Chemical composition and structural identification of primary carbides in as-cast H13 steel

The aim of this study was to characterize the primary carbides formed in as-cast H13 steel. The composition, morphology, type, and size of primary carbides in as-cast H13 steel were investigated by optical microscope (OM), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), electron back-scattered diffraction (EBSD), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. The number of primary carbides was investigated by ASPEX automated inclusion analysis system. The results indicated that primary carbides in as-cast H13 steel are mainly composed of Cr, Mo, V, and Ti, and there exist four kinds of primary carbides in the interdendritic zones of H13 steel, which are stripy Mo–Cr-rich M2C, eutectic Mo–Cr-rich M2C, V-rich MC, and V-rich MC with Ti and N. Thermodynamic calculation indicated that M2C precipitates in liquid phase at solid fractions larger than 0.99, while MC precipitates in liquid phase at solid fractions larger than 0.96. Statistical results indicated that the number of M2C is much greater than the number of other kinds of primary carbides. Most primary carbides are blocky, with lengths of no more than 10 μm and a length/width ratio of no more than 3. The large primary carbides in as-cast H13 steel are mainly M2C.

Study on primary carbides precipitation in H13 tool steel regarding cooling rate during solidification

This study aims to investigate the primary carbides precipitation in H13 steel solidified at relatively high cooling rates,ranging from 300 to 6,000℃·min^-1,based on in situ observations with a high temperature confocal laser scanning microscope.In the cooling rate range investigated,the solidification microstructure becomes more refined as cooling rate increases and the relationship between the secondary dendrite arm spacing(SDAS),λ2,and cooling rate,.T,can be expressed asλ2=128.45.T-0.124.Regardless of cooling rates,two kinds of primary carbides,i.e.,the Mo-Cr-rich and V-rich carbides,are precipitated along the interdendritic region and most of them are the Mo-Cr-rich carbides.The morphology of Mo-Cr-rich carbide is not obviously influenced by the cooling rate,but that of V-rich carbide is obviously affected.The increasing cooling rate markedly refines the primary carbides and reduces their volume fractions,but their precipitations cannot be inhibited even when the cooling rate is increased to 6,000℃·min^-1.Besides,the segregation ratios(SRs)of the carbides forming elements are not obviously affected by the cooling rate.However,compared with the conventionally cast ingot,the SDAS and primary carbides in the steel solidified at the investigated cooling rates are much finer,morphologies of the carbides have changed significantly,and SRs of the carbides forming elements are markedly greater.The variation of primary carbide characteristics with cooling rate is mainly due to the change in SDAS.

Design and Coupled Thermo-Mechanical Analysis of Silicon Carbide Primary Mirror Assembly

Based on the principle that the thermal expansion coefficient of the support structure should match that of the mirror, three schemes of primary mirror assembly were designed. Of them, the first is fused silica mirror plus 4J32 flexible support plus ZTC4 support back plate, the second K9 mirror plus 4J45 flexible support plus ZTC4 support back plate, and the third SiC mirror plus SiC rigid support back plate. A coupled thermo-mechanical analysis of the three primary mirror assemblies was made with finite element method. The results show that the SiC assembly is the best of all schemes in terms of their combination properties due to its elimination of the thermal expansion mismatch between the materials. The analytical results on the cryogenic property of the SiC primary mirror assembly show a higher surface finish of the SiC mirror even under the cryogenic condition.

Design and finite element analysis of lightmass silicon carbide primary mirror

Primary mirror is one of the key components in the space remote sensing system. To minimize the mass of the mirror without compromising its stiffness and decrease the deformation of the mirror surface at the different temperatures are the mainly two objects in the development of the primary mirror. Silicon carbide (SiC), the most promising optical material, was used as the material of the primary mirror with triangle lightmass structure in a Cassegrain system. By using finite element method, the properties of the SiC mirror were compared with that of the traditional Be mirror and fused silica mirror. The results of static, dynamic and thermo-mechanical analysis indicate that the deformation of the mirror surface caused by temperature field is much bigger than that caused by gravity field. The SiC mirror has the best overall properties, and the SiC material is much suitable for the primary mirror.

Effect of rare earth on primary carbides in H13 die steel and their addition method:a review

Larger-sized primary carbides lead to stress concentration during the application of H13 hot-work die steel,resulting in microcracks and fatigue failure.Rare earth was usually added to modify the carbides and inclusions.The existing literature is reviewed on the effect of rare earth on primary carbides in H13 steel.A comprehensive review on the effect of rare earth on the characteristics of primary carbides,i.e.,number,size,morphology,and thermal stability in H13 steel,was done.The precipitation mechanism and nucleation of primary carbides with rare earth were summarized.The position and form of rare earth in steel and their effects on alloying elements segregation were reviewed.The addition techniques of rare earth in H13 steel were compared,and the prospects for other uncommon rare earth and emerging technology were present.Based on the current references,it can be known that adding rare earth facilitated refined and dispersed primary carbides.The size of primary carbides would be reduced,and their morphology would be improved because the rare earth inclusions formed in H13 steel can act as nucleation cores forγ-Fe orδ-Fe,refining the dendritic structure.Besides,the number of primary carbides at grain boundaries would be significantly reduced.However,rare earth had little impact on thermal stability.The nucleation of primary carbides tended to be inhibited due to the modification of inclusions by rare earth which were likely to be nucleation cores for primary carbides.Rare earth had been reported to affect the mechanism and process of primary carbide precipitation.Additionally,the addition of rare earth can inhibit the segregation of alloying elements and carbon diffusion by calculation.Thus,laboratory experiments and theoretical calcu-lations need to be conducted to study the states and evolution of rare earth steels.

Cerium refinement of grains and primary carbides during solidification of Cr_(4)Mo_(4)V bearing steel

The effect of cerium(Ce)on the solidification microstructure of Cr_(4)Mo_(4)V bearing steel was investigated via a combined experimental and theoretical method.With a trace amount(0.056 wt%)of Ce addition,the coarse columnar grains in as-cast microstructure transform into equiaxed ones,and the average diameter is reduced from 56 to 27μm.The network-like and bulky primary MC and M2C carbides at the interdendritic regions become disconnected and refined,and their volume percentage decreases from4.15 vol%to 2.1 vol%.Ce-inclusions acting as heterogeneous nucleation agents of prior-austenite grains and Ce atoms segregating at grain boundaries,both contribute to the refinement of grains.Thermodynamic calculations reveal that primary carbides are precipitated afterγ-austenite forms near the end of the solidification process.The modification of primary carbides in size and amount is mainly attributed to the isolated remaining melt separated by refinedγ-austenite grains in which the nucleation of carbides is promoted,while the growth is restrained owing to the less segregation of alloying elements.

热加工过程中M50轴承钢一次碳化物的形成与演化

针对M50轴承套圈生产过程中的真空感应熔炼、真空自耗重熔、锻造、轧制、辗环五个环节,利用OM、SEM、EDS及X射线三维成像技术分析了一次碳化物在整个生产流程中的演化。结果表明:真空感应熔炼后粗大的一次碳化物M2C和MC沿晶间呈网状析出,真空自耗重熔可减少一次碳化物的析出,自耗锭边缘处析出的一次碳化物尺寸较小,体积分数最少,为2.614%。锻造过程中网状一次碳化物被部分破碎,轧制和辗环可进一步破碎一次碳化物并使其沿加工流线分布,但并不能完全改变一次碳化物分布不均匀的情况。热变形在破碎细化碳化物的同时也会在一次碳化物内部及周围形成孔洞。

Formation and evolution of primary carbides in high-carbon martensitic stainless steel

The micro structure of 10Cr15MoVCo electroslag remelting(ESR)ingot was observed using an optical microscope and a scanning electron microscope.There are differences in the number,size,and distribution of primary carbides in different positions of ESR ingot.The results show that the two-dimensional morphology of primary carbides is blocky,fibrous,and spherulitic.The three-dimensional morphology of primary carbides is blocky,spherulitic,fibrous,and short rods.X-ray diffraction results show that primary carbides are M_(7)C_(3) carbides.Electron backscattered diffraction results indicate that large-sized primary carbides consist of blocky,fibrous,and spherulitic carbides with different orientations.High-tem-perature diffusion annealing experiments show that as the temperature increases,the continuity between primary carbides decreases,and the precipitated secondary carbides disappear.The area fraction of primary carbides is reduced,but the morphology of primary carbide is unchanged.The effect of high-temperature diffusion annealing on the dissolution of M_(7)C_(3) primary carbon compounds in ESR ingot was limited.

基于碳化硅陶瓷材料的磨矿分级系统给矿泵及过流件应用试验研究

本文针对某钼选矿厂Ⅰ段磨矿分级系统给矿泵过流件使用周期短,检修频繁,维护成本高等难题,开展了基于碳化硅陶瓷材料的给矿泵及过流件工业试验研究,并对碳化硅陶瓷材料进行了磨损、腐蚀试验。试验结果表明:碳化硅陶瓷泵及碳化硅陶瓷材料过流件应用效果良好,碳化硅陶瓷材料过流件使用周期是原来给矿泵的4倍,年维护成本是原来的1/3,且稳定了渣浆泵的输送工艺,降低了泵的检修频次,大大降低了职工的劳动强度。

铸造镍基高温合金重熔工艺的研究进展

重熔浇注工艺对浇注试棒的力学性能影响较大。本文归纳了重熔浇注工艺过程中不同熔体处理温度、时间和浇注温度、模壳温度、砂箱温度及浇注试棒形状对浇注试棒显微组织的影响,并分析了原因。对未来重熔铸造镍基合金浇注试棒的重点关注方向进行了展望。

定向凝固钴基高温合金DZ40M中碳化物析出与再结晶的交互作用

通过对喷丸处理后的定向凝固钴基高温合金DZ40M表面再结晶行为的研究,分析了合金中二次碳化物的析出与再结晶的交互作用。研究表明,合金在1423K退火时,二次碳化物的析出行为在再结晶开始前出现,析出的同时伴随再结晶的发生;合金中的二次碳化物能够阻碍再结晶晶粒在初生碳化物附近形核,并且阻碍再结晶晶界的迁移,仅有少量远离初生碳化物的二次碳化物由于粗化可以使再结晶晶界脱钉而继续迁移。合金在低于1423K的温度下退火时,二次碳化物的析出数量较多,尺寸小且间距小,可以有效地抑制合金的再结晶形核与长大。

Fe-C-Cr-V高铬堆焊合金的M7C3型碳化物及耐磨性

采用药芯焊丝埋弧堆焊方法制备含有0．9％～3．0％C，15％2～0％Cr，2．0％～3，0％V的高铬合金．借助光学显微镜、扫描电镜和X射线衍射等手段，研究其显微组织及碳化物分布形貌．结果表明，其显微组织由马氏体＋铁素体＋奥氏体＋初生M7C3＋（Fe，Cr）3C＋TiC等相组成．通过优化药芯焊丝组份及调整堆焊速度，获得了沿堆焊表面垂直方向定向分布的初生M7C3型碳化物，电子能谱分析显示该碳化物为（Fe，Cr，V）7C3．此外，考察了碳含量对高铬堆焊合金硬度及耐磨粒磨损性能的影响．表明其耐磨性优良，其中15—25μmM7C3型初生碳化物颗粒有效阻碍磨粒的显微切削运动，显著改善了耐磨性．

K40S合金高温时效过程中二次碳化物的沉淀析出行为

研究了Ｋ４０Ｓ合金在９５０℃时效１００ ｈ后二次碳化物Ｍ２３Ｃ６；Ｍ６Ｃ的沉淀析出行为．结果表明，元素间的直接反 应是合金中二次碳化物 Ｍ２３Ｃ６，Ｍ６Ｃ的沉淀析出机制，初生碳化物 Ｍ７Ｃ３作为碳源，其蜕变分解促进反应的进行．同时，二次 碳化物Ｍ６Ｃ的沉淀析出还与铸态组织中Ｗ的富集有关，其所需的金属原子Ｍ主要来源于铸态合金Ｗ的富集区．

Nb和Mo对高碳自保护药芯焊丝熔敷性能

借助光学显微镜、扫描电镜观察Nb,Mo在金相组织中存在的形态,研究了两元素强化机理,分析了硬度和耐磨性存在差异的原因.结果表明,在金相组织中,随Nb,Mo含量的增多,Nb,Mo的初生碳化物数量增多,熔敷金属硬度和耐磨性均增加;在堆焊熔敷金属中,Nb仅生成初生NbC,沉淀强化熔敷金属,强化效果明显,Mo不仅生成初生Mo2C,而且还固溶强化初生Cr7C3和基体,通过沉淀和固溶两种形式强化熔敷金属,但强化效果不明显.在高铬铸铁中为得到良好的耐磨性及经济效益须优化合金成分,应同步强化基体和碳化物.

Fe-Cr-C过共晶原位生长复合材料定向凝固的研究

采用液态金属冷却的定向凝固设备,研究了过共晶高铬铸铁(2.96%C-27.22%Cr)原位生长复合材料的定向凝固组织和性能。结果表明,初生碳化物和共晶碳化物均为M7C3型碳化物;初生碳化物以包抄方式生长,逐渐形成闭合六边形环状;随着凝固速度的增加,初生碳化物的大小和体积分数均减小;初生碳化物横截面的显微硬度为2 000 HV左右,纵截面为1 450 HV左右;随着凝固速度的增加,抗拉强度呈马鞍型变化,当凝固速度为15μm/s时,抗拉强度最大,可达1 913 MPa。

FGH96高温合金中一次碳化物形成规律

基于Thermo-Calc热力学计算软件及相应的Ni基数据库,对FGH96高温合金中一次碳化物的生成机理进行研究,计算FGH96高温合金可能的平衡析出相及C、N、Nb、Ti元素对合金中一次碳化物相MC+M(C,N)析出行为的影响,对比分析FGH96高温合金中一次碳化物相的计算结果与扫描电镜图及能谱分析的化学成分。结果表明:C含量对一次碳化物相的析出量影响较大,而对析出温度影响较小;N含量对析出温度有非常明显的影响,而对一次碳化物相的析出量影响较小;Nb和Ti含量对FGH96高温合金中一次碳化物相的析出行为只有轻微的影响。因此,FGH96高温合金中一次碳化物相的析出行为主要受C和N的影响。由计算得出的一次碳化物相的成分变化结果结合扫描电镜图和能谱分析结果可推断出,FGH96高温合金中含有N时,首先从液态合金中析出含有微量C的氮化物TiN,两相区析出的MC型碳化物会在TiN表面析出,形成以TiN为核心的一次碳氮化物M(C,N)。

高铬铸铁过流冷却过程中初生相的细化球化

采用过流冷却法制备高铬铸铁半固态浆料,对初生相细化球化机理进行研究。结果表明,在冷却体作用下,熔体中大量快速形核长大的初生相通过物理、冶金作用分解和熟化成细小的等轴状颗粒而达到细化球化。树枝状初生奥氏体通过枝晶臂熔断和主干弯曲折断而细化球化,早期以枝晶臂熔断为主,后期以主干在剪切力作用下弯曲折断为主;高硬度的M7C3型初生碳化物通过横向折断和纵向分裂而达到细化球化,早期以横向折断为主,后期以纵向分裂为主。

高铬白口铸铁初生碳化物细化的研究进展

介绍了高铬铸铁初生碳化物细化的研究进展,综述了初生碳化物的结构、生长模式以及细化方法。稀土、K、Na、Zn、Mg、V、Ti、B等元素对初生碳化物有良好的细化作用,悬浮铸造和合金化也是细化初生碳化物的有效途径。

Fe-Cr-C系堆焊耐磨材料的研究现状与展望

介绍了Fe-Cr-C系耐磨堆焊合金的主要用途,综述了近年来的研究成果以及将来的发展方向。分析表明,初生M7C3垂直于堆焊层表面、多元合金的强化、硬质相呈弥散分布并与基体组织良好的强韧性匹配、不同磨损工况条件堆焊层强韧关系的合理选择能使耐磨效果达到最佳。特殊工况的Fe-Cr-C系堆焊材料的开发及其特种堆焊技术将成为未来研究的新趋势。

高铬铸铁初生碳化物细化的中外研究进展

从合金化、变质处理、过流冷却三个方面对高铬铸铁中初生碳化物细化的国内外最新研究成果进行了分析研究,并且进一步提出了在研究过程中的不足和未来研究中有待研究的问题,同时展望了未来高铬铸铁中初生碳化物细化的研究发展前景。