Dynamics of dissolved organic carbon in the mires in the Sanjiang Plain,Northeast China

Mires in boreal area had proved to be an important dissolved organic carbon （DOC） reserve for the sensitivity to climate change and human interfering. The study was focused on the temporal and spatial dynamics and controlling factors of DOC in a seasonallywaterlogged mire （SLM） and perennially-waterlogged mire （PLM） in the Sanjiang Plain, Northest China. In the two mires, DOC concentrations in both surface water and upper soil strata experienced pronounced seasonal variation. DOC concentrations in the surface waters were the greatest and averagely was 47.82 in SLM and 34.84 mg/L and PLM, whereas that in soil water at 0.3-m depth had little difference （20.25 mg/L in SLM and 26.51 mg/L in PLM）. Results revealed that DOC concentrations declined 5-8 times vertically from the surface down to groundwater. DOC in the groundwater only was in a very small part with the average concentration of 5.18 mg/L. In relation to the surface water, DOC concentrations varied positively with temperature just before 8 August, and only in early spring and later autumn DOC concentrations exhibited identifiable spatial trends along with standing water depths in PLM. It was supposed that the influences from standing water depth took effect only in conditions of low temperature, and temperature should be the most powerful factor controlling DOC dynamics in the mires. Redox potential （Red） showed negative relationship with DOC values while total nitrogen （TN） and the majority of free ions in the soil solution exhibited no relationship. High soil TOC/TN ratio and low redox potentials also led to DOC accumulation in the mires in the Sanjiang Plain.

Ant colonization increased total mercury but reduced methylmercury contents in boreal mires, Northeast China

Soil macroinvertebrates as ecosystem engineers play significant, but largely ignored, roles in affecting mercury(Hg) cycle by altering soil physical-chemical properties. Ant is likely expanded into boreal mires with climate warming, however, its impacts on Hg cycle remained poorly understood. We compared total Hg(THg) and methylmercury(Me Hg) contents in soils from antmounds( Lasius flavus) and the nearby ambient in a boreal mire in Northeast China. The present work seeks to unravel factors that controlling Me Hg levels in case of ant appearance or absence. The average THg was 179 μg/kg in the ant mound and was 106.1 μg/kg in nearby soils, respectively. The average Me Hg was 10.9 μg/kg in the ant mound and was 12.9 μg/kg in nearby soils, respectively. The ratios of Me Hg to THg(%Me Hg) were 7.61% in ant mounds and 16.75% in nearby soils, respectively. Ant colonization caused THg enrichment and Me Hg depletion, and this change was obvious in the 10-20 cm depth soil layer where ants mainly inhabited. Spectrometry characteristics of soil dissolved organic matter(DOM) exert a stronger control than microorganisms on Me Hg variation in soils. A structural equation model revealed that the molecular weight of DOM inhibited Me Hg irrespective of ant presence or absence, while humification conducive to Me Hg significantly in ant mound soils. Microorganisms mainly affected Hg methylation by altering the molecular weight and humification of DOM. We propose that the effects of ant colonization on Me Hg rested on DOM feature variations caused by microorganisms in boreal mires.

一个与Mises轨迹覆盖面积相等的线性屈服条件

在π平面上,取Mises屈服轨迹覆盖面积与其相交十二边形覆盖面积相等的方法确定十二边形6个顶点,顶点与内接点连线为新的屈服轨迹,建立该轨迹在HaighWestergaard应力空间上的直线方程,证明了此方程确定的屈服准则为Mises屈服准则的最大程度的线性逼近,其偏差应力矢量模长与Mises准则模长在π平面上平均误差为零;给出了十二边形内接点顶角为159 836°,圆外顶角为140 164°;以及单位体积塑性功率表达式·

用Mises屈服条件求简支圆板在线性和均布荷载共同作用下的极限荷载

应用Mises屈服条件分析简支圆板在线性荷载和均布荷载共同作用下的极限荷载,并选择不同的试函数,给出极限荷载的变化范围.

单频红外线光能照射仪治疗DPN疗效观察

将70例并发DPN的糖尿病患者随机分为观察组40例采用MIRE治疗,对照组30例采用早钻胺片口服治疗,2周后比较治疗效果。结果1、观察组较对照组MNSI症状评分明显降低(P<0.05);2、10g尼龙丝、数字震动感觉阈值检查示观察组较对照绒组感觉恢复更理想(P<0.05);3、观察组踝肱比值(ABI)及捕动指数(PI)值上升,阴力指数(RI)下降未血游戏改善明显,而对照组无明显改变(P<0.05)。结论单MIRE不仅可明显改善糖尿病患者周围神经病变症状,还明显改善患者感觉及血流量化指标,是一种治疗DPN的非常有效的方法。

Early Snowmelt Enhances the Carbon Sequestration of Hummock-Forming Sphagnum Mosses on Boreal Wetlands

Sphagnum mosses are globally important owing to their considerable peat-forming ability and their potential impact on global climatic cycles acting as a long-term net carbon sink. However, changes in climatic conditions due to global warming may affect the relations between Sphagnum mosses and vascular plants but also the competition among Sphagnum, and thus alter the accumulation of carbon on boreal wetlands. Sphagnum mosses are a plant genus with a favorable ability to grow in low solar irradiance and temperature conditions compared to vascular plants. This may be increasingly beneficial in increased wintertime temperatures and predated snowmelt conditions. To understand particularly the importance of early spring photosynthetic activity and thus the role of the length of growing season on carbon balance, we analyzed the CO2 exchange of Sphagnum mosses with closed chamber technique in two categories of microtopographical habitats, hummocks and lawns, during four seasons 2010-2013 on a raised bog in Central Finland. During CO2 exchange measurements, instantaneous net ecosystem exchange (NEE) and ecosystem respiration (RE) were measured. Our results show that the mean measured seasonal NEE, i.e. the instantaneous net carbon sequestration, of hummocks was generally only slightly higher than the NEE of lawns, but the mean measured seasonal RE of hummocks was clearly and significantly higher than the RE of lawns in every study year. A reason for the observed still higher seasonal carbon sequestration of hummocks than that of lawns besides the slightly higher rate of carbon accumulation was the longer duration of physiologically active growing season. Therefore, hummock-forming Sphagnum mosses exposed firstly from snow cover showed to get the extra time for photosynthesis and thus extra benefit compared to other mire plants. This may be further enhanced by the expansion of hummock-forming Sphagnum moss dominated raised bogs towards northern aapa-mire region due to the global warming.

THE MIRE IN NORTHEAST OF CHINA

The northeast region is one of the principal mire distribution regions in China. According to the process of peat formation and accumulation , middle geomorphology type controlling water source supplement and the plant cover, 2 types, 10 subtypes and 27 mire bodies are divided. The mire area decreases gradually from north to south. There is more peat mire in the mountain and there is mainly gley mire without peat in the plain. The paper also explains the mire types in the principal mire distribution region and the utilization of mire in the fields of agriculture, forest, animal husbandry. The mire is a wetland ecosystem. It can reserve a lot of water, adjust rivers, humidify air. Thereby , attention must be paid to protecting ecological balance in the process of reclaiming mire and the mire protection.

THE ECOLOGICAL FEATURES AND ECOLOGICAL CONSTRUCTIONS OF A MIRE IN CHINA

A mire as an ecosystem, usually is considered as an aquatic ecosystem,or a terrestrial ecosystem. The author thinks that mire is a special ecosystem between these two ecosystems, and proposes the new concept that a mire is a natural ecosystem with transitional nature of semi-water and semi-land formed by water and land interaction. The paper discusses the nature of the mire ecosystem, the exploitation and utilization and ecological construction of a mire.

ESTIMATION OF VEGETATIVE SURFACE ALBEDO IN THE KUSHIRO MIRE WITH LANDSAT TM DATA──A New Approach to Atmospheric and Spectral Corrections

A method has been developed for estimating the filtered narrow band surface albedo with Landsat/TM date. In this method, the surface albedo from fitered range of Landsat/TM is converted to the surface albedo with unfiltered spcectral range. The atmospheric effects on each channel are systematically different, because of the different spectral behavior of atmospheric parameters.As a result, in this study, atmospheric correction has ho done respectively in different parameters for visible and infrared channels. The surface albedos of the Kushiro Mire gotten with this method were compared with the observed date there. The results show that the satellite inferred albedos have a good agreement tO the diurnal mean of ground observed albedos with 3% systematic error. There is a seasonal variation of albedo in high and low mires, the albedo decreased gradually from April to July and reached its minimum in July, further it rose gradually from August to October. It is also clear that there is a characteristic pattern of surface distribution according to the vegetation types of this area. The average surface albedos of each type of community are 0.164 for Sphagnum, 0.175 for Carex, 0.179 for Pragmites and 0.166 for Alnus. In the other words, the albedo in high mire (mainly covered by Sphagnum) is lower than that in low mire (mainly covered by phragmites and Carex).

THE MAIN METEOROLOGICAL FACTORS OF FORMATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF MIRE MEADOW OF QINGHAI LAKE DRAINAGE AREA

Qinghai Lake is located in the northeastern Qinghai Xizang(Tibet) Plateau. It is an especially big light saltwater lake. The mire meadow in Qinghai Lake drainage area is an eco system which is affected by the eco environment factors. Its formation, development and temporal and spatial distribution law are decided by a few main meteorological factors in the eco environment to a certain extent. The main meteorological factors are ≥10℃ accumulated temperature, precipitation from May to September and annual humidity coefficient. The mathematical model of the mire wetland rate and the main meteorological factors is given by multivariate linear regression in the paper.

FLOROGEOGRAPHY OF MIRE PLANTS IN SOUTHERN PART OF QINGHAI-XIZANG PLATEAU AND ITS ADJACENT AREAS

The southern part of the Qinghai Xizang (Tibet) Plateau and its adjacent area are rich in mire flora. There are 51 families, 101 genera and 220 species. The geographical compositions of this region are very complex, consisting of the following geographical elements: tropic subtropic elements approximating to 8.33% of the entire flora in the region, tropic temperate elements 22.71%, temperate elements 43.18%, cosmopolitan elements 9.85%, the Qinghai Xizang endemic elements 14.39%, north polemountain elements 1.51%. Temperate elements in this region are dominant. The dominant species of mires, Carex lasiocarpa, in this region is also found in northeast China, Finland and North America. The origin of mires of this region is earlier than northeast China and Finland. This shows that the southern part of the Qinghai Xizang Plateau and its adjacent areas may be the centre of the origin and distribution of temperate elements.

ON THE INFORMATION OF MIRE DEPOSITIONAL ENVIRONMENT

Mire is the product of the Quaternary. It mostly formed, developed and declined after the postglacial age. Therefore the chemical element analysis, spore-pollen analysis, 14C dating, mire plant determination for mire sediment, and the study on hierarchy relation of mire sediment, can provide a lot of information for restoring paleogeography, paleoclimate and environmental change. So some people called mire sediment-peat as 'database of environment'.

Relationship between Mire Vegetation and Volcanic Activity： A Case Study in Tadewara Mire, a Volcanic Mire in the South-Western Japan

Relationship between volcanic activity and vegetation change with special reference to chemical environmental change in soil by volcanic activity has been investigated in Tadewara mire in the Aso-Kujyu volcano area, south western Japan. A core of 420.0 cm depth was collected for peat forming plants analysis and chemical analysis. A distinct peak of sulfur content in peat core was found at the depth of 105.0-115.0 cm. Chronological changes of dominant species within the peat forming plants community showed both progressive and retrogressive successions. Vegetation change of Tadewara mire within recent 1000 years showed retrogressive succession from Sphagnum community to Moliniopsis and Phragmites communities after the sulfur compound deposition, whereas vegetation showed progressive succession after the deposition of sulfur became smaller. Enrichment of sulfur in sediment core appeared over the water impermeable layer with clay texture on volcanic ash horizon, and then vegetation change could be induced by the paludification caused by the clay layer. Deposition of volcanic ash layer and the following formation of water impermeable layer were dated at 970 ＋ 40 yBP by 14C dating data, and it corresponded to the eruption of Mount Kurotake recorded at 980 ＋ 30 yBP. Retrogressive succession can be the result of hydrological change rather than direct chemical changes in soil.

Analysis of Mine Environmental Protection and Restoration Management

In humnan suvival and development,mineal resources ane n inportant puazantee.Minenal resouces play皿estemely important role in ecomomumic development and social progess Mineral resources ae a kind of non-renewable resources.The contimuous exploitation of mineral resources has led to more and more seious damage to the geological envinorment,which in tum has led to the problem of sbortage of mieral resources.I the mining process will also cause damage to the environment,which seniously affects the ecological sabilty.So far,the inareasing awareness of emvironmeantal protection and the rapid economic development n China have put the geological protection of mies on the agenda This paper willl focus on the mangement of mine enviroumental protection and restoration.

Molecular cloning and comparative analysis of transcripts encoding chemosensory proteins from two plant bugs, Lygus lineolaris and Lygus hesperus

Chemosensory proteins(CSPs)are soluble carrier proteins typically characterized by a six‐helix bundle structure joined by two disulfide bridges and a conserved Cys spacing pattern(C1‐X6‐8‐C2‐X16‐21‐C3‐X2‐C4).CSPs are functionally diverse with reported roles in chemosensation,immunity,development,and resistance.To expand our molecular understanding of CSP function in plant bugs,we used recently developed transcriptomic resources for Lygus lineolaris and Lygus hesperus to identify 17 and 14 CSP‐like sequences,respectively.The Lygus CSPs are orthologous and share significant sequence identity with previously annotated CSPs.Three of the CSPs are predicted to deviate from the typical CSP structure with either five or seven helical segments rather than six.The seven helix CSP is further differentiated by an atypical C3‐X3‐C4 Cys spacing motif.Reverse transcriptase PCR‐based profiling of CSP transcript abundance in adult L.lineolaris tissues revealed broad expression for most of the CSPs with antenna specific expression limited to a subset of the CSPs.Comparative sequence analyses and homology modeling suggest that variations in the amino acids that comprise the Lygus CSP binding pockets affect the size and nature of the ligands accommodated.

Traditional grazing management creates heterogeneous swards and fosters grasshopper densities

Common pastures were once the dominant type of land use in many Euro-pean regions.However,during the past 150 years,they have declined dramatically.Recent studies have shown that they are hotspots for rare plant,butterfly,and bird species in the study area,the Bavarian pre-Alps(southern Germany).However,studies on the value of these pastures for Orthoptera(hereinafter termed"grasshoppers")have been scarce.Here,we studied the effects of traditional summer grazing in common pastures on grasshopper assemblages.Our study revealed that grasshopper species richness did not differ between common pastures(n=57)and controls(n=57).By contrast,density of all and of threat-ened species varied between common pastures and controls in all plots and within the two vegetation types with the highest grasshopper abundance,grasslands on mineral soil and fens.Two threatened species,Pseudochorthippus montanus and Stethophyma grossum,were identified as indicators for common pastures;controls had no indicative species.Traditional low-intensity grazing in common pastures has resulted in open and heteroge-neous swards with some bare ground,a low cover of litter and an intermediate vegetation height favouring high densities of grasshopper species in general and threatened species in particular.This is especially true for the two most productive vegetation types,grasslands on mineral soil and fens.To promote biodiversity in general and grasshopper densities in particular,we recommend maintaining traditional cattle grazing(stocking capacities:0.5-2.0 livestock units/ha)in common pastures.Where possible,this grazing regime should also be introduced in the surrounding landscape.