Adult Kidney Cancer in Mauritania: Clinical and Therapeutic Aspects

Introduction: since its creation, our urology department has taken care of tumor pathologies in particular kidney cancer in adults;our goal is to study the clinical and therapeutic epidemiological profiles of adult kidney cancer in Mauritania. Materials and Methods: We carried out a retrospective study over a period of six years, from January 1, 2012 to December 31, 2017, including all cases of adult kidney cancer registered in the urology-andrology departments of the Cheikh Zayed Hospital and Pathological Anatomy of the National Hospital of Nouakchott (Mauritania). Results: we collected 50 cases of kidney cancer. The average annual incidence was 8.3 cases. The average age of the patients was 52.98 years with extremes of 18 and 84 years. There was a female predominance (52%) or 29 women for 21 men. Lumbar pain was the most frequent clinical expression, more than half of the patients had symptoms over a period of at least 12 months before the first consultation. The left kidney was the most frequently affected. The right localization was demonstrated in 23 patients, the extension assessment was made with thoraco-abdomino-pelvic CT in 40 patients. Twelve patients had a tumor localized in the kidney. The extension assessment had made it possible to objectify the existence of metastases in 17 of our patients (37%). The preferred locations of these metastases were pulmonary and hepatic. Surgical intervention was performed in 44 patients (88%), of whom 36 underwent radical nephrectomy (72%), and two patients underwent partial nephrectomy (4.5%). Surgical abstention was decided from the outset in 6 patients (13.6%). None of our patients had received treatment with anti-angiogenics. The histological type most observed in our patients was renal cell carcinoma, observed in 34 patients, or 77.72%. At the time of the study, more than a third of the patients had died. The mortality rate in our series had reached 24%. A specific survival rate could not be assessed due to lack of information in the files and significant numbers of patients lost to follow-up at the time of the study. Conclusion: adult kidney cancer in Mauritania is characterized by its low incidence, its occurrence in a relatively young population, its female predominance, its often late diagnosis at locally advanced and metastatic stages, and the treatment is the most often surgical.

Abdominal Trauma: Five Years Experience in National Centre Hospital, Mauritania

Trauma care including abdominal trauma is a big challenge. It is associated with high morbidity and mortality and continues to be a public health problem worldwide. The main aims of our study were to assess the patterns and outcomes of our patients, and to describe our experience in management of abdominal trauma. This descriptive retrospective study was conducted in general surgery department at National Centre Hospital of Nouakchott in Mauritania. We recruited patients presented at our department with abdominal trauma (2012-2016). Out of 100 cases, 92% were men. Mean age: 22.78 years (5 - 70 years). Eighty percent of patients suffered of penetrating abdominal trauma. Stab injuries were the most frequent mechanism (60%). The commonest organ injury was small intestine (16%). Mortality has been strongly related to road traffic accidents. Cares of severe abdominal traumas are not common in our hospital, due to lack of required overall data. Emergency health system is needed to better care of trauma patients in Mauritania.

Emergency Tracheotomy: Nine Years Experiences in National Center Hospital of Nouakchott, Mauritania

Introduction: Tracheotomy is a commonly performed procedure, but with very large disparities according to the teams, both in terms of frequency and modality (percutaneous or surgical), tracheotomy has been evolved with medical advances. The objective of this study was to clarify the indications and complications of emergency tracheotomies at the National hospital center (CHN) in Nouakchott Mauritania. Materials and Methods: It is a retrospective study of tracheotomies performed in the ENT department of the CHN during the period from January 1, 2010 to December 31, 2018. The indications and complications were noted, as well as the modalities and time of decannulation. Results: Tracheotomy was motivated by upper airway obstruction (UAO) in 139 (94%) cases (mean age 32.5 years), or the need for prolonged ventilation in 8 patients (median age 46 years). Sixteen (7%) early complications were noted with 5 untimely decannulations including one fatal and 5 obstructive plug responsible for another death. Six pneumothorax was observed. Fifteen (26%) late complications required additional surgery;7% (n = 11) of patients were decannulated with a mean duration of tracheotomy 26 months. In 19 (28%) cases of decannulations, the persistence of a tracheocutaneous fistula required surgery. Conclusion: Emergency tracheotomy is a survival gesture that is sure to be effective. A tracheotomy is not deprived of complications. Familiarity with the technique, the right choice of equipment, perfect knowledge of the anatomical relationships of the trachea, rigorous monitoring and postoperative care represent the main conditions for minimizing the risk of complications.

Primary Open Angle Glaucoma: Epidemiological, Clinical and Therapeutic Aspects of 63 Cases at National Hospital Center in Mauritania

Introduction: Primary open angle glaucoma (POAG) is an anterior optic neuropathy of chronic and progressive course, characterized by perimeter alteration and excavation of the specific optic disc. This neuropathy is usually accompanied by ocular hypertonia. The iridocorneal angle remains open in gonioscopy. POAG is the primary cause of irreversible blindness in adults around the world, posing a real public health and quality of life problem as well as an economic problem. The progressive and irreversible loss of vision makes POAG a disease that can lead to blindness. The main objective of our study is to describe the epidemiological, clinical and therapeutic aspects of primary open angle glaucoma in the ophthalmology department of the National Hospital Center of Nouakchott. Materials and Methods: It was a prospective descriptive study of 6 months (March 1st 2017 to August 30th 2017), on patients with a POAG with the presence of at least one of the three signs (intraocular pressure > 21 mmHg, papillary cup/disc vertical excavation ≥ 0.5 and a field altered apart from all other causes). All glaucoma patients seen during the study period benefited from a complete eye examination. The studied variables were the family history of glaucoma, age, intra ocular pressure (IOP) and pachymeter. Results: The mean age was 58.7 years. About 2/3 of the patients had a lower pachymeter to normal (63% of cases), a genetically thinner cornea results in an underestimation of the IOP measurement. The male was the most represented with a sex ratio M/F (1.42), the main characteristic factors were family history of glaucoma (39.7%), artery hypertension, diabetic and headache. The success rate of surgery was 69.8%, while 11% of our patients had refused any kind of treatment, no complications were noted, Conclusion: POAG is a multifactorial condition which can lead to blindness if not early diagnosed or if treatment is poorly conducted, hence the importance of prevention by screening and informing the population about this pathology.

Transurethral Resection of the Prostate (TURP): About 146 Cases at Sheikh Zayed Hospital in Nouakchott Mauritania

Introduction: Transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP), entered our service in October 2015, since then it became a part of the service daily activity. The aim of our study is to assess the acceptance of the technic by our patients and by the nursing staff and to analyze the results of our initial experience. Materials and Methods: Retrospective study over 14-month (October 2015 to December 2016);bringing together all the patients who received TURP. The inclusion criteria are to have benefited from a TURP in our service. The exclusion criteria all patients operated by other techniques. It was a monopolar resection of the prostate using a glycocolle loop, the size limit of the prostate was 65 cc or less. A questionnaire on the knowledge of the technique and its acceptance is made. The parameters studied the age of the patient;surgical indications;the course of the operation, the complications and the course. The frequency of TURP compared to other techniques and the demand for this technique by patients. The urinary catheter was left in place for 4 days, the patients were seen again on day 7 after the catheter was removed to assess the urine flow, a question regarding the opinion of the nursing staff was included and analyzed separately. Results: The total number of patients was 146;the mean age was 68.2 years. The main cause of consultation was urine retention 65%. The average duration of the intervention was 56 minutes. The average length of hospital stay was 28 hours. The urinary catheter was removed on day 4. Complications were bleeding in 7% of cases requiring blood transfusions. Failure to remove the indwelling catheter leads to revision via the transurethral route. The TURP syndrome was observed in 2 patients in our early patients but quickly resolved. The outcome was favorable in 75% of cases. Post operating management give satisfaction for nurse and acceptance was a success. Conclusion: TURP is now a routine surgical activity;it seems to have an upright place for BPH in our department;its impact on morbidity was remarkable.

Assessment of Land Use and Land Cover Change in Southwest Mauritania, Remote Sensing and GIS Approach

Most countries’ land use and land cover (LULC) are changing dramatically today. Most of these changes are related to the way humans and the environment interact. Various methodologies and data sources have been used in conjunction with remote sensing (RS) to categorize and map changes in LULC. This study used RS and Geographic Information System (GIS) tools to analyze LULC change and transitions from 1984 to 2022 in a tropical forested landscape in southwest Mauritania. Using a suitable and high-quality collection of Landsat satellite images. For the classification and creation of LULC maps for the selected periods, the supervised technique using a maximum likelihood classifier was used. The results indicated that there was a remarkable change in all classes of LULC, with an increase in all classes, except barren land, which had a tremendous decrease of −68.58% for the total study area. Therefore, for the total study area, an increase in agricultural land (221%), water bodies (118.46%), vegetation (57.50%), and built-up areas (14.65%) was observed. We believe that by informing policymakers, environmental managers, and the general public about the current changes, our study will help the region to establish appropriate land use rules that may lead to policy document development.

Colorectal Cancers in Mauritania: Clinical Aspects and Treatment

The aim of our study was to determine epidemiological, clinical and therapeutic profile of colorectal cancers in Mauritania. Patients and Methods: It was a retrospective multicentric study conducted over 5 years in Nouakchott National Hospital Centre and in private clinics of Mauritania. All cases of colorectal cancers histologically confirmed were included. The Astler and Coller classification was used to classify lesions by level of extension. Results: 225 patients were included with a sex ratio (M/F) of 1.39, an average age of 52.3 years. Location of the lesion was rectal (37.7%) and colonic (62.3%). Clinical manifestations were dominated by rectal bleeding (26.9%), occlusive syndrome (16.5%) and transit disorders (11.6%). Endoscopic lesions were of stenosing (45.2%), ulcero-burgeoning (39%), ulcerous (7.5%) and burgeoning (4.7%) types. Histological profiles were adenocarcinoma (88.9%), carcinoma (3.1%) and lymphoma (2.6%). The work-up for extension revealed metastasis in 33.6% of cases. These were stage B (49%) and C (36%) among the 95 cancers that received the Astler and Coller classification. The treatment was curative (80.83%) and palliative (19.16%). Conclusion: Colorectal cancer is a reality in Africa. However, its diagnosis still remains delayed, which increases the prognosis, hence the need to promote screening tests.

Characterization of refined fish oil from small fish in Mauritania

In this study,the effects of chemical refining on the physicochemical indices,environmental pollutants,lipid functional groups,relaxation characteristics,fatty acid profiles,and triglyceride(TG)molecular species in crude oil extracted from small fish in Mauritania were evaluated.The acid,peroxide,and iodine values of crude oil were identified as 5.52 mg KOH/g,1.73 meq/kg,and 200.78 g/100 g oil,respectively.After refining,these values were determined to be 0.29 mg KOH/g,0.76 meq/kg,and 210.80 g/100 g oil,respectively.The polychlorinated biphenyls and arsenic content of crude oil were identified as 32.30μg/kg and 1.00 mg/kg,respectively.After refining,these were not detected.The content of eicosapentaenoic acid(EPA)and docosahexaenoic acid(DHA)accounted for as much as 87.55%of the polyunsaturated fatty acids in the refined oil,indicating that high-quality fish oil is suitable as a food supplement.The correlation coefficient of the infrared spectra before and after refining was 0.968,and the relaxation time and peak shape data were almost similar before and after purification.Meanwhile,there were no significant differences(P≥0.05)in fatty acid profiles between the crude and refined oils,except for C16:0(P<0.01).Based on UPLC-Q E-MS/MS detection,137 TG molecules were identified in both crude and refined oils.Among the detected TG molecular species,64 contained EPA or DHA,which accounted for 46.83%and 46.00%of the total TG content in crude and refined oils,respectively.After refining,the content of the molecular species decreased by 31.95 mg/10 g,among which the three most variable molecular species were TG(16:0/18:1/22:6),(16:1/16:2/18:1),and(18:4/16:0/20:5),accounting for 29.26%of the decline of the molecular species.Overall,the refining process had little effect on the fatty acid profile and distribution of TG molecular species in fish oil.

Community knowledge,attitudes and practices related to schistosomiasis and associated healthcare-seeking behaviours in northern Côte d’Ivoire and southern Mauritania

Background:Among parasitic infections,schistosomiasis ranks second after malaria in terms of worldwide morbidity.Despite efforts to contain transmission,more than 230 million people are infected,of which 85%live in Sub-Saharan Africa.While the epidemiologic characteristics of schistosomiasis have been extensively studied across endemic settings,social factors have been paid less attention.The current study assesses community knowledge of schistosomiasis causes,transmission,signs,symptoms and prevention,as well as healthcare-seeking behaviours in two West African settings,with the aim of strengthening schistosomiasis control interventions.Methods:From August 2014 to June 2015,we conducted two cross-sectional surveys in Korhogo,Cote d’Ivoire and Kaedi,Mauritania.We applied a questionnaire to collect quantitative data at the household level in Korhogo(n=1456)and Kaedi(n=1453).Focus group discussions(Korhogo:n=32,Kaedi:n=32)and participatory photography(photovoice)(Korhogo:n=16,Kaedi:n=16)were conducted within the communities to gather qualitative data.In addition,semi-structured interviews were used to discuss with key informants from control programmes,nongovernmental organizations and health districts(Korhogo:n=8,Kaedi:n=7).Results:The study demonstrated that schistosomiasis is not well known by the communities;64.1%claimed to know the causes of the disease,but the reality is different.This knowledge is more from cultural than biomedical source.It was observed that social construction of the disease is different from the biomedical definition.In Korhogo,schistosomiasis was often associated with several other diseases,notably stomach ulcer and gonorrhoea.The populations believe that schistosomiasis is caused by exposure to goat or dog urine in the environment.In Kaedi,schistosomiasis is considered as a disease transmitted by environmenal elements such as sunshine and dirty water.In both settings,the care-seeking pathways were found to be strongly influenced by local customs and self-medication acquired from the informal sector.Conclusions:This study revealed that knowledge about the aetiology,transmission,symptoms,prevention and treatment of schistosomiasis among the populations in Korhogo and Kaedi is based on their local culture.Deep-rooted habits could therefore pose a significant obstacle to the elimination of schistosomiasis.

毛里塔尼亚上游油气投资环境及潜力研究

风险勘探是国际石油公司获取低价优质资源的重要方式,也是实现企业资产保值和增值的重要途径。毛里塔尼亚作为“一带一路”国家,具有良好的近海油气勘探前景,与中国保持着良好的贸易关系,中国石油公司应把握契机,夯实中非油气国际产能合作基础。

毛里塔尼亚项目建设中常见材料和防腐蚀问题简析

以毛里塔尼亚某项目为例,阐述在非洲地区展示中国的建筑技术和施工工艺时,面对完全不同的地域环境,详图设计不应是被动地遵循规范,更应根据环境做出积极的应对,充分考虑项目所处地的地理气候条件,常用材料,习惯做法等,满足使用者的实际需求并尊重当地文化。

毛里塔尼亚工程项目管理工作实践与思考

中国建筑企业在国外要获得长远发展,既要积极吸纳当地通用规范和习惯做法,又要具有创新思维,提升中国技术在其他国家和地区的适用性,同时要发展我国的技术、管理、融资等模式,向国际工程价值链的高端发展,探索“投建营一体化”模式,实现可持续发展目标。

毛里塔尼亚科技创新治理体系构建与中毛科技合作展望

近年来,毛里塔尼亚日益重视科技发展,先后制定了科技创新战略,建立了创新高级委员会领导下的科技创新治理体系,旨在开创科技创新发展的新局面。本文通过分析认为:毛里塔尼亚政府试图通过立法、知识产权保护和基金支持开拓科技创新道路,并将提升高等教育质量和科技教育质量、促进私营经济以及实现数字化转型作为当前的战略重点。未来,中国可以在科技与科研治理等方面探索与毛里塔尼亚的合作路径,以深化双边关系。

毛里塔尼亚海域渔场的环境特征

根据2007年5~8月“中水9505”号调查船在毛里塔尼亚海域（16°00′~20°50′N、16°10′~17°50′W）三个航次的水文调查数据,通过对风场、温度、水文要素（水温、盐度、溶解氧、叶绿素）等的空间分布和变化,以及水团、海流的分析,就海区的海洋结构做了初步研究,并对海洋环境与渔场的关系做了探讨。结果表明：受加那利海流以及赤道暖流的交汇影响,5月到8月,海域的表温逐渐升高,但总体是南部海域的水温高于北部海域;整个海域的盐度基本在27左右;随深度增加,除盐度略有增加外,其他水文要素均明显减小;受海底地形的影响,导致流态以及营养分布不均;中心渔场分别在18°30′~19°10′N、16°10′~16°40′W和19°50′~20°30′N、17°00′~17°30′W两个海域。

毛里塔尼亚矿产资源与矿业投资环境分析

毛里塔尼亚矿产资源丰富,赋存铁、铜、金等,其中铁矿储量居非洲第二位,这些多为我国大宗紧缺矿产。毛里塔尼亚资源基础及潜力较好,但广袤的陆域面积被撒哈拉沙漠覆盖,地质工作程度极低,多半未进行勘查。本文系统梳理了毛里塔尼亚的成矿地质背景、资源禀赋,对其矿产勘查开发集中在铜矿、铁矿、金矿等金属矿产,且勘查投入自2012年起持续走低的现状,对毛里塔尼亚矿业投资环境及主要投资风险进行了分析,并对中国矿业企业在毛里塔尼亚进行矿业投资提出了对策建议。

毛里塔尼亚海岸盆地石油地质特征及勘探远景

毛里塔尼亚海岸盆地位于非洲西部大西洋东岸，是典型的中、新生代被动大陆边缘盆地。烃源岩主要为白垩系暗色泥岩，有机质含量为1％～2％，在水深200m以西地区已经成熟；古近系和新近系砂岩孔隙度为20％～30％，是最为有利的勘探目标。滨外浅海陆架至陆坡地区（水深200-1500m）位于成熟源岩范围内，储层和圈闭均发育，目的层埋深1000～3000m，是最佳远景区。

毛里塔尼亚海域底拖网头足类渔场与环境因子的关系研究

根据2010—2015年上海某远洋渔业公司在毛里塔尼亚的生产统计数据,结合卫星遥感资料,研究毛里塔尼亚海域底拖网头足类渔场与表温(SST)、海面高度距平均值(SSHA)、水深等海洋环境因子的关系。结果表明,头足类渔场分布与SST、SSHA、水深等因子关系密切,各月作业渔场的适宜环境范围有一定的差异;作业渔场分布在SST为15~28℃的海域,最适SST范围为16~22℃;作业渔场分布在SSHA为-50~10 cm的海域,最适SSHA范围为-20^-40 cm和-10~10 cm;作业渔场分布水深为10~90 m的海域,最适水深为50~70 m。

毛里塔尼亚海域短线竹[夹]鱼时空分布与海洋环境的关系

利用中国灯光围网船"福远渔097"2017年9月20日至12月31日在毛里塔尼亚海域119个站点的调查数据,采用分位数回归的方法对随机选取的75%的站点数据建立短线竹[夹]鱼(Trachurus trecae)单位捕捞努力量渔获量(catch per unit effort,CPUE)与叶绿素a浓度、海表面温度、海表面盐度的关系模型。根据该模型,计算短线竹[夹]鱼的栖息地综合指数(integrated habitat index,IHI),并利用25%的站点数据,用Spearman相关系数结合双尾检验,检验其CPUE实测值与预测值之间的相关性,分析IHI与CPUE的关系。结果表明:1)海洋环境因子对短线竹[夹]鱼CPUE的影响程度为:海表面温度>叶绿素a浓度>海表面温度与叶绿素a浓度的交互作用,海表面盐度对其没有显著影响;2)建模站点和验证站点的CPUE预测值与实测值间均无显著性差异;3)IHI模型对CPUE具有良好的预测效果;4)IHI分布较高的海域为17°20′~17°45′W、20°15′~20°50′N。建议我国渔船在下半年作业时,作业范围应集中在这一IHI分布较高的海域,以提高渔获产量。

毛里塔尼亚头足类资源及渔业现状

毛里塔尼亚海域位于大西洋中东部,是世界上著名的渔场之一,头足类资源丰富,我国20世纪80年代末期开始参与该海域的头足类捕捞作业,本文根据大西洋渔业委员会年度统计和报告、上海水产集团有限公司捕捞渔获量数据及其他相关资料对毛里塔尼亚海域头足类资源状况、年渔获量、渔场分布及毛里塔尼亚渔业管理进行了初步分析,以期为中国的相关企业了解毛里塔尼亚海域头足类资源和渔业现状,毛里塔尼亚海域头足类资源的开发生产提供参考。

毛里塔尼亚保盖(BOGHE)和凯地(KAEDI)地区小学生肠道寄生虫感染情况调查

对毛里塔尼亚的保盖和凯地两地区850名小学生进行肠道寄生虫感染调查,查出感染者276人,总感染率为32.47%;保盖和凯地地区感染率分别为37.33%(168/450)和27.00%(108/400)。保盖、凯地小学生肠道寄生虫感染率较高,提示,应采取有效措施控制和减少肠道寄生虫感染和传播,保护小学生健康成长。