Study on Markedness in Linguistics

Markedness Theory is one of the most important theories in structural linguistics. Its academic significance has long attracted more scholars and linguists. This paper intends to explore markedness from both formal and semantic perspectives： formal markedness, distributional markedness, and semantic markedness. These three types of markedness are accounted for in detail from their definitions to their characteristics. Then the relationship of these three types of markedness is explicated. The ultimate aim of this paper is to give an insight to markedness phenomenon not only from linguistic form or structure, but from its semantic distinctions and pragmatic use. The study also aims to help foster the greater application of Markedness Theory to other linguistic fields＇ study

Markedness,Unmarkedness与学生翻译能力——一次针对英语专业学生翻译能力的测试

主要解释标记性(markedness)这一语言现象,并将此理论运用于英语专业学生句子翻译中,以此为标准来测试非母语学生英语翻译能力。通过对英语专业学生翻译能力的测试与分析得出一个启示:英语教师如何帮助学生在翻译中用词更地道,更接近于无标记,最后指出英语教师在学生翻译中应给予这方面的指导。

Contrastive Analysis on Unmarkedness of English and Chinese Passives from the Perspective of Markedness Theory

Markedness refers to the asymmetric phenomenon in a linguistic category. Unmarked item, compared with marked item,is more natural, more neutral, more fundamental, and has higher using frequency and wider distribution. From the perspective of markedness theory, the study, collecting 86 English passives and 85 Chinese passives(including 35 notional passives and 50 Beisentences), contrastively analyzes the unmarkedness of English and Chinese passives from the aspects of patient animacy, emotional color, and tense through example-illustration and description. The analysis shows that the unmarkedness of English and Chinese passives has different expressions in the three aspects. Inanimate patient has stronger unmarkedness in both English and Chinese passives, for it is more frequently-used than animate patient. According to people's cognition and language using habits, the emotional color of English passives and Chinese notional passives is neutral in most cases, so the neutral emotional color is unmarked.But in Chinese Bei-sentences, negative emotional color has stronger unmarkedness. As for the tense expression, English passives have wider distributions in time span and simpler structure than Chinese passives. Thus, English passives possess stronger unmarkedness in the light of tense. According to the analysis, the study proposes feasible advice for second language acquisition and translation.

The Application of Pragmatic-Markedness Equivalence Principle in the Translation of Tourist Publicity Materials

Chinese tourism becomes a thriving field with the promotion of China reform and opening policy and the rapid development of social economy. The translation of tourist materials thus weighs a lot in the economic development and cross-cultural communication. But the condition is not satisfactory, there are still existing some problems in the translation of tourist publicity materials. Therefor the readers can't receive the equal information that the original text expressed. Based on this fact,the paper attempts to analyze what pragmatic failures there are in the translation of tourist materials and to analyze how the Pragmaticmarkedness Equivalence Principle(PMEP) approach can be applied to the translation of tourist publicity materials to achieve the translation equivalence.

Markedness and UG in Chinese Children's Acquisition of One-word and Negative Sentences

Thepresentstudyisaninvestigationandanalysisoftherelationshipbetweenmarkednessandfirstlanguageacquisitionsequence,asshowninthecasesofone-wordandnegativesentences.Hereourobjectivesaretoargueforthepriorityofunmarkednessovermarkednessintheacquisitionsequ...

Feminine Consciousness—From the perspective of Gender Markedness

Some researches have been conducted concerning the Markedness Theory about the marked and the unmarked, from aspects of Phonetics, Grammar, Pragmatic, Psycholinguistic and Sociolinguistic. Few researches have combined the Markedness Theory with literature theories and even no research has been done to study the Feminism Theory from the perspective of the Markedness Theory. This paper discusses markedness theory with regard to two basic issues: Why it is ok to say"历史"in Chinese, but the equivalent in English is"history", not"*herstory". Why the meaning of"governor"and"governess"is distinctively different? No research concerning the issues from the perspective of markedness has been conducted yet. This paper gives a brief review of the studies concerning the Markedness Theory, on the basis of which the question is aroused.

The Study on English Lexical Morphology Acquisition of Chinese High School Students from the Perspective of Markedness Theory

Chinese negative transfer makes negative effects on English vocabulary acquisition of Chinese high school students, andone of the important reasons is that Chinese is weak marked while English is strong marked. Therefore, it is easy for Chinese highschool students to transfer the solidified usage of Chinese words into English when they acquire English words. The thesis analyzesthe negative effects of Chinese negative transfer in English lexical morphology acquisition in terms of two categories inflections andderivations according to markedness theory.

TYPOLOGICAL MARKEDNESS AND AVOIDANCE IN CHINESE COLLEGE STUDENTS' PRODUCTION OF ENGLISH RELATIVE CLAUSES

Research on students' avoidance in the production of English relative clauses is of vital importance, which can help researchers and teachers know better how students learn languages. However, there are only few experimental studies on it and no consensus has been achieved. When it comes to Mainland Chinese foreign language learners, hardly any relevant research on such a phenomenon has been conducted so far. This paper has analyzed a sample of materials out of Chinese Learner English Corpus, and used sentence-completion and sentence-joining tests to investigate 37 college students' behavior on four types of relative clauses, in order to explore the relationship between their avoidance and typological markedness.

China-central Asia Energy Cooperation:A Pillar in Regional Economic and Trade Cooperation

On May 18-19,the inaugural China-Central Asia Summit was grandly held in the city of Xi’an.This event marked China’s first major home-field diplomatic activity in 2023;it was also the first physical summit between the heads of China and five Central Asian countries since the establishment of diplomatic relations 31 years ago.

Comparison of the Effectiveness of Marked Suction Tubes vs. Plain Suction Tubes in Pediatric Mechanically Ventilated Patients

Introduction: Endotracheal suction plays a crucial role in the management of mechanically ventilated patients. This study aims to evaluate the clinical effectiveness and safety of suction tubes with markings in mechanically ventilated pediatric patients. Materials and Methods: A randomized assignment was carried out on a cohort of 52 pediatric patients who underwent mechanical ventilation in the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit at the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, covering the period from January 2022 to December 2022. These patients were divided into two groups: an improved group (n = 26) utilizing marked suction tubes, and a regular group (n = 26) employing conventional suction tubes. The objective of our study was to evaluate the clinical effectiveness of marked suction tubes. Results: The effects of the improved group on the vital signs of children undergoing mechanical ventilation were small and statistically significant compared with the regular group (p < 0.05). Additionally, the improved group exhibited a reduced frequency of sputum suction, shorter mechanical ventilation duration, and fewer days of hospitalization in the PICU compared to the regular group during the ventilation period. Notably, the difference in the duration of PICU hospitalization was statistically significant (p < 0.05). Moreover, the incidence of adverse reactions in the improved group was notably lower, with statistically significant differences observed in airway mucous membrane damage and irritating cough when compared to the regular group (p < 0.05). Conclusion: The utilization of marked suction tubes provides clinical nurses with clear guidance for performing suctioning with ease, efficiency and safety. Consequently, advocating for the widespread implementation of marked suction tubes in clinical practice is a commendable pursuit.

Case Study of Pseudo-passive in the Writing of English Majors in Vocational College

This paper aims to study the interlanguage syntactic system of L1 Chinese learners of English. A data base is constructed and designed to exam the writing of the English majors in vocational college and a special attention is paid to the pseudo passive produced in the writing. Results show that due to the fact that Chinese is a topic-prominent language while English is a subjectprominent, the learners tend to transfer the subjectless structures to English production, which is reflected in the interlanguage grammar. What is more, the English passive requires more markers while the Chinese one less, which indicates that English passive is more marked than the Chinese counterpart. As a result, it is more difficult for the L1 Chinese learners to produce a wellformed English passive. In this regard, the roles of the differences between native language and target language and language transfer both play an important role in developing the interlanguage syntactic system. Based on such results, teachers should pay special attention to the teaching of English passive.

The Role of L1 in Second Language Acquisition

The role of the native language in second language acquisition has long been a hotly debated issue in the area of SLA.Variousstudies on the subject are reviewed and controversial views are examined in the paper,referring to Behaviorism,Contrastive Analysis Hy-pothesis,Error Analysis Hypothesis,Creative Construction Hypothesis,Common Underlying Proficiency Hypothesis,and MarkednessTheory,etc.,so as to provide a more comprehensive and deeper analysis of the role L1 plays in L2 acquisition.

A Contrastive Study on Mark Phenomena of English and Chinese Languages

Linguistic marker is a common phenomenon, and there are different levels of markers in various languages. Mark theory was first proposed by the Prague School in 1930s, which is an important principle of language analysis system. The function and meaning of markup languages are mainly pragmatic, which have procedural meaning and no conceptual meaning. Markedness phenomenon is not only the inherent characteristics of language symbols, but also the product of social life and different cultures. Due to the great difference between cultural background and social environment of Chinese and English speaker, thus there are many similarities and differences in the language, society and culture mark. The mark phenomena of English nouns are mainly related to the category of nouns and the opposite nouns. However, Chinese nouns have no strict morphological changes. In this paper, we discuss the theory of mark phenomenon and analyze a contrastive study on mark phenomena of English and Chinese Languages.

Dynamic hydraulic jump and retrograde sedimentation in an open channel induced by sediment supply: experimental study and SPH simulation

Mountainous torrents often carry large amounts of loose materials into the rivers, thus causing strong sediment transport. Experimentally it was found for the first time that when the intensive sediment motion occurs downstream over a gentle slope, the siltation of the riverbed is induced and the sediment particles can move upstream rapidly in the form of a retrograde sand wave, resulting in a higher water level along the river. To further study the complex mechanisms of this problem, a sediment mass model in the framework of the Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics(SPH) method was presented to simulate the riverbed evolution, sediment particle motion, and the generation and development of dynamic hydraulic jump under the condition of sufficient sediment supply over a steep slope with varying angles. Because the sediment is not a continuous medium, the marker particle tracking approach was proposed to represent a piece of sediment with a marked sediment particle. The twophase SPH model realizes the interaction between the sediment and fluid by moving the bed boundary particles up and down, so it can reasonably treat the fluid-sediment interfaces with high CPU efficiency. The critical triggering condition of sediment motion, the propagation of the hydraulic jump and the initial siltation position were all systematically studied. The experimental and numerical results revealed the extra disastrous sediment effect in a mountainous flood. The findings will be useful references to the disaster prevention and mitigation in mountainous rivers.

CLINICAL OBSERVATIONS ON ACUPUNCTURE TREATMENT OF PERIPHERAL FACIAL PARALYSIS AIDED BY INFRA-RED THERMOGRAPHY—A Preliminary Report

We have carried out clinical observations on 34 patients with peripheral facial paralysis treatedby acupuncture therapy prescribed according to selection of treatment regimen on the basis of fa-cial thermogram and temperature.A comparison was made with a control group of 97 patientswho received conventional acupuncture therapy only.It was found that 1)The cure rate in thegroup of selecting acupoints by thermorgram(hereinafter referred to as the thermography-aidedtreatment group)was 67.65%,with a marked improvement rate of 26.40%;while the cure rateof the conventional acupuncture treatment group(hereinafter called the conventional treatmentgroup)was 46.39%,the marked improvement rate being 29.90%,indicating a significant differ-ence in therapeutic efficacy between the two groups(P【0.02).2)The average duration ofacupuncture therapy for the thermography aided treatment group was 6.02 weeks,whereas thatfor the conventional treatment group,24 weeks.There was also a significant difference betweenthe two groups(P【0.01).And 3)During the entire therapeutic course,25.2 sessions of treatmentwere given on the average in the thermography-aided treatment group,and 78.8 sessions in theconventional treatment group,showing a very significant difference(P【0.001).The present thermography-aided method exhibits advantages over the conventional one in en-hancing the cure rate and shortening the duration of treatment,which is worthy to be popularizedin clinical practice.And it is also of certain significance in standardization and-scientification ofacupuncture therapy.

ACUPUNCTURE AT OTOACUPOINT HEART FOR TREATMENT OF VASCULAR HYPERTENSION

The immediate,short-term and long-term depressor effects,the immediate effects on cardiacfunctions in grade Ⅱ and grade Ⅲ vascular hypertension,and the effects on angiotensin Ⅱ ingrade Ⅲ vascular hypertension by acupuncture at otoacupoint Heart were studied in 30 cases ofvascular hypertensive patients.The immediate depressor effect of acupuncture at otoacupointStomach was also recorded for comparison.It was found that acupuncture at otoacupoint Heartproduced marked immediate depressor effect,and the short-term effective rate was 100%,thelong-term effective rate was 63.3%,as well as evident immediate effects on cardiac functionalactivities in grade Ⅱ and grade Ⅲ hypertension and marked effects on angiotensin Ⅱ in grade Ⅲhypertension.Acupuncture at otoacupoint Stomach produced no depressor effect on vascularhypertension.

COMPUTERIZED PLOTTING OF LOW SKIN IMPEDANCE POINTS

The distribution of low skin impedance points(LSIP)was studied on 68 subjects with a computersystem designed for the measurement of skin impedance.The results demonstrated that LSIPswere basically distributed along the 14 channels,the overwhelming majority located right on orwithin 5 mm bilaterally to their courses.LSIPs were found in the area between every two chan-nels only in a few cases.Moreover,there was no marked natural fluctuation of skin impedance inthe human body and the distribution of LSIPs was considerably stable,which could be plotted onany day in the experiment.It is clear that such particular distribution of LSIPs along channelswas really a biological phenomenon,not an experimental error.However,the distribution of lowskin impedance was not an uninterrupted solid line but a series of LSIPs basically along thechannel course.The method used in this work was accurate,reliable and repeatable which hasupgraded the measurement of LSIPs to a new level.Under certain conditions,skin impedancecan be used as an objective index in channel research.

A COMPREHENSIVE REPORT ON THE CLINICAL STUDIES OF DAY——PRESCRIPTION OF ACUPOINTS ACCORDING TO ZIWULIUZHU

In order to appraise objectively the actual clinical value of Day—Prescrip-tion of Acupoints according to Ziwuliuzhu(Mid—Night—Noon Ebb—Flow)theory,we ob-served comparatively the effect of this needling method on Deqi(Qi arrival),gallbladder contraction(through B—type ultrasonic examination),cardiovascular function and nail fold mi-cro-circulation in 302 patients with different diseases from July 1984 to February 1991.Re-sults showed that when a single index ,especially the subjective index .was adopted,the Day—prescription of Acupoints had significant effect(P【0.05),but as the indices observedwere objective,multiform and synchronous this acupoint selection lost its effective signifi-cance(P】0.05).Therefore ,our works proved that there was no marked clinical value in theDay—Prescription of Acupoints according to Ziwuliuzhu theory.

Parametric Transformation of Timed Weighted Marked Graphs:Applications in Optimal Resource Allocation

Timed weighted marked graphs are a subclass of timed Petri nets that have wide applications in the control and performance analysis of flexible manufacturing systems.Due to the existence of multiplicities(i.e.,weights)on edges,the performance analysis and resource optimization of such graphs represent a challenging problem.In this paper,we develop an approach to transform a timed weighted marked graph whose initial marking is not given,into an equivalent parametric timed marked graph where the edges have unitary weights.In order to explore an optimal resource allocation policy for a system,an analytical method is developed for the resource optimization of timed weighted marked graphs by studying an equivalent net.Finally,we apply the proposed method to a flexible manufacturing system and compare the results with a previous heuristic approach.Simulation analysis shows that the developed approach is superior to the heuristic approach.

《大学英语》(上外版)系列辅导(6)

Part ⅠThere are 40 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A,B, C and D. Choose the one that best completes the sentence.