Stimuli-responsive Membranes： Smart Tools for Controllable Mass-transfer and Separation Processes

As emerging artificial biomimetic membranes, smart or intelligent membranes that are able to respond to environmental stimuli are attracting ever-increasing interests from various fields. Their permeation properties including hydraulic permeability and diffusional permeability can be dramatically controlled or adjusted self-regulatively in response to small chemical and/or physical stimuli in their environments. Such environmental stimuli-responsive smart membranes could find myriad applications in numerous fields ranging from controlled release to separations. Here the trans-membrane mass-transfer and membrane separation is introduced as the beginning to initiate the requirement of smart membranes, and then bio-inspired design of environmental stimuli-responsive smart membranes and four essential elements for smart membranes are introduced and discussed. Next, smart membrane types and their applications as smart tools for controllable mass-transfer in controlled release and separations are reviewed. The research tooics in the near future are also suggested.

Minimum mass-entransy dissipation profile for one-way isothermal diffusive mass-transfer process with mass-resistance and massleakage

As a new concept,mass-entransy is one of the twins in the core of entransy theory.It can describe mass-transfer ability for masstransfer processes(MTPes),just as thermal-entransy for describing heat-transfer ability.Accordingly,mass-entransy dissipation can be utilized to evaluate the loss of mass-transfer ability.Minimum mass-entransy dissipation(MMED) is utilized to optimize one-way isothermal diffusive MTPes with mass-leakage and mass-transfer law(g ∝ Δ(c),where c means concentration).For a given net amount of mass-transferred key components at the low-concentration side,optimality-condition for the MMED of isothermal diffusive MTPes is obtained by using the averaged-optimization-method.Effects of the amount of mass-transferred and mass-leakage on optimal results are analyzed,and the obtained optimization profiles are compared with those for MTP profiles of constant-concentration-difference(c_1-c_2=const) and constant-concentration-ratio(c_1/c_2=const).The product of square of key-component-concentration(KCC) difference between high-and low-concentration sides and inert component concentration at high-concentration side for the MMED of the MTP with no mass-leakage is a constant,and the optimal relationship of the KCCs between high-and low-concentration sides with mass-leakage is significantly different from the former.When mass-leakage is relatively small,the MTP with c_1-c_2=const strategy is superior to that with c_1/c_2=const strategy,and the latter is superior to the former with an increase in mass-leakage.A combination of mass-entransy concept,finite-time thermodynamics,and averaged-optimization-method is a meaningful tool for optimizing MTPes.

The ultrasonic-enhanced factor of mass-transfer coefficient in the supercritical carbon dioxide extraction

Based on several hypotheses about the process of supercritical carbon dioxide extraction, the onflow around the solute granule is figured out by the Navier-Stocks equation. In combination with the Higbie’s solute infiltration model, the link be-tween the mass-transfer coefficient and the velocity of flow is found. The mass-transfer coefficient with the ultrasonical effect is compared with that without the ultrasonical effect, and then a new parameter named the ultrasonic-enhanced fac-tor of mass-transfer coefficient is brought forward, which describes the mathe-matical model of the supercritical carbon dioxide extraction process enhanced by ultrasonic. The model gives out the relationships among the ultrasonical power, the ultrasonical frequency, the radius of solute granule and the ultrasonic-enhanced factor of mass-transfer coefficient. The results calculated by this model fit well with the experimental data, including the extraction of Coix Lacryma-jobi Seed Oil (CLSO) and Coix Lacryma-jobi Seed Ester (CLSE) from coix seeds and the extrac-tion of Eicosapentaenoic Acid (EPA) and Docosahexaenoic Acid (DHA) from the alga by means of the ultrasonic-enhanced supercritical carbon dioxide extraction (USFE) and the supercritical carbon dioxide extraction (SFE) respectively. This proves the rationality of the ultrasonic-enhanced factor model. The model provides a theoretical basis for the application of ultrasonic-enhanced supercritical fluid extraction technique.

Mass-transfer studies of solid-base catalyst-aided CO_(2) absorption and solid-acid catalyst-aided CO_(2) desorption for CO_(2) capture in a pilot plant using aqueous solutions of MEA and blends of MEA-MDEA and BEA-AMP

Mass-transfer studies of catalyst-aided CO_(2) absorption and desorption were performed in a full-cycle,bench-scale pilot plant to improve CO_(2) absorption using 5M MEA,5M MEA-2M MDEA and 2M BEA-2M AMP.A solid-base catalyst,K/MgO,and an acid catalyst,HZSM-5,were used to facilitate absorption and desorption,respectively.Absorption and desorption mass-transfer performance was presented in terms of the overall mass-transfer coefficient of the gas side(KGav)and liquid side(K_(L)a_(v)),respectively.For non-catalytic runs,the highest K_(G)a_(V) and K_(L)a_(V) were 0.086 Kmol m^(3).kPa.hr and 0.7851 hr for 2M BEA-2M AMP solvent.The results showed 38.7% KGav and 23.6% K_(L)a_(v) increase for 2M BEA-2M AMP with only HZSM-5 catalyst in desorber and a 95% K_(G)a_(V) and 45% K_(L)a_(V) increase for both K/MgO catalyst and HZSM-5 catalyst.This was attributed to the role of K/MgO in bonding loosely with CO_(2) and making it available for the amine reaction.

Simulation with a structure-based mass-transfer model for turbulent fluidized beds

A structure-based mass-transfer model for turbulent fluidized beds （TFBs） was established according to mass conservation and the balance of mass transfer and reaction. Unlike the traditional method, which assumes a homogeneous structure, this model considered the presence of voids and particle clusters in TFBs and built correlations for each phase. The flow parameters were solved based on a previously proposed structure-based drag model. The catalytic combustion of methane at three temperatures and ozone decomposition at various gas velocities were used to validate the model. The TFB reactions com- prised intrinsic reaction kinetics, internal diffusion, and external diffusion. The simulation results, which compared favorably with experimental data and were better than those based on the average method, demonstrated that methane was primarily consumed at the bottom of the bed and the methane concentration was closely related to the presence of the catalyst. The flow and diffusion had an important effect on the methane concentration. This model also predicted the outlet concentrations for ozone decomposition, which increased with increasing gas velocity, lnterphase mass transfer was presented as the limiting step for this system. This structure-based mass-transfer model is important for the industrial application of TFBs.

水平管降膜换热器性能规律研究进展

水平管降膜换热器具有热质传递效率高、阻力小、结构简单等优点,被广泛应用于化工等传统领域及能源利用的节能减排领域。降膜换热器内部发生复杂的流动及传热传质相互耦合过程。介绍了实验及模拟研究手段的进展,综述了不同操作参数(气体温度、流向及流量,溶液流量、温度及浓度,内部媒介流量及温度等)与结构参数(管径、管间距等)对水平管降膜管间流型、液膜厚度与润湿性等流动特性的影响规律,以及对蒸发传热特性、吸收传热传质特性等换热器性能的影响规律,包括整体性能和局部微细特征,为水平管降膜换热器的性能优化提供理论支撑。指出在不同气流特征以及多因素相互作用下多维度的局部流动与传热传质性能的耦合影响规律以及强化换热手段会是水平管降膜换热器未来研究的重点方向。

超亲气泡沫铜纳米线电极电化学还原CO_(2)性能

利用可再生电能进行电化学还原CO_(2)被认为是一种有前景的储能和减排技术,但在阴极发生析氢副反应,将降低电化学还原CO_(2)的性能。采用泡沫铜为基底制备铜纳米线电极扩展电极的电化学活性面积,然后通过十七氟癸基三甲基硅烷对电极进行亲气处理,使电极表面从疏气状态变为超亲气状态,从而强化气相反应物CO_(2)传质,增加反应三相接触线,提高电极的电化学还原CO_(2)性能。实验结果表明:与未亲气处理的泡沫铜纳米线电极相比,所制备的超亲气泡沫铜纳米线电极虽然具有较小的电化学活性面积,但其超亲气的特性更有利于CO_(2)的传质,抑制了电解液中氢离子的传输,有效削弱了析氢副反应的发生。在电解电位为-1.5V(vs.Ag/AgCl)时,H_(2)法拉第效率降低了17.7%,电化学还原CO_(2)性能提升。

富油煤原位热解技术战略价值与科学探索

【背景】我国油气需求缺口大、供给制约多、煤炭绿色低碳转型任务艰巨,富油煤作为集煤、油、气属性于一体的煤炭资源,具有立足国内增加油气供给的巨大潜力。【进展】富油煤原位热解技术已在陕西榆林成功实施工程试验,目前仍处于探索阶段。其具备两大战略价值:一是弥补我国油气需求缺口,提高油气自主保障能力;二是变革煤炭开采技术,推动煤炭产业绿色、低碳转型发展。富油煤原位热解包括钻孔式和矿井式两种实践途径,目标是持续高效提取煤中油气资源,主要面临热解选区、加热技术与高效传热传质等难题。【展望】“四性”是原位热解技术研发的关键,包括地质条件适宜性、加热技术匹配性、传热传质有效性和热解安全稳定性。主要内容为:(1)从富油煤资源条件、地层封闭条件、水文地质条件和构造条件等方面阐明适宜富油煤原位热解的地质基础,揭示热辐射范围内围岩封闭动态稳定性的约束条件,为原位热解选址和工程设计提供地质依据。(2)深刻认识富油煤在温度、应力约束下的热物理性质演化行为,基于地质−工程条件论证原位加热技术适宜性,并针对煤层低导热特性开展高效加热工艺设计,通过风、光、电多种供能方式互补实现供热能源经济性。(3)地应力、大尺度煤体、焦油高黏度是制约原位热解油气运移、产出的主要因素,煤层致裂、载热介质优化与温压调控、焦油降黏轻质化是改善煤层传热传质性能和提高热解油气可产出性的潜在方法。(4)原位热解持续稳定运行依赖于全过程监测与动态预警,需要监测手段立体化、地质信息反演精准化、多相多场环境模型化、突变阈值预测预警等技术予以支撑。进一步探索与地质条件相匹配的富油煤原位持续高效热解关键技术,破解煤炭资源开发与地质环境之间的制约矛盾,是推动富油煤原位热解技术深入发展的关键。

铁棍山药片热风干燥过程中传热传质规律

[目的]探明热风干燥过程中铁棍山药片的传质情况,以及干燥空间和山药片的传热情况。[方法]选用7种薄层干燥数学模型对山药片热风干燥曲线进行拟合,找出最适传质动力学模型;测定不同温度下山药的导热系数和比热容,在此基础上利用ANSYS软件模拟热风干燥过程中干燥空间温度场变化和山药片温度变化。[结果]Modified Page模型能准确预测不同热风温度条件下山药片的水分变化情况(R2为0.998 96~0.999 86)。热风干燥过程中干燥室空间温度总体呈水平面上距进出风口近处温度高,远处温度稍低,竖直面上呈上高下低的状态,但温差均不大。热风干燥过程中山药片中心处温度最低,外表面温度最高,内外层温差逐渐缩小,前期温度变化较快而后期缓慢,实测值与模拟值间的温差最大达7.75℃,最小仅为0.07℃,说明模拟结果准确度较高。[结论]Modified Page模型和ANSYS软件能够准确模拟热风干燥过程中山药片的传热传质。

单气泡气液传质系数测量实验系统开发

传递过程原理是化学工程与工艺专业的核心课程之一,其中质量传递相关知识是该课程的重点和难点,而理论和实践相结合的方法是提升课堂教学效果的可行途径。设计并开发了一套基于方腔流的单气泡气液传质系数测量实验系统。将质量传递的基础理论知识和计算机图像识别技术充分结合,探索气液传质过程的影响因素。实验结果表明,增大循环体积流量和提高温度均有利于气液传质。该实验可作为传递过程原理课程理论学习的有益补充,培养学生对化工过程典型现象的科学思考和分析能力。

波纹结构液氮脉动热管传热传质特性研究

低温热管换热器是天然气液化系统中的关键装置,液氮脉动热管作为其核心器件具有体积小、换热效率高等特性,可有效克服系统冻堵及设备紧凑等问题,然而开展相应实验难度较大,因此通过数值模拟方法研究其内部传热传质规律具有重要意义。首先,文章通过UDF(User-Defined Functions)编写自适应相变模型,研究了典型液氮脉动热管的传热传质特性。随后,在冷凝段优化设计了波纹结构,结合相态分布与轴线温度方差值,对比分析了充液率为50%情况三种液氮脉动热管传热传质特性,结2果表明5 mm波纹结构热管两侧方差值为51.49 K与99.22 K2,工质循环速率较快且轴线温度分布均匀。最后,研究了充液率分别为30%、50%与70%情况下5 mm波纹结构的脉动热管的传热性能。结合相态、温度及轴线温度分布分析得出充液率过高或过低均会导致热管内部产生液塞,充液率较高时,轴线温度均匀分布,热管充液率为70%时,综合性能最佳。

利用纳滤传质模型定量计算迷迭香酸分子状态的实验教学设计

该文设计了利用纳滤传质模型定量计算迷迭香酸分子状态的教学实验。实验以丹参中代表性的酚酸为研究对象,计算了迷迭香酸的纳滤膜通量、传质系数和截留率,构建了迷迭香酸分子态比例定量计算数学模型,对制药过程中的醇沉、树脂吸附、澄清过滤、浓缩、干燥等工艺的转移率和成分存在状态进行了相关性分析,研究了制药工艺成分量值传递的内在机制。实验结果表明,迷迭香酸存在状态对制药工艺中的成分转移率有重要影响。这一结论对提升生产过程的规范化和标准化很有意义。本实验与制药生产热点问题相结合,通过科研反哺教学,有助于增强学生的科研素养和实践能力,并实现科研应用与教学拓展的协同提升。

螺旋金属燃料多物理耦合分析方法与概念设计研究

螺旋金属燃料具有导热系数高、导热路径短、强制旋流交混的特点,可实现更高的堆芯功率密度,进而减小堆芯体积,提高反应堆的安全性和经济性。本文介绍了上海交通大学反应堆热工水力实验室建立的螺旋金属燃料热工水力、中子物理、力学特性分析方法及多物理耦合分析框架。在热工水力方面,基于自研仪器实现了交混及沸腾临界行为精细化测量,建立了三维及精细化子通道分析方法;在中子物理方面,建立了适用于特殊能谱、复杂几何的截面及稳瞬态中子物理特性的分析方法;在力学方面,基于分子动力学方法建立了U-Zr合金燃料基础热物性模型,并开展了辐照条件下螺旋棒宏观力学特性研究。基于热工-物理-力学多物理分析和优化,提出了螺旋金属燃料组件及堆芯设计,具有无硼化、堆芯功率密度高、体积小、换料周期长的特点。

水合物快速生成技术及装置

气体水合物技术在天然气固态储运、海水淡化和CO_(2)封存等领域有着广阔的应用前景,水合物快速生成是制约水合物技术应用的关键问题之一;由于对水合物快速生成的研究起步较晚,水合物反应器研制发展尚未成熟,生成速率达不到工业要求。如何提高水合物生成速率,实现水合物的快速生成是实现气体水合物技术应用亟待解决的问题之一。结合水合物的生成机理,分析了制约水合物快速生成的影响因素;回顾了各类水合物快速生成装置的结构和原理,从传质传热角度解析了各类反应器的优缺点,并对未来的研究方向提供几点建议:对有良好应用前景的装置加强改进,逐步扩大规模;结合高科技装备,构建新型反应器;构建一个标准的反应器评价体系。

相平衡关系在《化工原理》单元过程强化中的应用

相平衡条件是传质过程的热力学极限,借此可以确定分离级数、液气比等操作参数,设计和优化分离工艺,探索体系极限。本文列举了蒸馏、吸收、萃取单元操作中相平衡的内容,说明通过改变温度、压力、浓度或增加促进剂可以改善相平衡,调整传质过程的控制步骤,从而对化工过程实现精准设计和调控,是过程强化的重要手段。对于这些能源密集型单元过程,相平衡模型的准确预测或模拟是高效分离或纯化、减少能耗和原料损失的必要保障。

古龙页岩油注CO_(2)/烃类气相态特征及多周期作用机制

基于PVT实验和多周期注CO_(2)/烃类气采油物理模拟实验,结合相态模拟计算揭示古龙页岩油注气前后的高压物性和流体类型演化规律,评价多周期注气作用下的原油采出效果,分析多组分间的抽提传质机理。实验结果表明:古龙页岩油属于轻质弱挥发性油藏,当压力降低至泡点压力以下时,原油的黏度和密度快速增大,原油物性急剧变差。因此,对于成熟度较高的页岩油,利用注气补充地层能量并维持良好的原油物性是提高采收率的关键,且注CO_(2)对原油的膨胀、降黏效果均优于注烃类气。此外,注CO_(2)/烃类气可使古龙页岩油由弱挥发性油藏向挥发性油藏转变,先注烃类气再注CO_(2)使得古龙页岩油呈现出由挥发性油藏进一步向凝析气藏过渡的趋势。古龙页岩油脱气后的溶解气驱效果更优,产出油相呈现连续的泡沫油状态。注CO_(2)/烃类气可为地层原油补充溶解气和弹性能量,注CO_(2)对原油中间烃组分(C_(5)—C_(10))和重烃组分(C_(11)+)的抽提效果均较好,注烃类气对原油中间烃组分的抽提效果更好。

南海高温高压凝析气藏凝析水产出机理及产量预测方法

针对南海高温高压凝析气藏中凝析水产出量上升的问题,以东方气田为研究对象,采用地层水蒸发实验方法,分别在地层条件下的PVT筒和长岩心中进行水气比测试,并提出了高温高压凝析气藏凝析水产量计算方法,预测东方气田凝析水产出程度。研究表明:高温高压凝析气藏中的流体受多孔介质微小孔径以及临界性质偏移的影响,饱和蒸气压发生变化,导致凝析水产出大幅度增加。考虑水、气相间传质的数值模拟方法可以准确预测高温高压凝析气藏中凝析水产出变化。对东方气田的日产水进行模拟,设置井底流压限制为1.5 MPa,预测时间为5 a,历史产水量拟合精度大于90%,能够很好地模拟凝析水产出情况。研究成果对高温高压凝析气藏制订合理开发方案,改善油藏开发效果具有重要指导意义。

高含CO_(2)凝析气藏成藏过程中的流体相行为及油环体积预测

成藏后期的CO_(2)充注导致里贝拉区块高含CO_(2)次生凝析气藏的流体相行为十分复杂,油环体积预测难度很大。本文通过流体相平衡模拟、组分梯度分布计算及CO_(2)充注可视化实验,刻画了CO_(2)充注过程中的油气相行为,揭示了油环体积的动态变化规律,建立了基于气顶气组分拟合的高含CO_(2)次生凝析气藏油环体积预测新方法。研究结果表明:1)CO_(2)充注下的油环体积变化分为4个阶段:充注初期,油环以溶胀为主;充注前期,CO_(2)不断置换并萃取油相中的轻质组分,油环体积迅速降低;充注中期,CO_(2)持续萃取油相的轻、中质组分,油环体积缓慢减小;充注后期,CO_(2)-原油组分传质作用明显减弱,压缩效应导致油环体积进一步减小。2)轻质组分的强流动性使气顶气组成均一,重力分异作用使纵向上油环组分呈梯度变化。3)油环体积与气顶气组成和气油比密切相关。4)基于气顶气拟合新方法和不同井深现场勘探预测的油环体积占比分别为19.21%和22.30%,与CO_(2)充注可视化实验获得的油环体积占比(20.60%)较为吻合。

R1234yf在板式蒸发冷凝器中换热过程的数值模拟

通过建立板式蒸发冷凝器的二维数学模型,模拟了新型制冷剂R1234yf在板式蒸发冷凝器的换热过程,总结了冷却水温度、空气含湿量、制冷剂温度在板式蒸发冷凝器中的分布规律,并分析了冷凝温度、降膜雷诺数及空气湿球温度对板式蒸发冷凝器中换热的影响。研究表明:板式蒸发冷凝器的换热能力随冷凝温度升高而增大,随空气湿球温度升高而减小,随着降膜雷诺数的升高先增大后减小。冷凝温度从41℃变化到45℃时,板式蒸发冷凝器的热流密度增加了16.2%;湿球温度从21℃升高到26℃时,板式蒸发冷凝器的热流密度降低了14.6%;在不同冷凝温度下降膜雷诺数由60变化到120,板式蒸发冷凝器的热流密度最大变化率为6.06%。

微波加热强化闪蒸工艺的科学基础及发展趋势

利用微波加热具有选择性、快速性、整体性等优点,对基于能量源补充热量实现蒸发浓缩、分离纯化的料液处理过程而言,利用微波加热实现过程强化具有现实意义。本文综述了液体闪蒸过程的蒸发特性与传热传质特性、微波加热液体蒸发的研究现状,提出了微波加热强化闪蒸工艺,首先指出闪蒸工艺过程中料液面临难以直接加热提供热量而提高蒸发速率的难题,原因是传统热量传递方法无法在真空条件下向闪蒸过程中的料液传递热量。进而分析了微波加热蒸发工艺的研究现状,总结出微波加热蒸发过程中的影响因素,简述了微波加热蒸发工艺的应用。最后,提出可将微波加热与闪蒸工艺相耦合的微波加热强化闪蒸工艺,简述了设备设计、应用开发方面的相关进展。总结了微波加热强化闪蒸面临的相关难题并提出建议,期望对微波加热强化蒸发工艺应用和设备设计的发展提供参考。