure like special Intrusion Detection System(IDS)nodes.The only overhead incurred is in the form of control packets exchanged for the reports request and the reports submission.

Real-Time Prediction of Urban Traffic Problems Based on Artificial Intelligence-Enhanced Mobile Ad Hoc Networks(MANETS)

Traffic in today’s cities is a serious problem that increases travel times,negatively affects the environment,and drains financial resources.This study presents an Artificial Intelligence(AI)augmentedMobile Ad Hoc Networks(MANETs)based real-time prediction paradigm for urban traffic challenges.MANETs are wireless networks that are based on mobile devices and may self-organize.The distributed nature of MANETs and the power of AI approaches are leveraged in this framework to provide reliable and timely traffic congestion forecasts.This study suggests a unique Chaotic Spatial Fuzzy Polynomial Neural Network(CSFPNN)technique to assess real-time data acquired from various sources within theMANETs.The framework uses the proposed approach to learn from the data and create predictionmodels to detect possible traffic problems and their severity in real time.Real-time traffic prediction allows for proactive actions like resource allocation,dynamic route advice,and traffic signal optimization to reduce congestion.The framework supports effective decision-making,decreases travel time,lowers fuel use,and enhances overall urban mobility by giving timely information to pedestrians,drivers,and urban planners.Extensive simulations and real-world datasets are used to test the proposed framework’s prediction accuracy,responsiveness,and scalability.Experimental results show that the suggested framework successfully anticipates urban traffic issues in real-time,enables proactive traffic management,and aids in creating smarter,more sustainable cities.

A LOOP-BASED APPROACH IN CLUSTERING AND ROUTING IN MOBILE AD HOC NETWORKS

Although clustering is a convenient framework to enable traffic control and service support in Mo- bile Ad hoc NETworks (MANETs), it is seldom adopted in practice due to the additional traffic overhead it leads to for the resource limited ad hoc network. In order to address this problem, we proposed a loop-based approach to combine clustering and routing. By employing loop topologies, topology information is dissemi- nated with a loop instead of a single node, which provides better robustness, and the nature of a loop that there are two paths between each pair of nodes within a loop suggests smart route recovery strategy. Our approach is composed of setup procedure, regular procedure and recovery procedure to achieve clustering, routing and emergent route recovering.

MANET网络中一种基于灰色区域的移动预测路由协议及多径备份路由扩展

MANET网络中拓扑结构频繁变化的特点,经常导致网络存在通信路径不稳定,通信质量较差的情况。文章提出一种基于灰色区域的移动预测路由协议LP-OLSR,该协议能够适应网络拓扑结构的快速变化,结合节点灰色区域范围,预测链路未来时刻的连接状态,在链路失效前重新计算路由,减少因为链路中断产生的时延。并且结合多径技术扩展至LP-OLSR-M协议,通过多径路由算法寻找一条备份路径,在当前链路即将失效前切换至备份路径,进一步保证了数据的稳定传输。仿真结果表明,新协议的QoS指标较OLSR协议相比有了明显改善,有效提高了MANET网络的通信质量。

一种新的基于移动预测的MANET路由协议

移动自组网是一种由一系列可以自由移动的节点主机聚集而成的一个临时性动态网络。它没有固定基站 ,也没有作为控制管理中心的节点主机。由于其拓扑的动态性 ,其路由协议与其他传统网络有很大的区别。为了能更有效地在移动自组网中实现数据的传送 ,本文提出了一种基于移动预测下的MANET路由协议。该协议综合考虑了传输路径的延时和稳定性 ,选择在延时限制下平均拥有最稳特性的传输路径。模拟结果表明 ,这种方法比基于移动预测最稳路径路由协议的传输时延要短 ,传送成功概率要高 。

MANET路由协议DSR的OPNET实现及仿真

移动自组网是由一组带有无线收发装置的移动节点组成的一个支持多跳的临时性的网络自治系统,目前设计的MANET路由协议大多采用按需路由方式.文中针对OPNET网络仿真平台设计了按需路由方式中一种主流的路由协议——DSR协议的实现方式,并进行了仿真实验.

一种用于MANET网络的模糊控制路由协议

介绍了移动adhoc无线网络并进行了相关工作的比较·基于动态源路由(DSR)协议,提出了一个有效的按需路由协议,称为扩展动态源路由(EDSR)协议·研究了模糊控制技术的使用·对每种度量,定义了相应的模糊隶属度函数,用于预测一个更稳定的链路·实现了一个模糊推理规则库以产生每种链路的模糊代价·基于运动预测选择最稳定的路径·建立了多路径用于路由发现过程,这样当路由路径失败时,保留了网络带宽,减少了路由重构时间·通过和DSR的仿真比较,结果表明EDSR协议有高的分组递交率和低的控制开销·

基于P2P的大规模MANET分层共享路由模型

目前基于P2P的MANET路由模型研究已经成为一个热点,但其研究成果主要适用于中小规模MANET环境,没有充分整合P2P分布式共享的最大优势,且普遍存在绕路和效率不高等问题。文章提出基于P2P的大规模MANET分层共享路由模型,在跨层优化的基础上,通过引入基于网络物理拓扑的分层机制提高网络可扩展性,同时将P2P分布式共享理论引入MANET路由层,解决以往算法中存在的绕路问题。仿真实验证明新模型有效提高了MANET路由效率。

MANET中基于自相似流量的负载自适应路由协议

最近,QiLian Liang和Shouyi Yin两位学者分别证实了MANET中流量的自相似性.本文利用自相似性流量的可预测性,使用统计学方法进行流量预测;同时,提出节点可负载度的概念,用于描述节点接受负载的能力,并把流量预测的信息加入到该度量中,使得可负载度能表示节点当前及下一时间段的负载状况;该度量还具有负载的自适应性,能根据节点负载状况,调节流量预测所起的作用,为路由协议提供有效的支持;综合流量预测与节点可负载度,本文在DSR协议基础上提出LBDSR协议,该协议使用节点的可负载度均值来判断路由的优劣,由此实现网络吞吐量的提高和负载均衡.模拟实验显示,在网络高负载时,本文协议与DSR协议相比,网络吞吐量提高6.5%,网络端到端时延下降8.3%.

一种基于最稳路径的高效MANET协议

网络拓扑的动态性是MANET的重要特点 ,也是影响通信性能的主要因素。获取网络拓扑的传统方法是定时更新网络信息 ,但会带来大量的网络开销。鉴此 ,本文提出了一个高效的路由协议。在移动预测的机制下 ,该协议通过选取最稳传输路径来实现。模拟结果表明这种方法具有较好的网络性能。

MANET中基于动态资源管理的QoS路由模型研究

由于时变链路和节点移动的无规则性导致了常规路由协议在MANET环境下无法正常工作,在MANET中确立QoS路由和保障QoS路由传输是促使该网络走向实用的关键。针对这一情况,在通用QoS框架和INSIG-NIA结构基础上,提出了一种基于动态资源管理的QoS路由模型,该模型通过QoS路由建立模块和动态资源调整机制来实现MANET中路由的QoS保障。模拟结果显示该模型可以有效地支持MANET中满足QoS需求的多媒体信息传输。

多接口多信道MANET下多径路由及接口分配策略

针对多接口多信道MANET网络环境,提出了一种多径路由以及相应的接口分配策略。根据支持多接口多信道的无线设备的特点,给出了一套更为高效的路由模型。该方案从源节点到目的节点利用提出的接口分配策略,从不同的接口和信道建立多条可同时工作的路由和多条不重叠的备份路由以大幅提升网络性能。它充分利用了多接口多信道移动设备的性能优势,更适用于网络拓扑变化剧烈的MANET网络。数学模型分析与网络仿真测试表明,在其他条件相同的情况下,该方案与其他路由协议相比较,在端到端时延、网络吞吐量等方面提供了更佳的性能,且更适应于多接口多信道的MANET网络环境。