Coral bleaching has generally been recognized as the main reason for tropical coral reef degradation, but there are few long-term records of coral bleaching events. In this study, trace metals including chromium(Cr), ...Coral bleaching has generally been recognized as the main reason for tropical coral reef degradation, but there are few long-term records of coral bleaching events. In this study, trace metals including chromium(Cr), copper(Cu), molybdenum(Mo), manganese(Mn), lead(Pb), tin(Sn), titanium(Ti), vanadium(V), and yttrium(Y), were analyzed in two Porites corals collected from Meiji Reef in the tropical South China Sea(SCS) to assess differences in trace metal concentrations in bleached compared with unbleached coral growth bands. Ti, V, Cr, and Mo generally showed irregular fluctuations in both corals. Bleached layers contained high concentrations of Mn, Cu, Sn, and Pb. Unbleached layers showed moderately high concentrations of Mn and Cu only. The different distribution of trace metals in Porites may be attributable to different selectivity on the basis of vital utility or toxicity. Ti, V, Cr, and Mo are discriminated against by both coral polyps and zooxanthellae, but Mn, Cu, Sn, and Pb are accumulated by zooxanthellae and only Mn and Cu are accumulated by polyps as essential elements. The marked increase in Cu, Mn, Pb, and Sn are associated with bleaching processes, including mucus secretion, tissue retraction, and zooxanthellae expulsion and occlusion. Variation in these trace elements within the coral skeleton can be used as potential tracers of short-lived bleaching events.展开更多
<strong>Introduction: </strong>Knowing an epidemic existed in Mizunami city and knowing the healthcare provided to overcome the disease may give hints on how the epidemic was handled. <strong>Aim:<...<strong>Introduction: </strong>Knowing an epidemic existed in Mizunami city and knowing the healthcare provided to overcome the disease may give hints on how the epidemic was handled. <strong>Aim:</strong> To examine the literature on the epidemic that occurred in the Meiji era and the contributions of healthcare providers who were active in the history of Mizunami city. <strong>Method:</strong> This is a historical study, mainly using literature. In collaboration with the Mizunami City Board of Education, we searched for materials stored by Mizunami city. In addition, with the cooperation of the local residents of the healthcare providers who were active in Mizunami city, we collected materials in reference to our purpose. <strong>Result:</strong> The outbreak of the epidemic near Mizunami city was seen as a fight against smallpox. In addition, cholera, dysentery, Spanish flu, and typhoid fever also occurred. Vaccinations were carried out in the Tono region. Healthcare providers who were active in the Meiji era include six doctors and two midwives. <strong>Discussion:</strong> In the future, it will be necessary to provide more in-depth evidence through surveys, such as interviews with the cooperation of relatives of the active healthcare providers. <strong>Conclusion:</strong> In the Meiji era, in the vicinity of Mizunami city, doctors and midwives actively fought against epidemics, such as smallpox and other infectious diseases.展开更多
Meiji (Mischief) coral atoll, in Nansha (Spratly) Islands, South China Sea, consists of an annular reef rim surrounding a central lagoon. On the atoll rim there are either protuberant 'motu' (small coral patch...Meiji (Mischief) coral atoll, in Nansha (Spratly) Islands, South China Sea, consists of an annular reef rim surrounding a central lagoon. On the atoll rim there are either protuberant 'motu' (small coral patch reefs on the rim of atoll) islets or lower sandy cays that contain modern microbialite deposits on the corals in pinnacles and surrounding bottoms of the atoll. Microbialites, including villiform, hairy, and thin spine growth forms, as well as gelatinous masses, mats and encrustation, developed on coral colonies and atoll rim sediments between 0 and 15 m deep-water settings. The microbialites were produced by natural populations of filamentous cyanobacteria and grew on (1) bulbous corals together with Acropora sp., (2) on massive colonies of Galaxea fascicularis, (3) on dead Montipora digitata, and (4) on dead Acropora teres, some hairy microbialite growing around broken coral branches. This study demonstrates that microbial carbonates are developed in coral reefs of South China Sea and indicates that microbial processes may be important in the construction of modern reef systems. The results have significance in the determination of nature and composition in microorganisms implied in the formation ancient microbialites, and permit evaluation of the importance of microbial deposits in mo-dern coral reefs and of 'microbialites' in biogeochemical cycles of modern coral reef systems. The re-sults also provide evidence of modern analogues for ancient microbialites in shallow-water settings, and combine with sedimentological studies of ancient microbialites to understand their controls.展开更多
基金Supported by the National Basic Research Program of China(973 Program)(No.2013CB956103)the National Science Foundation of China(Nos.41306109,41476038)
文摘Coral bleaching has generally been recognized as the main reason for tropical coral reef degradation, but there are few long-term records of coral bleaching events. In this study, trace metals including chromium(Cr), copper(Cu), molybdenum(Mo), manganese(Mn), lead(Pb), tin(Sn), titanium(Ti), vanadium(V), and yttrium(Y), were analyzed in two Porites corals collected from Meiji Reef in the tropical South China Sea(SCS) to assess differences in trace metal concentrations in bleached compared with unbleached coral growth bands. Ti, V, Cr, and Mo generally showed irregular fluctuations in both corals. Bleached layers contained high concentrations of Mn, Cu, Sn, and Pb. Unbleached layers showed moderately high concentrations of Mn and Cu only. The different distribution of trace metals in Porites may be attributable to different selectivity on the basis of vital utility or toxicity. Ti, V, Cr, and Mo are discriminated against by both coral polyps and zooxanthellae, but Mn, Cu, Sn, and Pb are accumulated by zooxanthellae and only Mn and Cu are accumulated by polyps as essential elements. The marked increase in Cu, Mn, Pb, and Sn are associated with bleaching processes, including mucus secretion, tissue retraction, and zooxanthellae expulsion and occlusion. Variation in these trace elements within the coral skeleton can be used as potential tracers of short-lived bleaching events.
文摘<strong>Introduction: </strong>Knowing an epidemic existed in Mizunami city and knowing the healthcare provided to overcome the disease may give hints on how the epidemic was handled. <strong>Aim:</strong> To examine the literature on the epidemic that occurred in the Meiji era and the contributions of healthcare providers who were active in the history of Mizunami city. <strong>Method:</strong> This is a historical study, mainly using literature. In collaboration with the Mizunami City Board of Education, we searched for materials stored by Mizunami city. In addition, with the cooperation of the local residents of the healthcare providers who were active in Mizunami city, we collected materials in reference to our purpose. <strong>Result:</strong> The outbreak of the epidemic near Mizunami city was seen as a fight against smallpox. In addition, cholera, dysentery, Spanish flu, and typhoid fever also occurred. Vaccinations were carried out in the Tono region. Healthcare providers who were active in the Meiji era include six doctors and two midwives. <strong>Discussion:</strong> In the future, it will be necessary to provide more in-depth evidence through surveys, such as interviews with the cooperation of relatives of the active healthcare providers. <strong>Conclusion:</strong> In the Meiji era, in the vicinity of Mizunami city, doctors and midwives actively fought against epidemics, such as smallpox and other infectious diseases.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 40472067 and 40572072)Hundred Talents Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciencesthe Important Direction Project of Knowledge Innovation Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (Grant No. KZCX3-SW-234)
文摘Meiji (Mischief) coral atoll, in Nansha (Spratly) Islands, South China Sea, consists of an annular reef rim surrounding a central lagoon. On the atoll rim there are either protuberant 'motu' (small coral patch reefs on the rim of atoll) islets or lower sandy cays that contain modern microbialite deposits on the corals in pinnacles and surrounding bottoms of the atoll. Microbialites, including villiform, hairy, and thin spine growth forms, as well as gelatinous masses, mats and encrustation, developed on coral colonies and atoll rim sediments between 0 and 15 m deep-water settings. The microbialites were produced by natural populations of filamentous cyanobacteria and grew on (1) bulbous corals together with Acropora sp., (2) on massive colonies of Galaxea fascicularis, (3) on dead Montipora digitata, and (4) on dead Acropora teres, some hairy microbialite growing around broken coral branches. This study demonstrates that microbial carbonates are developed in coral reefs of South China Sea and indicates that microbial processes may be important in the construction of modern reef systems. The results have significance in the determination of nature and composition in microorganisms implied in the formation ancient microbialites, and permit evaluation of the importance of microbial deposits in mo-dern coral reefs and of 'microbialites' in biogeochemical cycles of modern coral reef systems. The re-sults also provide evidence of modern analogues for ancient microbialites in shallow-water settings, and combine with sedimentological studies of ancient microbialites to understand their controls.
