Thermal Decomposition of Ammonium 3-Nitro-1,2,4-triazol-5-onate Monohydrate

The thermal decomposition of ammonium 3-nitro-1,2,4-triazol-5-onate monohydrate[NH4（NTO）·H2O] was studied by means of thermal analysis-MS coupling and the combination technique of in situ thermolysis cell with rapid-scan Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The results show that there are two endothermic steps and one exothermic step in the decomposition process of NH4（NTO）·H2O. The detected gas products consist of NH3, H2O, N2, CO2, CO, and NO2.

Ultrasound assisted crystallization of cephalexin monohydrate:Nucleation mechanism and crystal habit control

With the high-quality requirements for cephalexin monohydrate,developing a robust and practical crystallization process to produce cephalexin monohydrate with good crystal habit,appropriate aspect ratio and high bulk density as well as suitable flowability is urgently needed.This research has explored the influence of ultrasound on crystallization of cephalexin monohydrate in terms of nucleation mechanism and crystal habit control.The results of metastable zone width and induction time measurement showed the presence of ultrasound irradiation can narrow the metastable zone and shorten induction time.Cavitation phenomena generated by ultrasound were used to qualitatively explain the mechanism of ultrasound promoting nucleation of cephalexin monohydrate.Furthermore,on the basis of classical nucleation theory and induction time data,a series of nucleation-related parameters(such as crystalliquid interfacial tension,radius of the critical nucleus and etc.)were calculated and showed a decreasing trend under ultrasound irradiation.The diffusion coefficient of the studied system was also determined to increase by 72.73%under ultrasound.The changes in these parameters have quantitatively confirmed the mechanism of ultrasound influence on the nucleation process.In further,the calculated surface entropy factor has confirmed that the growth of cephalexin monohydrate follows continuous growth mechanism under the research conditions of this work.Through the exploration of crystallization conditions,it is found that suitable ultrasonic treatment,seeding,supersaturation control and removal of fine crystals are conducive to improving the quality of cephalexin monohydrate product.Optimizing the crystallization process coupled continuous ultrasound irradiation with fine-crystal dissolution policy has achieved the controllable production of monodisperse cephalexin monohydrate crystal with good performance.

Structure, Growth and Characterization of Ammonium 5-Sulfosalicylic Acid Monohydrate Crystal

Ammonium 5-sulfosalicylic acid monohydrate （NH4·C7H5O6S·H2O, ASSA） was synthesized and optical grade crystal with dimensions of 45ram × 20mm × 18mm was obtained from aqueous solution by the cooling solution method. The crystal structure was confirmed by X-ray single-crystal diffraction method and the empirical composition is C7HIINO7S with formula weight 253.23. The crystal belongs to monoclinic space group P21/c with a = 1 1.884（9）, b = 7.306（5）, c = 12.152（9） A, β = 104.851（13）°, V= 1019.8（13） A3, Z = 4, Dc = 1.649 g/cm3,μ = 0.340 mm-1, F（000） =528, the final R= 0.0307 and wR= 0.0866 for 7494 observed reflections （I〉 2σ（I））, Elemental analysis, 1R and 1H-NMR spectrum were used to characterize the compound. Thermal analysis showed that one coordination water molecule was contained and dehydration temperature of ASSA crystal was 106℃. Optical transmission and fluorescence spectrum revealed that the ASSA crystal exhibited a strong absorption in ultraviolet region with the sharp absorption edge located at 340 nm and a significant blue fluorescent emission band at 442 nm.

Synthesis,Growth and Spectroscopic Studies of Piperazinium Paranitrophenolate Monohydrate Crystals

A new piperazinium 4-nitro phenolate monohydrate single crystal(PNP)was grown by employing the solution growth technique piperazine and 4-nitrophenol,were the source material used for the growth,acetonitrile is used as solvent.The grown crystal was characterized by Single X-ray analysis and it shows that piperazinium 4-nitrophenol monohydrate crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P2 1/c,with cell parameters a=10.902 5(4),b=6.226 1(3),c=14.031 8(5),and z=4.The lattice parameters of the substances were also determined by using powder diffraction methods.The functional groups are identified by using FTIR spectral analysis.The absorbance of title compound were analyzed using UV-Vis spectra.The thermo analytical properties of the crystal were studied using TG,DTA.

Synthesis and Crystal Structure of N-[(3aR,4R,4aR,5aS,6S,6aS)-1,3-Dioxo-octahydro-4,6-ethenocyclopropa[f]isoindol-2(1H)-yl]-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenylmethanimine Monohydrate

The crystal structure of the title compound （C19H17F3N2O4, Mr = 394.35） was determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The crystal belongs to monoclinic, space group C2/c with a = 28.383（6）, b = 10.355（2）, c = 12.799（3） A, β = 111.74（3）°, V= 3493.8（12） A3, Z = 8, De = 1.499 g,/cm3, λ（MoKα） = 0.71073, F（000） = 1632,μ = 0.127 mm^-1, R = 0.0412 and wR = 0.1019. In the title compound, there exist three intermolecular hydrogen interactions （O（4）...O（1）, 0（4）...0（3） and O（4）...N（1）） between water. The neighboring molecules are linked to each other generating a two-dimensional network structure via the three intermolecular hydrogen bonds and π-π interactions shaped by phen-phen with centroid distance of 4.049 A.

Synthesis and Crystal Structure of 5-Allyl-2,3-dihydro-9-(2-hydroxy-5-oxocyclopent-1-enyl)-cyclopenta[b]chromen-1(9H)-one Monohydrate

The title compound 5-allyl-2,3-dihydro-9-（2-hydroxy-5-oxocyclopent-1-enyl）-cyclopenta[b]chromen-1（9H）-one monohydrate（C20H18O4.H2O,Mr = 340.36） was synthesized and crystallized.It crystallizes in the triclinic system,space group P with a = 8.5840（17）,b = 8.7027（17）,c = 11.561（2）,α = 89.69（3）,β = 74.33（3）,γ = 86.13（3）°,V = 829.6（3）（A°）^3,Z = 2,Dc = 1.363 g/cm^3,MoKa radiation（λ = 0.71073 ）,F（000） = 360,μ = 0.098 mm^-1,the final R = 0.0430 and wR = 0.1008 for 2957 observed reflections with（I 〉 2σ（I））.X-ray analysis reveals that atoms C（1）,C（2）,C（3）,C（4）,C（5） and O（1） on the new pyran ring are coplanar,which is obviously different from the half-chair or boat conformations of other similar compounds.

Nonlinear Optical Properties and Optical Limiting Measurements of {(1Z)-[4-(Dimethylamino)Phenyl]Methylene} 4-Nitrobenzocarboxy Hydrazone Monohydrate under CW Laser Regime

We report results from the investigation of the nonlinear refractive index and nonlinear absorption coefficient of {(1Z)-[4-(Dimethylamino)phenyl]methylene} 4-nitrobenzocarboxy hydrazone mono-hydrate (DMPM4NBCHM) solution using Z-scan technique with a continuous wave (CW) Argon ion laser. The results show that this type of organic material has a large nonlinear absorption and nonlinear refractive index at 488 nm and 514 nm. The origin of the nonlinear effects was discussed. We demonstrate that the light induced nonlinear refractive index variation, leads to limiting effect. The results indicated that DMPM4NBCHM could be promising candidates for application on nonlinear photonic devices and optical limiters.

Comparative proteomic analysis of renal tubular epithelial cell injury caused by oxalic acid and calcium oxalate monohydrate

Objective To analyze and identify the differentially expressed proteins in human renal tubular epithelial ceils ( HK-2) after injury caused by oxalic acid and calcium oxalate monohydrate ( COM ) crystal,and to explore the potential role of renal tubular cell injury in kidney stone formation. Methods Normal HK-2 cells

Crystal Structure and Thermochemical Properties of 2-Pyrazine Carboxylate Lithium Monohydrate [Li（pyza）（H2O）]n（S）（pyza=2-Pyrazine Carboxylate）

A 2-pyrazine carboxylate lithium monohydrate [Li（pyza）（H2O）]n was synthesized in a mixed solution of redistilled water and anhydrous ethanol. X-Ray crystallography was applied to characterizing its crystal structure. Low temperature molar heat capacities were measured in a temperature range of from 78 K to 400 K with a precision automatic adiabatic calorimeter. Two polynomial equations of experimental molar heat capacity as a function of temperature were obtained by the least-squares method. The smoothed molar heat capacities and thermodynamic functions of the compound were calculated based on the fitted polynomial equations. In accordance with Hess＇s law, a reasonable thermochemical cycle was designed based on the preparation reaction of the target compound. The standard molar enthalpies of dissolution for the reactants and products of the designed thermochemical reaction were measured by an isoperibol solution-reaction calorimeter, and the enthalpy change of the reaction was obtained, i.e., △rHm^ Ф→=-（30.084±0.329） kJ/mol. The standard molar enthalpy of the formation of the target compound was determined as △fHm^ Ф→,{[Li（pyza）（H2O）n（S）} =-（260.844±1.178） kJ/mol based on the enthalpy change of the reaction and standard molar enthalpies of the formation of other reactants and products. In addition, UV-Vis spectroscopy and the data of the refractive indexes were used to confirm whether the designed Hess thermochemieal cycle was reasonable and reliable.

The synthesis and structural studies of mixed ligand complex,tris(1-phenyl-3-methyl-4-trifluoroacetylpyrazol-5-one)mono(1-phenyl-3-methyl-pyrazol5-one)neodymium(Ⅲ)monohydrate

A mixed ligand neodymium complex containing 1-phenyl-3-methyl-4-trifluoroacetyl- pyrazol-5-one(HPMTFP)and 1-phenyl-3-methyl-pyrazol-5-one(PMP),with molecular formula Nd(PMTFP)_3·PMP·H_2O was synthesized.Its crystal and molecular structure has been determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction method.The complex crystallizes in monoclinic system with space group C_2~5h-P2_(1/n).There are four formula units in a cell of dimensions a=12.837(3),b=23.763(5),c=16.810(4) ,β=109.58(2)°.The structure has been refined by full-matrix least-squares techniques to a final R value of 0.0487 and Rw value of 0.432.The neodymium atom is coordinated to eight oxygen atoms with the average Nd-O bond length 2.439,Its thermostability,and mass spectrum have been discussed.

Histological changes and antidiabetic activities of Icacina trichantha tuber extract in beta-cells of alloxan induced diabetic rats

Objective:To investigate the antidiabetic,hypolipidaemic activities and histopathological changes ofIcacina trichantha(I.trichantha)tuber extract in alloxan induced diabetic rats.Methods:In the present study,80%methanol extract of I.trichanthatuber was tested on alloxan induced diabetic rats.They were randomly grouped into control(distilled water and glibenclamide)and experimental(200,400 and 600 mg/kg body weight).Diabetes was induced by a single intraperitoneal injection of 160 mg/kg body weight of alloxan.Blood glucose levels weremeasured using blood glucose test strips with AccuCheck Advantage II glucometer at 1,3,6,and 24 h on the first day and 1 h after treatment on Day 7,14 and 21.Blood samples were collected and centrifuged to separate serum for estimation of lipid profile and other biochemical parameters.Histopathological changes in diabetic rats pancreas were also studied after extract treatment.Results:Daily oral administration ofI.trichanthatuber extract(200,400,and 600 mg/kg bodyweight)and glibenclamide(2 mg/kg)showed beneficial effects on blood glucose level(P<0.01)as well as improving liver,kidney functions and hyperlipidaemia due to diabetes.The extract had a favourable effect on the histopathological changes of the pancreas in alloxan induced diabetes.Conclusions:I.trichanthatuber extracts posses antidiabetic activities as well as improve liver and renal profile and total lipids levels.I.trichanthatuber extracts also have favourable effects to inhibit the histopathological changes of the pancreas in alloxan induced diabetes.

Studies on the Hypoglycemic and Hypolipidemic Effects of <i>Nelumbo nucifera</i>Leaf in Long-Evans Rats

The study was carried out to evaluate the hypolipidemic and hypoglycemic effect of Nelumbo nucifera leaf powder. In rats, hyperlipidemia was induced by feeding High Fat Diet (Lab diet: Dalda: Coconut oil = 4:3:1) and type 2 diabetes was built inside by injecting Alloxan. The sample N. nucifera leaf powder was added in different percentages with the regular Lab Diet for 21 days feeding. In case of hyperlipidemia developed groups, feeding of Nelumbo nucifera leaf powder at, 30% (70% Lab diet + 30% Sample), 20% (80% Lab diet + 20% Sample) and 10% (90% Lab diet + 10% Sample) showed varied but in a nutshell significant (p Nelumbo nucifera leaf powder for 21 days resulted significant decrease in the blood glucose levels of alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Both the percentages of Nelumbo nucifera leaf powder having 20% with 80% Lab Diet and 10% with 90% Lab Diet significantly (p Nelumbo nucifera powder was found to be exerted to the more prominent effects in lowering the blood glucose level. Nelumbo nucifera leaf powder had 75% efficacy rate in lowering the blood glucose level in comparison to the drug control group treated with glibenclamide which was found with the decreasing capability up to 66%. Although not significant, it, based on the data, can be stated that the sample is endowed with the quality of decreasing capability of body weight. Thus, results of the experimental study reveal that the leaf of Nelumbo nucifera has potent hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic properties.

Hypoglycemic Effect Study of a Combination of Some Stipulated Spices in Alloxan Induced Diabetic Wistar Albino Rats along with Nutritional Value Evaluation

The main purpose of the study was to reveal the hypoglycemic effect of a combination of some selected spices along with the evaluation of nutritional values. A sum of fourteen different types of spices at different percentages were taken into consideration to propel the research activities forward, viz;ginger, garlic, onion, red chili, turmeric, cumin, cinnamon, clove, coriander, fenugreek, black pepper, nigella, carom seed and cardamom. The healthy experimental wistar albino rats were made diabetic by injecting alloxan monohydrate intraperitoneally a dose of 150 mg/kg body weight. The rats of Group-D and Group-E were treated with the sample, mixed spices at a dose of 100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg body weight respectively with the lab diet while in case of Group-C, glibenclamide at a dose of 0.5 mg/kg body weight was introduced with the lab diet for a total period of 21 days where as for the same days span, Group-A and Group-B were continued feeding with only lab diet. Data suggest that the mixed spices of both doses applied in Group-D and Group-E had exerted effects significantly (p 0.05) in lowering the blood glucose level. On 22nd day, in Group-D and Group-E, the FBG level was found to be reduced by around 40.66% and 41.18% respectively compared to their respective initial days where in Group-C, the reduction was around 51.90% in comparison to its initial day. Again, in case of 2hPG level measurement, on 22nd day, both the groups, Group-D and Group-E were found with the decreased level of around 19.38% and 39.11% respectively compared to their respective initial days while the Group-C was shown with the reduced of 44.26% in comparison adopting same manner. Furthermore, various analyses confirm the presence of several micro and macro nutrients and high amount of dietary fiber in the spices mix. Thus the result affirms that this combined spice possesses strong hypoglycemic properties.

Comparative Study between the Effect of <i>Momordica charantia</i>(Wild Type) Fruits and <i>Coccinia cordifolia</i>’s Leaf on Hypoglycemic and Hypolipidemic Activities of Alloxan

Aims: The study was aimed to compare the hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effect of Momordica charantia (wild type) fruits and Coccinia cordifolia’s leaf in alloxan induced type 2 diabetic Long-Evans rats. Methods: All rats were divided into groups A to H (n = 48, 06 rats per group). They were made diabetic by intraperitoneally injecting alloxan monohydrate 150-mg/Kg-body weight. Groups A and B were provided with normal diet and glibenclamide plus normal diet respectively. C to H groups were provided with different percentages (70%, 50% and 30% of regular diet) of samples. Different biochemical parameters (blood glucose level, serum total cholesterol, triglyceride (TG), LDL, HDL, serum insulin, hepatic glycogen) were observed for 21 consecutive days (at eight days interval). Results: Oral administration of both of the Momordica charantia (wild type) fruits and Coccinia cordifolia’s leaf significantly (p nificantly (p level and LDL in type 2 diabetic rats. HDL levels were increased slightly and hepatic glycogen level was more or less unchanged in both groups at 22nd day. Conclusion: Though both samples show hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic activities, 50% wild type fruits of Momordica charantia were more significant

HELMHOLTZ FREE ENERGY IN A SYSTEM OF ANISOTROPIC CHAINLIKE MOLECULES AND ITS APPLICATIONS FOR NORMAL MONOHYDRIC ALCOHOLS AND NORMAL ALKANES

1 INTRODUCTIONAfter Prausnitz et al.published the perturbed hard-sphere chain theory(PHCT),manymodified theories have been put forward,such as the perturbed soft-sphere chain theory(PSCT),the perturbed anisotropic chain theory(PACT)and the associated perturbedanisotropic chain theory(APACT).These theories are all concerned with the parameter3c.But,Wertheim in his work proved that the free energy of hard-sphere chain couldbe calculated without 3c.Induced by the work done by Wertheim,Chapman

Individual Responses to Creatine Supplementation on Muscular Power is Modulated by Gene Polymorphisms in Military Recruits

Purpose The aim was to explore five established SNPs(rs1815739,rs1805086,rs2700352,rs28497577,and rs28357094)that are known to modulate skeletal muscle protein kinetics in response to creatine supplementation.Methods A randomized,placebo-controlled,repeated measures design was used.Participants(n=152)were rand-omized divided into one of two groups:CREA(20 g/day creatine monohydrate)or PLAC:(dextrose)for 7 days.SNP were assessed,and participants were classified accordingly.Before and after supplementation,anthropometrics(height and body mass)and performance measures(vertical jump,countermovement vertical jump,squat jump,abdominal crunches,and maximum push-ups)were assessed.Results CREA gained more body mass than PLAC(CREA:Δ0.864±0.06 kg;PLAC:Δ0.154±0.07 kg,P<0.001).In the CREA group,the presence of an A allele for the MYLK1 polymorphism was related to changes in countermovement jump height(P=0.027;effect size[d]=0.41)and leg power(P=0.040,effect size[d]=0.18).The total number of abdominal crunches after supplementation was influenced by treatments and SPP1 gene(P=0.041).A higher number of abdominal crunches was associated with the G allele in the CREA group and the TT genotype in the PLAC group(effect size[d]=0.04).Conclusion Collectively,short-term creatine supplementation increased body mass but was unable to alter muscle perfor-mance.However,following creatine supplementation,participants expressing A alleles in the MYLK1 polymorphism had a greater increase in jump height and leg power and participants expressing G alleles in the SPP1 gene had greater improve-ments in abdominal crunch performance.

Effect of different sources and levels of iron in the diet of sows on iron status in neonatal pigs

This study was conducted to determine the effects of maternal dietary supplementation of ferrous glycine chelate(Fe-Gly) and ferrous sulfate monohydrate(FeSO_4·H_2O) on the relative organ weight, tissue iron contents, red blood cells(RBC), hemoglobin concentration(HGB) and hematocrit(HCT) in blood, as well as ferritin(Fn), serum iron(SI), and total iron binding capacity(TIBC) in serum of newborn piglets.Forty-five sows(Landrace × Large white, mean parity 3 to 4, no significant differences in BW) were randomly allotted to 9 treatments(n=5 sows/treatment): control(basal diet with no Fe supplementation), the basal diet supplemented with 50, 80, 110 or 140 mg Fe/kg as Fe-Gly, and the basal diet supplemented with 50, 80, 110 or 140 mg Fe/kg as FeSO_4·H_2O.The neonatal piglets(n=45) were used to determine the relative organ weight, tissue iron contents and blood biochemical indices.Compared with the control, the relative weight of spleen and kidney were significantly increased(P < 0.05) in the Fe-Gly groups.The iron contents in liver,spleen, kidney and femur were also found increased(P < 0.05) in the Fe-Gly groups.The RBC(d 1 and 21),HGB(d 1 and 21) and HCT(d 1 and 21) in blood and Fn(d 1) and SI(d 1 and 21) significantly increased(P < 0.05), but the TIBC(d 1 and 21) in serum decreased(P < 0.05) in the Fe-Gly groups.Moreover, the kidney relative weight, iron content in liver, spleen, kidney and femur, RBC(d 1) and HGB(d 21) in blood, and SI(d 1)in the Fe-Gly groups increased(P < 0.05) compared with the FeSO_4·H_2O treatment.Linear and quadratic responses of the kidney relative weight, the iron content in liver, spleen, kidney and femur, RBC(d 1 and 21),HGB(d 1 and 21) and HCT(d 1 and 21) in whole blood, SI(d 1) and TIBC(d 1 and 21) in the Fe-Gly groups were observed(P < 0.05).Linear responses of Fn(d 1 and 21) and SI(d 21) in the Fe-Gly groups, and spleen relative weight, HCT(d 1), Fn(d 1) and TIBC(d 1 and 21) in the FeSO_4·H_2O groups were observed(P < 0.05).These finding suggest that Fe-Gly supplemented at the level of 110 mg/kg in the diet of sows in this experiment is superior to other forms of supplementation, based on HGB concentration, the relative organ weight, tissue iron contents and blood biochemical indices of piglets.

西洋蓍草提取物对糖尿病大鼠的β细胞保护活性及降糖、降脂作用(英文)

AIM:To evaluate the therapeutic uses of Achillea millifolium in diabetic rats.METHODS:Diabetes was induced bysingle intraperitoneal injection of freshly prepared solution of alloxan monohydrate(150 mg·kg.1 body weight) in Wistar rats of150.200 g body weight.In this study,the aqueous and methanolic extract of Achillea millifolium was studied for its hypoglycemic andhypolipidemic properties.The rats were divided into several groups,serving as Normal group,Diabetic Control group,Diabetictreated with glibenclamide,and extract treated groups.The blood serum collected from the various groups of rats was analysed for itsvarious biochemical parameters like glucose,cholesterol,triglycerides,VLDL,SGOT,SGPT and ALP.On the 14th day of the experimentthe rats were scarified and pancreas was collected for histopathological studies.RESULTS:The extracts at dose levels of 250and 500 mg·kg.1 body weight showed significant(P ≤ 0.05) decrease in blood glucose level,TGL,VLDL,cholesterol,SGOT,SGPT,and ALP in diabetic rats.The extracts prevented the β-cells of pancreas from the cytotoxic effects of Alloxan monohydrate.CONCLUSION:The results indicate that the extracts as mentioned above are effective in hyperglycemia and can effectively protectagainst other metabolic aberrations caused by alloxan monohydrate.

Effect of impeller design on homogeneity, size and strength of pharmaceutical granules produced by high-shear wet granulation

Small mixer impeller design is not tailored for granulation because impellers are intended for a wide range of processes. The aim of this research was to evaluate the performances of several impellers to provide guidance on the selection and design for the purposes of granulation. Lactose granules were produced using wet granulation with water as a binder. A Kenwood KM070 mixer was used as a standard apparatus and five impeller designs with different shapes and surface areas were used. The efficacy of granulate for- mation was measured by adding an optically sensitive tracer to determine variations in active ingredient content across random samples of granules from the same size classes. It was found that impeller design influenced the homogeneity of the granules and therefore can affect final product performance. The vari- ation in active ingredient content across granules of differing size was also investigated. The results show that small granules were more potent than larger granules,

Facile Synthesis of Boronic Acid-Functionalized Magnetic Mesoporous Silica Nanocomposites for Highly Specific Enrichment of Glycopeptides

In the work, aminophenylboronic acid （APB）-functionalized magnetic mesoporous silica, which holds the attractive features of high magnetic responsivity and large surface area, was developed to enrich glycopeptides. At first, magnetic mesoporous silica nanocomposites were prepared. And then, the nanocomposites were functioned with glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane （GLYMO） for boronic acid immobilization. Due to that the boronic acid group on the surface of magnetic mesoporous silica nanocomposites can form tight yet reversible covalent bond with glycopeptides containing cis-1,2-diols groups, the magnetic mesoporous silica nanocomposites were successfully applied to selective enrichment of glycopeptides. APB functionalized magnetic mesoporous silica was also demonstrated to have high selectivity for the glycopeptides in the presence of a 10-fold excess bovine serum albumin （BSA） over horseradish peroxidase （HRP） in the tryptic digest. We also find that magnetic rnesoporous silica has better sensitivity in HRP digest compared with that of commercial aminophenylboronic acid-functionalized magnetic nanoparticles beads. The limit of detection for glycopeptides from glycoprotein HRP is about 0.01 ng/μL.