Assessing ecological and physiological costs of melanism in North American Papilio glaucus females: two decades of dark morph frequency declines

Polymorphisms for melanic form of insects may provide various selective advantages.However,melanic alleles may have significant/subtle pleiotrophic“costs.”Several potential pleiotrophic effects of the W(=Y)‐linked melanism gene in Papilio glaucus L.(Lepidoptera)showed no costs for melanic versus yellow in adult size,oviposition preferences,fecundity,egg viability,larval survival/growth rates,cold stress tolerance,or postdiapause emergence times.Sexual selection(males choosing yellow rather than mimetic dark females)had been suggested to provide a balanced polymorphism in P.glaucus,but spermatophore counts in wild females and direct field tethering studies of size‐matched pairs of virgin females(dark and yellow),show that male preferences are random or frequency‐dependent from Florida to Michigan,providing no yellow counter‐advantages.Recent frequency declines of dark(melanic/mimetic)females in P.glaucus populations are shown in several major populations from Florida(27.3°N latitude)to Ohio(38.5°N).Summer temperatures have increased significantly at all these locations during this time(1999–2018),but whether dark morphs may be more vulnerable(in any stage)to such climate warming remains to be determined.Additional potential reasons for the frequency declines in mimetic females are discussed:(i)genetic introgression of Z‐linked melanism suppressor genes from P.canadensis(R&J)and the hybrid species,P.appalachiensis(Pavulaan&Wright),(ii)differential developmental incompatibilities,or Haldane effects,known to occur in hybrids,(iii)selection against intermediately melanic(“dusty”)females(with the W‐linked melanic gene,b+)which higher temperatures can cause.

芦荟素对Melan-a鼠黑素细胞株黑素生成及其相关基因表达的影响

目的:研究芦荟素对Melan-a鼠黑素细胞株的黑素生成及其相关基因表达的影响。方法:分别测定不同浓度芦荟素作用后的Melan-a鼠黑素细胞株的细胞增殖率、酪氨酸酶(TRY)含量及黑素量变化,逆转录-聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)测定酪氨酸酶相关蛋白(TRP)-1和TRP-2的表达,并与相应浓度的氢醌进行比较。结果:0.01～10.00mmol/L的芦荟素对黑素细胞的增殖率无影响,芦荟素可显著抑制Melan-a鼠黑素细胞株的TRY活性和黑素量生成,抑制作用随芦荟素的浓度升高而增加,0.10mmol/L芦荟素处理的Melan-a鼠黑素细胞株的TRY抑制率及黑素量与0.10μmol/L的氢醌相当(P>0.05);芦荟素还能显著下调TRP-1和TRP-2 mRNA的表达水平(P<0.01),但是TRP-1和TRP-2的变化与TRY及黑素量的变化不平行。结论:芦荟素显著抑制Melan-a鼠黑素细胞株的TRY活性、黑素量和TRP-1/TRP-2 mRNA的表达水平,直接测定黑素细胞TRY浓度和黑素量比检测TRP-1/TRP-2mRNA更能确切地反映芦荟素对黑素细胞的影响。

基于Melan解的水平基床系数分析方法及工程运用

弹性地基法具有概念清晰、过程简单等优点在深基坑设计中广为运用,合理选择土体水平基床系数是弹性地基法的关键因素。以往地基水平基床系数多依靠于经验取值,一些学者也曾经尝试采用mindlin解等一些经典的弹性解来确定地基水平基床系数,但在参数的取值以及边界条件的确定方面均存在问题。根据反对称问题的特点,很好地解决了基坑开挖后的边界条件问题,使之符合弹性半空间理论,同时采用考虑应力状态和应力水平的土体参数,使得参数的选取更加符合实际情况。结合理论分析结果与应力路径试验结果,得到了与模量相关的水平基床系数计算方法。将计算得到的水平基床系数运用到杭州市地铁一号线试验段深基坑开挖工程中,并与实测结果进行比较,验证了计算方法的正确性,为杭州地铁后期设计计算、开挖施工提供了理论依据。该方法与传统弹性地基法相比,水平基床系数的取值有明确的计算方法,与连续介质有限元法相比,参数简单、计算简便、概念明确。

Syn、CgA、melan A和inhibin α在肾上腺皮质腺瘤及嗜铬细胞瘤中的表达及意义

目的分析Syn、CgA、melan A和inhibinα在肾上腺皮质腺瘤及肾上腺嗜铬细胞瘤中的表达情况,探讨这组抗体对肾上腺皮质腺瘤及肾上腺嗜铬细胞瘤的诊断与鉴别诊断的意义。方法采用免疫组化方法检测70例肾上腺皮质腺瘤及57例肾上腺嗜铬细胞瘤中Syn、CgA、melan A和inhibinα的表达情况。结果 Syn、CgA、melan A和inhibinα在肾上腺皮质腺瘤中的阳性率分别为87.1%、8.6%、80%和91.4%,而在肾上腺嗜铬细胞瘤中的阳性率分别为91.2%、100%、0和0。结论 Syn、CgA、melan A和inhibinα联合检测对提高肾上腺皮质腺瘤及肾上腺嗜铬细胞瘤的诊断准确性有显著作用。

基于Melan解的地下连续墙结构分析方法

针对深基坑支护的多支撑地下连续墙结构,考虑分步开挖和支撑对墙体的内力和位移以及支撑反力的影响,提出以弹性地基梁为基础的矩阵位移法。在求解矩阵位移法的过程中,确定土体的水平基床系数成为分析地下连续墙变形和内力的关键。Melan给出半无限大弹性空间内部线性荷载作用下的应力和位移解,在Melan解的基础上,通过对其应力解进行积分处理,并结合平面应变问题的物理方程和几何方程,得到条形荷载作用下的位移解,进而得到水平基床系数。将Melan解的矩阵位移法运用到工程实例中,并将实测结果与计算结果进行比较,验证了其可行性和正确性,可为同类工程结构设计提供理论基础。

山奈素对melan-a黑素细胞株黑素生成的影响

目的:观察山奈素对melan-a黑素细胞株黑素生成的影响。方法:山奈素干预melan-a后,观察对黑素细胞增殖率的影响并测定各组酪氨酸酶活性大小及黑素量。结果:山奈素表现出轻度的促melan-a增殖作用(P<0.01),当山奈素浓度在0.001mmol/L至0.1mmol/L之间时,细胞增殖率和浓度呈指数关系,而浓度高于0.1mmol/L后进入平台期。山奈素在1mmol/L浓度时,促黑素合成的作用与同浓度8-MOP类似(P>0.05)。Fontana-Masson染色后与空白对照比较,经山奈素干预的细胞内,黑素颗粒染成黑色,融合成片,明显多于空白对照。结论:山奈素能够激活melan-a黑素细胞酪氨酸酶的活性,并具有促进黑素细胞增殖、使黑素合成量增加的作用。

风化岩层中考虑拉压模量转换的基坑变形计算

针对风化岩层的不同模量以及与位移有关岩土压力,研究基坑工程岩土体变形计算问题。考虑到风化岩体的拉压不同模量,结合平面应变的物理方程和几何方程,建立平面应变问题的本构方程;基于Melan解,考虑不同模量问题与岩土压力和位移的关系,得到一种能够充分考虑基坑宽度、开挖深度、围护结构埋深以及岩土体应力状态的位移解析解,并将所得的理论计算结果应用于工程实际中,验证该计算方法的可行性和实用性。研究结果表明:随着岩土体拉压模量差值的增大岩土体变形越大,初始位移值与岩土体位移成正比。结果可为基坑工程围护结构的设计计算提供理论依据。

考虑应力路径基坑变形计算及支护性能研究

基于半无限大弹性空间在条形荷载作用下应力的Melan解,首先根据基坑开挖过程应力状态的变化,建立基坑开挖问题的平面力学分析模型。利用Duncan-Chang曲线模型中的参数计算方法,推导加载和卸载模量公式,进而结合平面应变问题的物理方程和几何方程,建立平面应变问题的本构方程,得到基坑开挖后土体位移计算方法。然后建立土压力与支护结构位移的正弦和幂函数关系曲线,提出土压力计算方法。最后将理论成果应用于工程实践,将土体位移和土压力的理论值与实测数据进行对比分析。研究结果表明:该计算模型得到的基坑变形位移与实测结果吻合较好,验证了土压力与位移计算方法的合理性,同时由监测数据得到锚索预应力随时间的三阶段变化趋势,以及深层水平位移和坡顶竖向位移的匙形分布特点。

23例鼻腔鼻旁窦恶性黑色素瘤临床病理分析

目的研究鼻腔鼻旁窦恶性黑色素瘤的临床及病理特征。方法采用免疫组化SP方法对23例鼻腔鼻旁窦恶性黑色素瘤的临床及病理进行分析。结果23例鼻腔鼻旁窦恶性黑色素瘤中,男性15例(65.2%),女性8例(34.8%);最大年龄80岁,最小年龄45岁,平均年龄57岁;位于鼻腔19例(82.6%),鼻旁窦4例(17.4%),临床表现全部为鼻肿物;病理组织学类型,小圆细胞型12例(52.2%),上皮样细胞型8例(34.8%),梭形细胞型2例(8.7%),多形性细型胞1例(4.3%);含有黑色素13例(56.5%),无黑色素10例(43.5%):免疫组化染色,Vimentin,23例全部呈阳性反应,阳性率为100%,S-100和HMB45呈阳性反应的都为21例:阳性率都为91.3%,MelanA 19例呈阳性反应,阳性率占82.6%。结论23例鼻腔鼻窦恶性黑色素瘤,临床主要表现为鼻肿物,发病部位大多数在鼻腔,联合应用S-100,HMB45和MelanA弥漫阳性在与其组织学相似的肿瘤鉴别中是诊断鼻腔鼻窦恶性黑色素瘤的重要标准。

移动荷载作用下结构弹塑性安定分析方法及其应用研究

为了研究移动荷载作用下结构的安定性问题,以Melan静力型安定定理为基础,通过构造满足静力平衡条件的最佳残余应力场,并求解移动荷载作用下结构中的真实弹性应力场,发展了一种弹塑性安定性计算方法.该方法摆脱了传统安定性分析方法中的数学规划运算,解决了计算中维数障碍的问题.通过与前人研究结果对比,说明本方法的正确性.基于此方法,研究了列车荷载直接作用下路基的静力安定极限的第一类上限kI和静力安定极限kSD,进行轮载间距L和铁轨间距B对路基安定极限的敏感性分析,发现当轮载间距L和铁轨间距B大于等于10a时,轮载间距L和铁轨间距B对路基安定极限不再产生影响;通过分析材料泊松比v和内摩擦角φ对安定极限的影响,表明安定极限随着路基泊松比的增大略有减小,但随着内摩擦角的增大而有明显增加;并提出了一种基于安定极限荷载包络图的路基安定性评价方法和设计方法,据此可对铁路路基进行设计指导和安全性评价.

黑素瘤诊断中常用的免疫组化标志物的意义

黑素瘤是黑素细胞来源的恶性肿瘤,易发生转移,其发病率呈逐年升高的趋势。早期诊断和恰当的外科切除,可明显改善预后。黑素瘤常表现出不同的细胞学形态,常规的染色难以将组织学来源相近的肿瘤区分开来,造成诊断困难。免疫组化技术可以从细胞形态及来源上对肿瘤细胞加以区分,已经成为黑素瘤重要的辅助检查。临床实践中常用的黑素细胞指标有性决定区Y相关的HMG-Box基因10(Sry-related HMG-BOX gene 10, SOX10)、小眼相关转录因子(microphthalmia transcription factor, MITF)、S-100蛋白(S-100 protein, S-100)、人类黑素瘤相关抗原(Human Melanoma Black-45, HMB-45)、黑素抗原(Melan Antigen, Melan A),它们的染色模式及组织来源有着各自的特点。

Calculation of foundation pit deformation caused by deep excavation considering influence of loading and unloading

A new analytical solution for ground surface settlement induced by deep excavation is proposed based on the elastic half space Melan’s solution,and the analytical model is related to the physical and mechanical properties of soil with the loading and unloading action during excavation process.The change law of earth pressure of the normal consolidation soil after the foundation pit excavation was analyzed,and elastic displacement calculation methods of analytic solution were further established given the influence of excavation and unloading.According to the change of stress state in the excavation process of foundation pit,the planar mechanical analysis model of the foundation excavation problem was established.By combining this model with the physical equations and geometric equations of plane strain problem with consideration of the loading and unloading modulus of soil,constitutive equation of the plane strain problem was also established.The loading and unloading modulus formula was obtained by using the parameter calculation method in Duncan-Chang curve model.The constitutive equation obtained from the model was used to calculate the soil stress state of each point to determine its loading and unloading modulus.Finally,the foundation pit displacement change after excavation was calculated,and thus the soil pressure distribution after retaining structure deformation.The theoretical results calculated by making corresponding programs were applied to engineering practice.By comparing the conventional calculation results with monitoring results,the practicability and feasibility of the calculation model were verified,which should provide a theoretical basis for similar projects.

Rescue of the albino phenotype by introducing a functional tyrosinase minigene into Kunming albino mice

AIM： To use the tyrosinase minigene as a visual marker to perform microinjection training and improve the techniques related with transgene to greatly elevate the effidency of gene transfer. METHODS： A mouse tyrosinase minigene, i.e., TyBS, in which the 2.25-kb authentic genomic 5＇ non-coding flanking sequence of mouse tyrosinase was fused to a mouse tyrosinase cDNA, was introduced into the fertilized eggs of outbred Kunming albino mice. RESULTS： Of the 11 animals that developed from the injected eggs, two mice （P1 and #8） exhibited pigmented hair （P1） and eyes （P1 and #8）, as confirmed by PCR analysis for the tyrosinase minigene integrated into the genome. When founder P1 was bred to Kunming male mouse, six progeny out of 11 offspring inherited the transgene and the pigmented-eye phenotype. CONCLUSION： Taken together, these results suggest that this minigene encodes the active tyrosinase protein and that its 5＇ flanking region contains the sequences regulating the expression of mouse tyrosinase gene as expected. We have rescued the albino phenotype by introduction and expression of a functional tyrosinase minigene in the Kunming albino mouse and the transgene can be passed to subsequent generation. These findings also indicate that TyBS can be a useful visual marker gene in the co-transgenic experiments.

Molecular identification and enzymatic properties of laccase2 from the diamondback moth Plutella xylostella (Lepidoptera:Plutellidae)

Laccase（EC 1.10.3.2）is known to oxidize various aromatic and nonaromatic compounds via a radical-catalyzed reaction,which generally includes two types of laccase,Lac1 and Lac2.Lac1 oxidizes toxic compounds in the diet,and Lac2 is known to play an important role in melanizing the insect exoskeleton.In this study,we cloned and sequenced the cDNA of the diamondback moth,Plutella xylostella Lac2（PxLac2）,from the third instar larvae using polymerase chain reaction（PCR）and rapid amplification of cDNA ends techniques.The results showed that the full-length PxLac2 cDNA was 1 944 bp long and had an open reading frame of 1 794 bp.PxLac2 encoded a protein with 597 amino acids and had a molecular weight of 66.09 kDa.Moreover,we determined the expression levels of PxLac2 in different stages by quantitative PCR（qPCR）.The results indicated that PxLac2 was expressed differently in different stages.We observed the highest expression level in pupae and the lowest expression level in fourth instar larvae.We also investigated the enzymatic properties of laccase,which had optimal activity at pH 3.0 and at 35°C.Under these optimal conditions,laccase had a Michaelis constant（Km）of 0.97 mmol L-1,maximal reaction speed（Vm）of 56.82 U mL-1,and activation energy（Ea）of 17.36 kJ mol-1 to oxidize2,2＇-azino-bis（3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid ammonium salt）.Type II copper enhanced laccase activity below 0.8mmol L-1 and reduced enzyme activity above 0.8 mmol L-1 with an IC50 concentration of 1.26 mmol L-1.This study provides insights into the biological function of laccase.

Biochemistry of Melanization in Mosquitoes

Melanization/pigmentation is an important physiological phenomenon in insects,which is involved incuticular tanning,parasite encapsulation,and egg shell hardening.During the past few years,we have beenusing mosquito eggs as a model to study the detailed biochemistry of melanization reactions in mosquitoes.Chorion of newly oviposited eggs is white and soft,but the chorion becomes black and hard within 3～4 hfollowing oviposition. Once the chorion turns black,the eggs become resistant to desiccation and solubiliza-tion.Floodwater mosquitoes,such as Aedes aegypti,oviposit on substrates at the edge of water and theeggs hatch only after being flooded with water following adequate rainfall.Consequently,the ability towithstand the desiccation and other environmental adversities is critical for egg survival.Our research deal-ing with chorion melanization in mosquitoes is aimed at understanding the biochemical processes and mech-

一类动态Melan方程的解的存在唯一性

为解决悬索桥的动态横梁模型——动态Melan方程的问题,采用Galerkin方法和压缩映射原理,对这类非线性非局部Melan方程进行了研究,得出了该方程的解的存在唯一性.

集中力作用在弹性半无限平面内的Melan解研究

针对长条形基坑开挖的变形问题,通过对Melan给出的集中力作用在弹性半无限平面内应力解的研究,发现其不满足弹性力学相容方程。对此,利用弹性力学中平衡方程、应力几何方程结合位移边界条件,给出了集中力作用在弹性半无限平面内应力修正解,推导出相应的位移解,并利用有限元ABAQUS计算结果验证位移解的正确性,同时说明了应力修正解的正确性。

基于Melan解的地基变形计算分析研究

目前关于作用在土体内部的荷载引起的地基变形研究相对较少,文章为进一步研究地基变形,在由Melan应力解推导Melan位移解的基础上,考虑了竖向荷载作用下Melan位移解的镜面对称性,结合弹性力学几何方程,确定了位移解中的待定函数,推导出作用在土体内部的竖向荷载下的地基变形解析解,且使得解析解在距离荷载作用点一定范围内收敛,并与有限元计算结果进行对比分析验证了解析解的正确性。

水平线荷载作用下基坑周围土体的位移计算方法研究

为研究在基坑开挖周围土体的变形情况,文章在Melan应力解的基础上,结合弹性力学物理方程和几何方程推导出水平线荷载作用下弹性半无限平面内的位移解。根据实际工程位移变化规律提出相应假定,求解待定常数。利用所推导的公式计算土体内各点的位移,将其绘制成位移曲线与有限元ABAQUS的模拟结果进行对比。结果表明,所推导的位移解能较好地描述土体的变形规律。