In order to validate the atmospheric chemistry measurements by MIPAS,SCIAMACHY,and GOMOS onboard the ENVISAT,three flights of the balloon-borne Michelson Interferometer for Passive Sounding(MIPAS-B) were carried out i...In order to validate the atmospheric chemistry measurements by MIPAS,SCIAMACHY,and GOMOS onboard the ENVISAT,three flights of the balloon-borne Michelson Interferometer for Passive Sounding(MIPAS-B) were carried out in 2002 and 2003 at Aire sur l'Adour(France 44°N,0°E) and Esrange,Kiruna(Sweden 68°N,21°E).The validation campaign activities are summarized in this paper.The MIPAS-B instrument and its data processing procedure as well as the validation approaches are discussed in detail.The satellite and balloon measurements are matched with high coincidence in time and space,allowing a coincident approach to be applied for their comparisons.Further,a trajectory model is used to confirm and enhance the statistical significance of the validation.The validation results show that MIPAS measurements of accuracy for temperature,H2O,O3,HNO3,CH4,N2O,and NO2 are good in the altitude range of 8-39 km(No2,22-39 km).And the precision is good between the altitudes of 15-33 km(No2,22-23 km).However,some exceptions were also found for temperature,H2O,HNO3,and NO2.The SCIAMACHY data of accuracy for O3 and NO2 are within expectations between the altitudes 9-38 km except for O3 in 28-38 km.The GOMOS data about O3 and NO2 are promising according to the preliminary comparison results.展开更多
The ozone budget inside the middle stratospheric polar vortex （24-36 km） during the 2002-2003 Arctic winter is studied by analyzing Michelson Interferometer for Passive Atmospheric Sounding （MIPAS） satellite data....The ozone budget inside the middle stratospheric polar vortex （24-36 km） during the 2002-2003 Arctic winter is studied by analyzing Michelson Interferometer for Passive Atmospheric Sounding （MIPAS） satellite data.A comprehensive global chemical transport model （Model for Ozone and Related Chemical Tracers,MOZART-3） is used to analyze the observed variation in polar vortex ozone during the stratospheric sudden warming （SSW） events.Both MIPAS measurement and MOZART-3 calculation show that a pronounced increase （26-28 DU） in the polar vortex ozone due to the SSW events.Due to the weakening of the polar vortex,the exchange of ozone mass across the edge of the polar vortex increases substantially and amounts to about 3.0 × 10 7 kg according to MOZART-3 calculation.The enhanced downward transport offsets about 80% of polar vortex ozone mass increase by horizontal transport.A ＂passive ozone＂ experiment shows that only ～55% of the vertical ozone mass flux in February and March can be attributed to the variation in vertical transport.It is also shown that the enhanced downward ozone above ～32 km should be attributed to the springtime photochemical ozone production.Due to the increase of air temperature,the NO x reaction rate increases by 40%-80% during the SSW events.As a result,NO x catalytic cycle causes another 44% decrease in polar vortex ozone compared to the net ozone changes due to dynamical transport.It is also shown that the largest change in polar vortex ozone is due to horizontal advection by planetary waves in January 2003.展开更多
一年一度的MIPA（MUSikMesse International Press Awards）评奖活动是欧洲音乐界盛会一法兰克福MusikMesse展览会的一项重要活动．也是音乐行业的一项享有声望的奖项。MIPA奖有40个种类，每个种类由世界各地的58家杂志提名3个产品，最...一年一度的MIPA（MUSikMesse International Press Awards）评奖活动是欧洲音乐界盛会一法兰克福MusikMesse展览会的一项重要活动．也是音乐行业的一项享有声望的奖项。MIPA奖有40个种类，每个种类由世界各地的58家杂志提名3个产品，最终选出每个种类的获奖产品。展开更多
Seawater(SW)-acclimated Nile tilapia,Oreochromis niloticus,reared under a salinity 30 environment had lower growth and survival than the freshwater(FW)-acclimated fish.It was hypothesized that cells of the SW-acclimat...Seawater(SW)-acclimated Nile tilapia,Oreochromis niloticus,reared under a salinity 30 environment had lower growth and survival than the freshwater(FW)-acclimated fish.It was hypothesized that cells of the SW-acclimated fish had not been able to synthesize an adequate level of a compatible osmolyte,myo-inositol(MI),in adjusting to the salinity 30 environment.In this study,MI supplements,at 250,500,and 750 mg/kg pellets,were provided to the fish through top-dressing.After the 30-day feeding trial,the following parameters were determined:final body weights;survival;biomass increase;feed conversion ratio(FCR);plasma osmolality and ions;and two transcripts in the gills mips250 and mipa1 encoding enzymes responsible for MI biosynthesis.The SW-acclimated O.niloticus receiving 500-mg MI supplement had significantly higher survival,biomass increase,and lower FCR than those of the SW-acclimated fish receiving no supplement.At 500-mg MI supplemental level,the increasing values of plasma osmolality and Na+observed in SW-acclimated fish were significantly attenuated.The transcript mipa1,but not mips250,was markedly up-regulated in the SW-acclimated O.niloticus,compared with that of the FW-acclimated fish.Again,MI at 500-mg supplement attenuated the up-regulation significantly.This study suggests that MI supplement at the optimum level enhanced the performance of SW-acclimated O.niloticus,and through yet unknown mechanisms,attenuated some of their physiological responses to the osmotic stress.展开更多
基金support by the Deutsches Zentrum für Luft-und Raumfahrt (DLR) (Project 50EE0020)support from the International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Project of Henan Provinces (Grant No.104300510068) for publication
文摘In order to validate the atmospheric chemistry measurements by MIPAS,SCIAMACHY,and GOMOS onboard the ENVISAT,three flights of the balloon-borne Michelson Interferometer for Passive Sounding(MIPAS-B) were carried out in 2002 and 2003 at Aire sur l'Adour(France 44°N,0°E) and Esrange,Kiruna(Sweden 68°N,21°E).The validation campaign activities are summarized in this paper.The MIPAS-B instrument and its data processing procedure as well as the validation approaches are discussed in detail.The satellite and balloon measurements are matched with high coincidence in time and space,allowing a coincident approach to be applied for their comparisons.Further,a trajectory model is used to confirm and enhance the statistical significance of the validation.The validation results show that MIPAS measurements of accuracy for temperature,H2O,O3,HNO3,CH4,N2O,and NO2 are good in the altitude range of 8-39 km(No2,22-39 km).And the precision is good between the altitudes of 15-33 km(No2,22-23 km).However,some exceptions were also found for temperature,H2O,HNO3,and NO2.The SCIAMACHY data of accuracy for O3 and NO2 are within expectations between the altitudes 9-38 km except for O3 in 28-38 km.The GOMOS data about O3 and NO2 are promising according to the preliminary comparison results.
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No.40633015the National Basic Research Program of China under Grant No.2010CB428604+1 种基金the Dragon 2 Programme (ID:5311)The National Center for Atmospheric Research is sponsored by the National Science Foundation of the USA
文摘The ozone budget inside the middle stratospheric polar vortex （24-36 km） during the 2002-2003 Arctic winter is studied by analyzing Michelson Interferometer for Passive Atmospheric Sounding （MIPAS） satellite data.A comprehensive global chemical transport model （Model for Ozone and Related Chemical Tracers,MOZART-3） is used to analyze the observed variation in polar vortex ozone during the stratospheric sudden warming （SSW） events.Both MIPAS measurement and MOZART-3 calculation show that a pronounced increase （26-28 DU） in the polar vortex ozone due to the SSW events.Due to the weakening of the polar vortex,the exchange of ozone mass across the edge of the polar vortex increases substantially and amounts to about 3.0 × 10 7 kg according to MOZART-3 calculation.The enhanced downward transport offsets about 80% of polar vortex ozone mass increase by horizontal transport.A ＂passive ozone＂ experiment shows that only ～55% of the vertical ozone mass flux in February and March can be attributed to the variation in vertical transport.It is also shown that the enhanced downward ozone above ～32 km should be attributed to the springtime photochemical ozone production.Due to the increase of air temperature,the NO x reaction rate increases by 40%-80% during the SSW events.As a result,NO x catalytic cycle causes another 44% decrease in polar vortex ozone compared to the net ozone changes due to dynamical transport.It is also shown that the largest change in polar vortex ozone is due to horizontal advection by planetary waves in January 2003.
文摘一年一度的MIPA（MUSikMesse International Press Awards）评奖活动是欧洲音乐界盛会一法兰克福MusikMesse展览会的一项重要活动．也是音乐行业的一项享有声望的奖项。MIPA奖有40个种类，每个种类由世界各地的58家杂志提名3个产品，最终选出每个种类的获奖产品。
文摘Seawater(SW)-acclimated Nile tilapia,Oreochromis niloticus,reared under a salinity 30 environment had lower growth and survival than the freshwater(FW)-acclimated fish.It was hypothesized that cells of the SW-acclimated fish had not been able to synthesize an adequate level of a compatible osmolyte,myo-inositol(MI),in adjusting to the salinity 30 environment.In this study,MI supplements,at 250,500,and 750 mg/kg pellets,were provided to the fish through top-dressing.After the 30-day feeding trial,the following parameters were determined:final body weights;survival;biomass increase;feed conversion ratio(FCR);plasma osmolality and ions;and two transcripts in the gills mips250 and mipa1 encoding enzymes responsible for MI biosynthesis.The SW-acclimated O.niloticus receiving 500-mg MI supplement had significantly higher survival,biomass increase,and lower FCR than those of the SW-acclimated fish receiving no supplement.At 500-mg MI supplemental level,the increasing values of plasma osmolality and Na+observed in SW-acclimated fish were significantly attenuated.The transcript mipa1,but not mips250,was markedly up-regulated in the SW-acclimated O.niloticus,compared with that of the FW-acclimated fish.Again,MI at 500-mg supplement attenuated the up-regulation significantly.This study suggests that MI supplement at the optimum level enhanced the performance of SW-acclimated O.niloticus,and through yet unknown mechanisms,attenuated some of their physiological responses to the osmotic stress.
