Impacts of anisotropy coefficient and porosity on the thermal conductivity and P-wave velocity of calcarenites used as building materials of historical monuments in Morocco

It is essential to study the porosity,thermal conductivity,and P-wave velocity of calcarenites,as well as the anisotropy coefficients of the thermal conductivity and P-wave velocity,for civil engineering,and conservation and restoration of historical monuments.This study focuses on measuring the thermal conductivity using the thermal conductivity scanning(TCS)technique and measuring the P-wave ve-locity using portable equipment.This was applied for some dry and saturated calcarenite samples in the horizontal and vertical directions(parallel and perpendicular to the bedding plane,respectively).The calcarenites were selected from some historical monuments in Morocco.These physical properties were measured in the laboratory to find a reliable relationship between all of these properties.As a result of the statistical analysis of the obtained data,excellent linear relationships were observed between the porosity and both the thermal conductivity and porosity.These relationships are characterized by relatively high coefficients of determination for the horizontal and vertical samples.Based on the thermal conductivity and P-wave velocity values in these two directions,the anisotropy coefficients of these two properties were calculated.The internal structure and the pore fabric of the calcarenite samples were delineated using scanning electron microscopy(SEM),while their chemical and mineral compositions were studied using the energy dispersive X-ray analysis(EDXA)and X-ray diffraction(XRD)techniques.

A Proposal for the Restitution of the World’s First Baptistry and University, Mor Yakup Church, Turkey

The structure known today as St.Jacob’s Church represents one of the oldest Christian medieval monuments in the region.With the emergence of findings suggesting that the structure was the world’s first university during recent excavation efforts,it has gained even more significance.Since 2006,the excavation works conducted by the Mardin Museum Directorate in the vicinity of Mor Yakup Church have yielded information about various phases of the structure.However,assessments regarding the nature of the structure are still debated within the academic environment.This study aimed to thoroughly investigate the functional changes and periods that St.Jacob’s Church underwent throughout history and to provide a detailed description and restitution for each period.In this study,we utilized excavation reports,data from written sources related to the settlement and structure,information obtained from the structure itself,traces existing on the structure,and data derived from architectural necessities(logic/scenario).The results indicate that this structure served three different functions(baptistry,church,university)and went through two main periods(pre-Christianity and post-Christianity).

虢季子白盘研究综述

虢季子白盘,出土于陕西宝鸡,现藏于中国国家博物馆。虢盘造型奇伟,气势恢宏,风格独特鲜明,极具艺术研究价值;铸有铭文8行111字,句式工整,言辞洗练,朗朗上口,是西周史研究的重要文献,对西周王朝与诸侯国、西周时期外来民族发展史、古代文学之研究起到了极大作用。此外,在探究中国古代青铜器具有"纪念性"(monumentality)①的可能性时,虢盘是一个极有力的例证。

Historic Environment and Cultural Sensitivity： Ottoman Neighborhood in Macedonia

The territory of the Republic of Macedonia is divided to geographical regions, in which different types of monuments and houses from Ottoman character can be found. The monuments and regions presented through this paper do not cover all the regions of Macedonia but only the territories of Skopje, the capital of Macedonia and Ohrid. This paper involves a research of Ottoman housing and settlements in Macedonia according to the architectural characteristics and settlement textures using old-new photographs, related literature, internet sources and site investigation. The rich vernacular traditions we inherited from Ottoman ancestors would be a source for inspiring the architects in establishing the guiding principles for new buildings in Macedonia. Finally, this study concludes with some ways forward on how to attain cultural continuity for achieving sustainable development in the long run.

Forms and Agents of Weathering in Monuments of Jethawanaramaya,Anuradhapura

Sri Lanka has the richest archaeological sites in Asia.Stone monuments and the stupa of Jethawanara, belonging to the 4th Century B.C.,represent a cultural heritage of outstanding universal value.All monuments built mainly from granitic gneiss and marble have undergone marked weathering damages. According to the definitions,weathering forms were identified and they were categorized into

Weathering of Monuments at Jethawanaramaya Complex in North-Central,Sri Lanka

Sri Lanka has the richest archaeological sites in Asia. Jethawanarama Complex, one of the valuable sites in the country, is suffering from deterioration due to weathering. Monuments were built mainly from stones （granitic gneiss and marble） and clay bricks. The present study aimed to categorize weathering forms and interpret the recently-developing weathering processes. The growing of lichens on surfaces and the development of saline conditions are the major threats on the survival of monuments other than the typical weathering processes of tropical climates Morinite （NaCa2Al2[PO4）]2 [F,OH]5·2H2O） is identified as a weathering product of monuments and is generated from lichens.

Four Rare and Unusual Dedications From Areas of Viminacium and Nais

In the areas of Viminacium and Nais four rare and unusual votive dedications were identified.These are the dedications Deus Aeternus,Dii Angeli,Hero(Viminacium),and Atta(Naissus).The dedications Deus Aeternus and Dii Angeli may perhaps indicate Christianity,while the dedications Hero and Atta may indicate settlers of Greek origin.The dedication to goddess Atta could have been made by a freed man,since her cult was to an extent related to the cult of Heracles who,thanks to his loyal service to Omphale,where he was to repent his sins,was freed from slavery,and thus was also a protector of freed man.Main methodological approach in this paper is the analysis of cults as well as their backgrounds as conditions for their realisation.Until now for the territory of Serbia there was not corpus of analyzing cults.There is only corpus of grave and votive monuments for the territory of Serbia with very rare and sporadic comments of cult.So,the main topic of this article is analyzing of cults.It includes the main meaning of the cult,dateing of monuments and historical and archeological backgrounds of the cults.At the same time it was the main method in the analyzing of the mentioned votive monuments.By this method as the result appeared the dateing of the monuments and improvement of existing Greek settlers.At the same time there were the main research questions which should be ensolved.For ensolved the dateing of the monuments was used the system of analyzing syllabic formulae and for the improvement of existing Greek settlers the method of“healty mind”and connections of analogies.As a result the dateing of monuments of Deus Aeternus,Dii Angeli,and Hero was early 2-nd century,and for Atta from the beginning of 2-nd to the end of 3-rd century.

Peering Into Culture of Ancient Bukhara

Ancient Bukhara is the cultural and educational center of East which made huge contribution to a treasury of world art. Culture and art buildings were built in Bukhara and around its territory. Ancient Bukhara turned out as one of the biggest centers of Middle East in the period （era） of outstanding Somoniy （in the IX-X centuries） and Temurids （in the XIV-XV centuries）, particular, its developed literature, culture, architecture, and music art; especially, as being the capital of dynasty Mangits （at the beginning of the century XVIII-XX）, served as the groundwork of forming Shashmakom samples in groups. This time among a number of poets and artists, lived Akhmad Danish--the most mature scientist, philosopher, poet, calligrapher, and painter, Abdurauf Fitrat--poet and writer, theoretician, musician and political activist.

The Petrified Utopia： Monumental Propaganda, Architecture Parlante, and the Question about （De）Materialisation of Monuments

The article examines the idea of monumentality （following Evgeny Dobrenko＇s concept of ＂petrified utopia＂） in Polish Socialist literature especially by analyzing Lenin＇s ＂monumental propaganda＂ and its influence on literary thinking. Starting from some details about Lenin＇s vision and plan, the article will further present how the act of transposition of a monument into texts---the act of materialization monuments in literary signs--causes some kind of monumental spectrality or dematerialization and as a consequence, the disappearance of art in Rancieran sense in which the art disappears when it becomes transparent for itself. To prove this thesis, the article will analyze two main architectural examples： Tatlin＇s Monument to the Third International （as the great realization of Lenin＇s doctrine） and Polish Palace of Culture and Science which was the theme of many Polish Socialist poems. In conclusion, the article will also present some broader perspective of modem architectural utopias and their spectrality.

GPR Applications for NDT Investigations on the Cultural Heritage Monumental Buildings of Florence (Italy)

Florence (Italy) is a worldwide well-known cultural historical city, with many outstanding monumental buildings visited every year by about 20M people, since 1982 the historical city center is under the UNESCO Patronage. Conservation of monumental buildings is subject to the principles of integrity and authenticity, in Italy recalled by the Ministry for Cultural Heritage 2011 rule, which defines the procedure for their seismic vulnerability evaluation. For that, the knowledge of the masonry structure is in need, and in lack of historical documentation on the design, only non destructive tests (NDT), or very low destructive tests, can be run on the masonry for acquiring this knowledge on its structure and consistence. For this purpose, we are largely using specific ground penetrating radar (GPR) technology, which is resulting highly performing in defining masonry structure and consistence. This paper summarizes selected case histories regarding the main Florentine historical monumental buildings: Palazzo Vecchio, Brunelleschi’s Cupola, Giotto’s Bell-Tower, and San Giovanni Baptistery. The correct interpretation of the GPR data requires knowledge about the masonry techniques of the age of construction, and local verification with micro drill-holes with video inspections, sonic and ultrasonic tests, in defining historical monumental buildings masonry structure and competence, static and dynamic behavior parameters and seismic vulnerability.

The Urban Environment and Society of Uzbekistan of XX Century

This article presents the history of urban development in Uzbekistan. In the XX century urban development in Uzbekistan is undergoing some significant changes. Depending on social changes there are changes of tenor of life of society that finds reflection in town planning and architecture. The local architecture gets a variety of artistic styles. The Soviet period in Uzbekistan has been a difficult and controversial. City 1920-1980 biennium was under pressure from the Soviet doctrine. During the reconstruction after the earthquake in Tashkent used progressive methods of planning and development. During the period of independence of Uzbekistan to the 1990s to the present day there is a reassessment of values in the spiritual culture of the Uzbek people, when the problems of national identity become dominant in all spheres, including in urban planning.

Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) Investigations for Architectural Heritage Preservation: The Case of Habib Sakakini Palace, Cairo, Egypt

A comprehensive Ground Penetration Radar (GPR) investigations and hazard assessment for the rehabilitation and strengthening of Habib Sakakini’s Palace in Cairo is presented herein, which is considered one of the most significant architectural heritage sites in Egypt. The palace located on an ancient water pond at the eastern side of Egyptian gulf besiding Sultan Bebris Al-Bondoqdary mosque is a place also called “Prince Qraja al-Turkumany pond”. That pond had been filled down by Habib Sakakini at 1892 to construct his famous palace in 1897. The integrated geophysical survey of the palace allowed the identification of several targets of potential archaeological and geotechnical engineering interest buried in fill and silty clay in the depth range between 100 - 700 cm. the methodological development focused on Multi-Fold (MF) Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) imaging and subsurface characterization based on integrated velocity and attenuation analysis. Eight hundred sqm of Ground penetration Radar (GPR) profiling have been conducted to monitor the subsurface conditions. 600 meters are made in the surrounding area of the Palace and 200 sqm at the basement. The aim is to monitor the soil conditions beneath and around the Palace and to identify potential geological discontinuities, or the presence of faults and cavities. A suitable single and dual antenna are used (500 - 100 MHZ) is used to penetrate the desired depth of 7 meters (ASTM D6432). The GPR is used also detect the water table. At the building basement the GPR is used to identify the foundation thickness and soil-basement interface. As well as the inspection of cracks in some supporting columns, piers and masonry walls. The GPR also was used to investigate the floors and ceilings conditions and structural mapping. The results were validated by the geotechnical and structural surveys. All these results together with the seismic hazard analysis will be used for the complete analysis of the palace in the framework of the rehabilitation and strengthening works foreseen in a second stage.

Assessment of Stone Material Deterioration of the Exposed Surfaces of the Step Pyramid in Saqqara

The Step Pyramid of Djoser at Saqqara, Egypt is one of the oldest stone monuments in the world and along with other historical monuments of this area is included in the World Heritage List of UNESCO （United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization）. In a way, this monument was an experimental construction and served as a prototype for other pyramids afterwards built in Ancient Egypt. Innovative materials, mortar, construction and engineering solutions were introduced and approbated during the construction process of the Step Pyramid. Therefore, the reconstruction of this monument possibly close to its original state is an extremely difficult task. The preservation of this pyramid for future generations is a challenge to the specialists of various scientific fields. Current study is focusing on systematic assessment of the exposed surfaces of the pyramid＇s facades identifying various stone material weathering types and their intensities, as well as major deformations of the structure further integrated into the geospatial model of the pyramid. The results of this study provide possibility to determine the most endangered areas of pyramid＇s facades and calculate the volume of necessary reconstruction work.

A Roman Funerary Monument From Sipovo

A newly discovered Roman funerary monument from ~ipovo mentions a Roman urban settlement in the municipium rank with the name not identified to date apart from the three initial letters--Bal. The deceased was both in military service as a centurion and in civil service as a decurion of the mentioned town. That it was a person of importance is indicated not only by the gravestone inscription but also by the relief depiction of the deceased, shown to be holding a volumen in his hand. Since the monument is chipped and damaged in the upper part, it can only be determined that it was a stela type funerary monument. The main goal of this work is to underline the importance of this monument as a great archaeological treaser, since it is the first written source from Roman period for the town with the three initial letters--Bal, as well as the source for further excavation and the researching of military units of the first word Nova. Two questions will stay open： when the settlement becomes municipium, and the full name of the town.

Zhao Tiancong——A MONUMENT TO ANTIMONY IN CHINA

Professor Zhao Tiancong is a famous specialist of our country in nonferrous merallurgy field and a doctoral teacher of Central South University of Technology. He has been devoting diligently his life to the development of the antimony metallurgy.

The Role of Decorative Sculpture in the Urban Environment and Its Connection with the Architecture of the Tashkent City

The article is dedicated to the aesthetic organization of the urban environment, interaction of architecture in line with the decorative sculpture and reflection of the above mentioned on the urban-scale. The given interaction is inclined to play significant role in terms of countering urgent issues and addressing contemporary concerns of society. The investigation is dealt with the study of decorative sculpture in the urban environment and its connections with the urban architecture

Spatial Layout Analysis of Monumental Landscape of Zhongshan Park in Beijing

The creation of monumental landscapes in urban parks is a materialized expression of human spiritual emotions, carrying the functions of triggering people's thinking, arousing inner emotions and spreading spiritual connotations such as regional culture. Scientific spatial layout and functional analysis of commemorative landscape is conducive to giving full play to the effect of commemorative landscape.Through field investigation and literature reading, the spatial layout, landscape elements and locality of the monumental theme landscape in Zhongshan Park in Beijing were comprehensively analyzed, showing that there is a close correspondence between spatial change and commemorative emotional ups and downs.

The Executive and the Environment： An Examination of the Antiquities Act （1929-2000）

An ongoing debate exists amongst scholars studying presidential unilateral powers. Some scholars argue presidents use directives to circumvent Congress （Nathan, 1983; Deering ＆ Maltzman, 1999; Cooper, 2002）, while other scholars argue that presidents use them to enhance their policy in conjunction with Congress in times of strong congressional support （Shull ＆ Gomez, 1997; Krause ＆ Cohen, 1997）. This study applies the same theoretical debate to another presidential unilateral power, monument proclamations. The author argued that presidents strategically issue monument proclamations when they face a hostile political environment and have lost their power of persuasion. The author examined presidential monument proclamations from 1929-2000 using an event-count model. The study shows that presidents are more inclined to use monumental proclamations when they are politically weak especially during their lame duck months when they have the least political power and influence.

Renovation of the Centennial Hall

The Centennial Hall was designed as a monumental building entirely of reinforced concrete. Soon it became a model for modernist buildings of that era. During the years 2009-2011, the biggest renovation since its completion took place. All activities described in the following paper aimed to put the Centennial Hall into good repair and adjust it to the applicable requirements of modem public buildings. The primary aim is to preserve the authenticity of the original materials used in construction through the use of remedial technologies, thereby maintaining the historical integrity of the building.

Agricultural Changes in Xinjiang in the Sixth Year of Guangxu s Reign from the Perspective of the Monument for Building Qarqi Canal

The Monument for Building Qarqi Canal was inscribed in the sixth year of Guangxu s reign in the Qing Dynasty(1880).This inscription made a detailed record of the event when the Qing army expelled the invading army of Mohammad Yaqub Beg,whenever the Qing army regained a place,it immediately started recruiting exiled people,restoring agriculture,building water conservancy and did other rehabilitation works.The army of the Qing Dynasty successively established rehabilitation bureaus in various parts of southern Xinjiang to be responsible for the rehabilitation works.These once again set off a climax in the development of water conservancy in multi-ethnic areas in Xinjiang,and laid the foundation for the rapid development of agricultural development and water conservancy in Xinjiang during the Guangxu s reign in the Qing Dynasty.