Micronization of Griseofulvin by Ress in Supercritical CO_2 with Cosolvent Acetone

Griseofulvin (GF) is an antifungal drug whose pharmaceutical activity can be improved by reducing particle size. In this study the rapid expansion of supercritical solution (RESS) was employed to micronize GF.Carbon dioxide with cosolvent acetone was chosen as a supercritical mixed solvent. The solubility of GF in super-critical CO2 with cosolvent acetone was measured using a dynamic apparatus at pressures between 12 and 32 MPa,temperatures at 313, 323 and 333 K and cosolvent concentration at 1.5, 3.0, 4.5 and 6.0% (by mole). The effect of pre-expansion pressure, extraction temperature, spraying distance, nozzle size and concentration of cosolvent on the precipitated particles was investigated. The results show that the mean particle size of griseofulvin precipitated by RESS was less than 1.2μm. An increase in pre-expansion pressure, extraction temperature, spraying distance and concentration of cosolvent resulted in a decrease in particle size under the operating condition studied. With the decrease of nozzle diameter the particle size reduces. The crystallinity and melting point of the original material and the processed particle by RESS were tested by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC).No evident modification in the crystal habit was found under the experimental conditions tested. The morphology of particles precipitated was analyzed bY scanning electron microscopy (SEM).

Micronization and Nanoization of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients

More than 40%of newly discovered drugs have little or no water solubility which presents a serious challenge to the successful development and commercialization of new drugs in the pharmaceutical industry.Additionally,more than 90%of drugs approved since 1995 have poor solubility,poor permeability,or both.Therefore,it may be necessary to increase the dose of a poorly soluble drug to obtain the required efficacy which can lead to more side effects and higher cost to the patient.Performance of drugs can be improved by decreasing the particle size and,at the same time,increasing specific surface area,dissolution rate and the bioavailability of the drug in the human body.The routes of administration are different and listed as 60%for oral,5%for pulmonary,5%for ocular,5%for topical and 25%for injectable,approximately.The injectable drugs are the most interesting ones for nanoization,because smaller particles will increase performance,and will be useful when using micro needles.In a typical manufacturing process of APIs(active pharmaceutical ingredients)top down processes like high pressure homogenization and wet bead milling are used as standard methods to decrease the particle sizes down to a fineness range of 10 to 500 nanometers.

Characterization of two degradation products of Azilsartan formed during the micronization process and development of a method to control the degradation

The degradation of Azilsartan in the micronization process was studied and a degradation control method was developed. In the micronization process of Azilsartan, two degradation products （DP-1 and DP-2） were detected by HPLC. DP-1 is a known impurity but DP-2 has not been reported before. The structures of the two degradation products were identified by NMR and MS analysis. The formation of DP- 1 and DP-2 can be controlled by changing the micronization process.

Micronization of curcumin with biodegradable polymer by supercritical anti-solvent using micro swirl mixer

Curcumin is a hydrophobic polyphenol compound exhibiting a wide range of biological activities such as anti-inflammatory, anti-bacterial, anti-fungal, anti-carcinogenic, anti-human immunodeficiency virus, and antimicrobial activity. In this employed to produce the work, a swirl mixer was micronized curcumin with polyvinylpyrrolidone （PVP） by the supercritical antisolvent process to improve the bioavailability of curcumin. The effects of operating parameters such as curcumin/PVP ratio, feed concentration, temperature, pressure, and CO2 flow rate were investigated. The characterization and solubility of particles were determined by using scanning electron microscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy, and ultra-violet-visible spectroscopy. The result shows that the optimal condition for the production of curcumin/PVP particles is at curcumin/PVP ratio of 1：30, feed concentration of 5 mg·mL^-1, temperature of 40 ℃, pressure of 15 MPa, and CO2 flow rate of 15 mL·min^-1. Moreover, the dissolution of curcumin/PVP particles is faster than that of raw curcumin.

Overdischarge-induced evolution of Cu dendrites and degradation of mechanical properties in lithium-ion batteries

The degradation of mechanical properties of overdischarge battery materials manifests as a significant effect on the energy density,safety,and cycle life of the batteries.However,establishing the correlation between depth of overdischarge and mechanical properties is still a significant challenge.Studying the correlation between depth of overdischarge and mechanical properties is of great significance to improving the energy density and the ability to resist abuse of the batteries.In this paper,the mechanical properties of the battery materials during the whole process of overdischarge from discharge to complete failure were studied.The effects of depth of overdischarge on the elastic modulus and hardness of the cathode of the battery,the tensile strength and the thermal shrinkage rate of the separator,and the performance of binder were investigated.The precipitation of Cu dendrites on the separator and cathode after dissolution of anode copper foil is a key factor affecting the performance of battery materials.The Cu dendrites attached to the cathode penetrate the separator,causing irreversible damage to the coating and base film of the separator,which leads to a sharp decline in the tensile strength,thermal shrinkage rate and other properties of the separator.In addition,the Cu dendrites wrapping the cathode active particles reduce the adhesion of the active particles binder.Meanwhile,the active particles are damaged,resulting in a significant decrease in the elastic modulus and hardness of the cathode.

美光低功耗内存解决方案助力高通第二代骁龙XR2平台

Micron Technology,Inc.(美光科技股份有限)宣布,其低功耗LPDDR5X DRAM和通用闪存UFS 3.1嵌入式解决方案现已通过高通(Qualcomm Technologies,Inc.)最新的扩展现实(XR)平台——第二代骁龙XR2验证。美光LPDDR5X和UFS 3.1外形尺寸紧凑,提供更高速率、更优性能和更低功耗,可灵活支持混合现实(MR)和虚拟现实(VR)设备。LPDDR5X是目前美光最先进的低功耗内存,通过创新的1α制程节点技术和JEDEC能效优化实现更低功耗。

Production of Submicroparticles of β-Sitosterol Using an Aerosol Solvent Extraction System

The submicroparticles of β-sitosterol were produced by using an aerosol solvent extraction system （ASES） and characterized by scanning electronic microscope （SEM）, X-ray diffraction （XRD）, and Fourier transform infrared （FT-IR） analysis. The effects of operational parameters including pressure, temperature, solution concentration, and ratio of flow rate （CO2/solution, r） on particle size （PS）, yield, and morphology were investigated. The results showed that microparticles of β-sitosterol （less than 1000 nm size and larger than 70% yield） could be obtained at 10-15 MPa, 35 50℃, 15 mg·ml^-1, 10/1（r）; β-sitosterol particles were found to occur as three mophologies： flakes, rods, and spheres by varying ratio of flow rate or solution concentration. In contrast, the crystallinity of β-sitosterol decreased, whereas its molecular structure remained almost unchanged after being ASES-treated. Therefore, ASES was an effective method to produce submicroparticles of β-sitosterol.

一种基于SPI配置模式FPGA在线升级方案

常规FPGA程序升级方式,需要使用仿真器通过JTAG接口与FPGA连接,在某些不便开盖环境下,使用常规方式进行FPGA程序升级非常困难。本文介绍了一种基于Flash、FPGA和RS232串行通信组成的FPGA在线升级系统。并以Xilinx公司的XC6SLX75芯片和MICRON公司的M25P64芯片为例,结合SPI配置模式给出了本系统的设计方法。通过上板测试,FPGA完整地接收了所有配置数据,并将其写入Flash中,通过回读Flash中的数据与配置数据比较,完全正确并返回升级成功指令。实践证明,该方法是有效的,在不便开盖的情况下大大降低了升级成本。

Influence of Micronized Chitosan on Antioxidative Activities in Grape Juice

The antioxidant activity of chitosan before micronization (BMC, average particle size of 1850 ± 26.3 μm) and after micronization (AMC, average particle size of 1.37 ± 0.2 μm) in grape juice was studied. Antioxidant activity was determined, including that of DPPH radicals, hydrogen peroxide and superoxide anion radicals, as well as ABTS radicals of BMC or AMC in grape juice. AMC exhibits stronger scavenging activity toward DPPH radicals, superoxide anion radicals and hydrogen peroxide than BMC. At a concentration of 1.0 mg/mL, AMC in grape juice exhibited 90.0%, 97.3% and 88.7% scavenging activities toward DPPH radicals, hydrogen peroxide and superoxide anion radicals, respectively. The TEAC (Trolox Equivalent Antioxidant Capacity) values of AMC (3.94 ± 0.19) greatly exceeded those of BMC (2.21 ± 0.10) in grape juice. The in vitro results in this investigation suggest the possibility that AMC can increase the antioxidant activity in grape juice. However, comprehensive studies must be performed to ascertain the in vivo safety of AMC in experimental animal models.

三公司共同致力手机存储革命

一种新型多代低功耗的、专为2.5G和3G无线手机设计的PSRAM系列产品CellularRAM将于2003年第二季度推出。记者日前采访了这种产品的开发者之一的赛普拉斯半导体公司中国区区域经理关锦明。关锦明说,赛普拉斯、Infineon技术公司和Micron技术公司在9月24日签订了联合开发协议,合作制定CellularRAM存储器规范。CellularRAM是一种新型多代(multi-

2006国际集成电路展(IIC2006)巡礼

广大电子工程师翘首以盼的IIC2006,阳春三月如期而至。已有10年历史的国际集成电路展,今年更是规模空前。有接近200家国际顶尖技术公司在京、沪、深三地巡展了他们的最新产品和解决方案。全球众多半导体供应商也云集此次盛会,如:Intel、Samsung、TexasInstruments、STMicroelectronics、Infineon、Atmel、Renesas、Philips、Freescale、Spansion、NEC、Micron。目前,中国已经成为全球电子产品的制造中心和电子产品消费大国,希望本刊这次对此次盛会新品和新方案的介绍,对广大家电制造企业有所裨益。

图像采集系统

文中介绍基于Intel^(R) PXA27x系列处理器的Intel^(R) Quick Capture技术,结合Micron^(R)MT9V111 CMOS型图像传感器设计图像采集系统的方法。该系统具有连接简便,配置灵活,成本低,功耗小等特点,很适合应用于移动设备中。

3D direct writing and micro detonation of CL-20 based explosive ink containing O/W emulsion binder

The booming development of DIW technology present an unprecedented prospect in energetic materials field and has attracted great interest due to its relative simplicity and high flexibility of manufacturing.Herein,a novel CL-20 based explosive ink formulation have been developed successfully for MEMS initiation systems via DIW technology.We designed PVA/GAP into an oil-in-water(O/W)emulsion,in the way that the aqueous solution of PVA as water phase,the ethyl acetate solution of GAP as oil phase,the combination of Tween 80 and SDS as emulsifier,BPS as a curing agent of GAP.The ideal formulation with good shear-thinning rheology properties and clear gel point was prepared using only 10 wt%emulsion.The dual-cured network formed during the curing process made the printed sample have good mechanical properties.The printed samples had satisfactory molding effect without cracks or fractures,the crystal form of CL-20 not changed and the thermal stability have improved.Deposition of explosive inks via DIW in micro-scale grooves had excellent detonation performances,which critical detonation size was 1×0.045 mm,detonation velocity was 7129 m/s and when the corner reaching 150°can still detonated stably.This study may open new avenues for developing binder systems in explosive ink formulations.

腹腔镜模拟手术三维纠偏系统的研究

目的基于腹腔镜模拟手术训练缺乏有效的训练系统的问题,本文采用双目视觉系统设计了一种腹腔镜模拟手术三维纠偏系统,以达到将原设定切割路径呈现在程序界面,同时实时显示手术刀尖端切割路径,并实现纠正切割路径。方法在Visual Studio 2010软件平台上对Micron Tracker进行二次开发,调用Micron Tracker函数库进行Marker点的识别,采用拉格朗日拟合算法拟合出原定路径,通过逐一调用器械尖端坐标画出器械尖端走过的轨迹。结果使用纠偏系统的A组志愿者和不使用纠偏系统的B组志愿者之间的偏移量比较得出:A组的25次实验整体X轴和Y轴正负平均偏移量均小于B组的偏移量;A、B两组第1次和第5次实验相比,正负平均偏移量均显著减少(P<0.05),且随着受试者操作次数的增加偏移量呈减小的趋势;对A、B两组的正负偏移量进行方差分析,可得因素(纠偏系统)对实验指标(偏移量)有显著影响(F>F-crit)。结论本研究设计的纠偏系统能有效减少培训者在培训过程中的偏移量及培训时间,提高培训效率。

Experiment and simulation of diffusion of micron-particle in porous ceramic vessel

The general behavior of micron-particles in the inner domain of porous ceramic vessel was simulated by computational fluid dynamics software in terms of sampling experimental data.The results show that there is an optimum porosity of 0.32 to get a higher efficiency and lower pressure drop during filtration.According to the results of simulation and experiment,it is evident that lower inlet velocity can maintain lower pressure drop and obtain higher collection efficiency and inlet concentration also has a crucial influence on the collection efficiency.The collection efficiency of equipment increases significantly with the increase of inlet concentration when the inlet concentration is less than 6.3 g/m3,but it gradually tends to be stable in the range of 97.3%-99.7%when the inlet concentration is over this concentration.

Effects of Edible Micronized Chitosan Coating on Quality and Shelf Life of Sliced Papaya

Papaya pulp is very perishable and has a short shelf life. Manually sliced papayas were treated with 0%, 0.25%, 0.5%, and 1% chitosan (non-micronized and micronized) aqueous solutions;placed into plastic trays, and over-wrapped with PVDC film and then stored at 4°C. Color, soluble solid content, water loss, and total plate count of samples were evaluated. Chitosan coating had the ability to maintain the lightness of the sliced papayas. The a* values of the micronized chitosan-coated sliced papayas were significantly lower than those of the-coated. The sliced papayas that had been treated with 1% MC had a higher total soluble solid content and lower b* value after four days of storage. Also, the chitosan coating on the sliced papaya effectively retarded water loss and inhibited the growth of microorganisms. The results reveal that applying a chitosan coating effectively maintained the quality attributes and prolonged the shelf life of the sliced papayas.

Life Cycle Assessment of Ultra-clean Micronized Coal Oil Water Slurry

Life cycle assessment is applied to assess the ultra-clean micronized coal oil water slurry (UCMCOWS) with SimaPro and the environmental impact of UCMCOWS on its whole life cycle is also analyzed. The result shows that the consumption of energy and products are increasing along with the deepening of UCMCOWS processing, UCMCOWS making and combustion are the two periods which have a bigger impact on eco-system and human health. As a new substitute of fuel, UCMCOWS merits to be utilized more efficiently and reasonably.

Micron:新闪存和高速解决方案助数据中心进一步提速

新闪存的速度、功耗和体积进一步优化 专注于NVMe协议PCIe接口的美光科技（Micron）近期推出两款用于数据中心和企业级的基于PCIe接口的产品Micron 9100和7100 PCIe NVMe SSD。新产品可帮助数据中心用户实施灵活且可横向扩展的IT基础设施，

3D集成电路进入商业化领域

在诸如Micron、Toshiba、STMicroelectronics、Intel、Chartered Semiconductor以及TSMC等众多制造商中，使用穿透硅通孔（through—siliconvia）的3D集成技术已经呼之欲出。