Moths法切除睑板腺癌及上方皮瓣转位眼睑重建术11例

目的观察Moths法切除肿瘤及上方健康皮瓣下滑转位修补眼睑的疗效。方法对睑板腺癌采用Moths法控制手术切除范围及上方健康皮瓣下滑转位修复缺损的手术方法。结果已完成11例此种手术,随访3个月,9例眼睑外观与健眼接近,闭合良好,2例因眼睑闭合不全需行二次手术矫正。结论Moths法控制眼睑恶性肿瘤切除范围,尽可能保留了眼睑正常组织,有利于缺损修复;上方健康皮瓣下滑转位修补眼睑,避免了排斥反应,维持了眼睑的正常形态,提高了患者的生活质量,经随访观察疗效确实可靠。

Development of synthetic volatile attractant for male Ectropis obliqua moths

The tea geometridEctropis obliquais one of the most serious leaf-feeding insect pests in tea （Camelia sinensis） in East Asia. Although several volatile chemicals emitted from tea plants have been reported to be attractive toE. obliqua moths, no synthetic attractants for E. obliqua moths have been developed. By measuring the behavioral responses of the moth to a series of chemicals in the lab, we found that a blend containing a ternary mixture containing （Z）-3-hexenal, （Z）-3-hexenyl hexanoate and benzyl alcohol clearly attracted toE. obliqua moths of both sex and that （Z）-3-hexenyl acetate could enhance the attractiveness of the ternary blend. Moreover, we found that the volatiles emitted from the plant-E. obliqua larva com-plex have the same attractiveness as： 1） the blend of volatiles containing the ternary mixture and 2） the blend containing （Z）-3-hexenyl acetate plus the ternary mixture to both male and female moths. In a ifeld bioassay, more male moths were observed on traps that were baited with the blend containing （Z）-3-hexenyl acetate plus the ternary mixture than on control traps. Our study raises the tantalizing possibility that synthetic blends could be deployed as attractants for pests in the ifeld.

Diversity and species-specificity of brood pollination of leafflower trees(Phyllanthaceae:Glochidion)by leafflower moths(Lepidoptera:Epicephala)in tropical Southeast Asia(Cambodia)

Glochidion(Phyllanthaceae;leafflower trees)is a genus of trees which is widely reported to be pollinated by leafflower moths(Gracillariidae:Epicephala)in temperate and subtropical Asia,Australia,and the Pacific islands.However,the pollination ecology of Glochidion is not well described from tropical Asia,the region where it is most species-rich at both local(<9 spp.)and regional(~200 spp.)scales.Here we report investigations of pollination biology and species-specificity of five Glochidion species in tropical Southeast Asia(Cambodia).Through nocturnal observations and fruit dissections,we find that at least three and likely five Glochidion species in Cambodia are pollinated by seed-parasitic leafflower moths.We find no evidence that any of these leafflower moths are non-mutualistic parasites,despite known examples of such parasites of this mutualism elsewhere in Asia.While the presence of a single larva in a fruit results in only a fraction of seeds being consumed,the presence of more than one larva per fruit-a frequent occurrence in some species—can result in almost all seeds within the fruit being infested.Multilocus phylogenetic analysis indicates that there are five different minimally monophyletic leafflower moth clades,each of which pollinates a unique Glochidion host species.Our results indicate that in its center of diversity in tropical Asia this system is an obligate pollination mutualism as previously described at the global margins of its distribution.These findings provide insights into the processes that generate and maintain biodiversity and maintain mutualism stability in plant-insect interactions in this biodiversity hotspot.

Seasonal Dynamic of the Fall Armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E Smith, 1797) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) on Maize Crop in the Sub-Sudanese Zone of Côte d’Ivoire

In Côte d’Ivoire, maize (Zea mays L) is the second most cultivated cereal after rice. Since the first report of Spodoptera frugiperda in Côte d’Ivoire, maize production in the northern regions has been affected resulting in maize production losses. This study aims to study the seasonal dynamic of Spodoptera frugiperda in maize fields in the sub-Sudanese zone, main zone of maize cultivation in Côte d’Ivoire. The study was done using pheromone trap lures. The results revealed a variation in the moth population at various growth stages during rainy and dry seasons. Notably, the highest numbers of moths were consistently trapped during the whorl stage with counts ranging from 131 ± 35.7 during the rainy season to 70.6 ± 15.01 in the dry season. The lowest numbers of moths were observed during pod maturation, with counts ranging from 30.3 ± 13.05 during the rainy season to 11.7 ± 3.05 in the dry season. Between the 7th and 21st days after sowing, the count of moths displayed a consistent upward trajectory, reaching 188 moths during the rainy season. The damages were particularly observed at whorl stage. The relationship between the numbers of moths and some climatic variables revealed a negative correlation between moths numbers and rainfall (r= −0.44) and relative humidity (r= −0.684). In contrast, there were positive relationships with temperature (r = 0.16), highlighting the significant impact of temperature changes on moth population dynamics. The research highlights the need for integrated pest management strategies that consider climatic factors and growth stages of maize to mitigate the impact of this insect pest on maize.

Nature’s Tricks Help Moths Say “Don’t Eat Me”

人们常惊叹于蝴蝶翅翼上缤纷的花纹和绚丽的色彩,别忘记在夜间出没的蛾类翅翼上也有非同寻常的图案。究竟是什么因素使得它们在亿万年的进化过程中受到大自然如此的青睐?这些色彩和纹饰对蝴蝶和蛾类的生存又起着怎样的作用呢?这篇文章能给出令人满意的答案。

Intelligent Smart Grid Stability Predictive Model for Cyber-Physical Energy Systems

A cyber physical energy system(CPES)involves a combination of pro-cessing,network,and physical processes.The smart grid plays a vital role in the CPES model where information technology(IT)can be related to the physical system.At the same time,the machine learning(ML)modelsfind useful for the smart grids integrated into the CPES for effective decision making.Also,the smart grids using ML and deep learning(DL)models are anticipated to lessen the requirement of placing many power plants for electricity utilization.In this aspect,this study designs optimal multi-head attention based bidirectional long short term memory(OMHA-MBLSTM)technique for smart grid stability predic-tion in CPES.The proposed OMHA-MBLSTM technique involves three subpro-cesses such as pre-processing,prediction,and hyperparameter optimization.The OMHA-MBLSTM technique employs min-max normalization as a pre-proces-sing step.Besides,the MBLSTM model is applied for the prediction of stability level of the smart grids in CPES.At the same time,the moth swarm algorithm(MHA)is utilized for optimally modifying the hyperparameters involved in the MBLSTM model.To ensure the enhanced outcomes of the OMHA-MBLSTM technique,a series of simulations were carried out and the results are inspected under several aspects.The experimental results pointed out the better outcomes of the OMHA-MBLSTM technique over the recent models.

Moth Flame Optimization Based FCNN for Prediction of Bugs in Software

The software engineering technique makes it possible to create high-quality software.One of the most significant qualities of good software is that it is devoid of bugs.One of the most time-consuming and costly software proce-dures isfinding andfixing bugs.Although it is impossible to eradicate all bugs,it is feasible to reduce the number of bugs and their negative effects.To broaden the scope of bug prediction techniques and increase software quality,numerous causes of software problems must be identified,and successful bug prediction models must be implemented.This study employs a hybrid of Faster Convolution Neural Network and the Moth Flame Optimization(MFO)algorithm to forecast the number of bugs in software based on the program data itself,such as the line quantity in codes,methods characteristics,and other essential software aspects.Here,the MFO method is used to train the neural network to identify optimal weights.The proposed MFO-FCNN technique is compared with existing methods such as AdaBoost(AB),Random Forest(RF),K-Nearest Neighbour(KNN),K-Means Clustering(KMC),Support Vector Machine(SVM)and Bagging Clas-sifier(BC)are examples of machine learning(ML)techniques.The assessment method revealed that machine learning techniques may be employed successfully and through a high level of accuracy.The obtained data revealed that the proposed strategy outperforms the traditional approach.

双通Mach-Zehnder干涉仪滤波器研究

对全光纤双通Mach-Zehnder干涉仪滤波器进行了理论和实验研究,该干涉仪比常规Mach-Zehnder干涉仪滤波器的峰值波长间隔周期小一倍,在实现密集波分复用光纤通信系统的扩大容量方面具有更大的优势。

听说的活动设计

在生活中,听与说通常是结合在一起的。在某些情况下,也有只听不说的活动,如听广播;也有只说不听的活动,如演讲。在教学中,为了专门的练习,学生有单纯听的活动,也有单纯说的活动;但在当今的教学设计中,我们须将故事听说结合起来,进行口头交际。在这里我们研究听说的教学设计时,会使用到五个关键动词:listen,say,look,think,do(say在本节里也代表tell,retell,talk,speak,report等动作)。把这五个关键动词进行不同的匹配,可以帮助我们设计出不同类型的听说活动。Listen和look是信息的输入活动,say和do是信息的输出活动,think是信息的内部加工活动。

Transformation of Cabbage(Brassica oleracea L.var.capitata) with Bt cry1Ba3 Gene for Control of Diamondback Moth

To obtain transgenic cabbage line with broad insect resistance, a new synthetic Bacillus thuringiensis crylBa3 gene was introduced into white cabbage via Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation and 37 transformants were obtained. Polymerase chain reaction （PCR） and Southern blot analyses confirmed that crylBa3 was successfully inserted into the genome of cabbage. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction （RT-PCR） demonstrated that crylBa3 was expressed. Western blot results confirmed the production of insecticidal protein encoded by crylBa3. Insect bioassays showed that transgenic cabbages effectively controlled both susceptible and CrylAc-resistant diamondback moth （DBM） larvae.

Potato/Maize intercropping reduces infestation of potato tuber moth, Phthorimaea operculella(Zeller) by the enhancement of natural enemies

The potato tuber moth(PTM),Phthorimaea operculella(Zeller),is one of the most economically significant insect pests for potato in both field and storage worldwide.To evaluate the infestation,reduction of potato yield and the control efficacy for PTM,field tests were conducted in two seasons by intercropping of potato as the host plant with maize as a non-host plant of PTM.Three intercropping patterns were tested,which were 2 rows of potatoes with either 2,3,or 4 rows of maize(abbreviated 2 P:2 M,2 P:3 M,and 2 P:4 M),and the monocropped potato as the control,2 rows of potatoes,without maize,(abbreviated 2 P:0 M).Results showed that the population and infestation of PTM in the 2 P:3 M intercropping pattern was significantly lower than those in 2 P:2 M,2 P:4 M and the monocropping pattern of 2 P:0 M,due to the enhancement of natural enemies.Cumulative mines and tunneling in potato leaves in 2 P:3 M intercropping were significantly lower than those in 2 P:2 M and 2 P:4 M patterns.The population of parasitoids and the parasitism rate of PTM in intercropping pattern of 2 P:3 M were significantly higher than that in intercropping pattern of 2 P:2 M,2 P:4 M and monocropping pattern of 2 P:0 M.We conclude that the potato intercropped with maize reduced the adult and larva populations,and reduced the damage from PTM by enhancing the number of parasitoids and the level of parasitism.The greatest population density of parasitoids and parasitism rate were in the intercropping pattern of 2 rows of potatoes with 3 rows of maize.These data indicate that the host/non-host intercropping patterns can be used as a biological control tactic against PTM by enhancing the density of natural enemies in the agro-ecosystems.

Decoding Phthorimaea operculella(Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) in the new age of change

Arthropods and pathogens constantly challenge potato Solanum tuberosum L.production.Scenarios of climate variation have increased the possibility of changes in pests’biological and ecological patterns by increasing or reducing overwintering length,changes in population growth rates,number of generations,crop-pest relationship,and therefore affecting their expansion.Phthorimaea operculella Zeller(Lepidoptera:Gelechiidae)is one of the main pests affecting potatoes worldwide.Adults oviposit single or multiple eggs in leaves,stems,and tubers,while the larvae in immature stage mine leaves or burrows into tubers turning them unmarketable.Traditional control methods are effective in controlling P.operculella,but many factors determine the success of the control chosen.This review provides key highlights of current information available that could be used as a resource to fight this pest.

Sub-Lethal Effects of Fenvalerate on the Development, Fecundity, and Juvenile Hormone Esterase Activity of Diamondback Moth, Plutella xylostella (L.)

The toxicities of fenvalerate （20% EC） to the 3rd instar larvae of diamondback moth （DBM）, Plutella xylostella （L.）, reared on three host plants viz., radish, oilseed rape, and cabbage were tested. The LC50 values of fenvalerate to the 3rd instar larvae of DBM varied with host plants, however, there wasn＇t any significant difference among them （P〉 0.05）. Similarly, DBM fed on three host plants had same pupal weight, pupal period, pupation rate, adult emergence rate, female ratio, and fecundity. The activity of juvenile hormone esterase （JHE, EC 3.1.1.1） in the 3rd instar larvae of DMB did not significantly vary with host plants, either. These suggested that DBM had similar fitness on the three host plant species. When fed on the host plants pretreated with fenvalerate at the concentrations equivalent to LC20, LC50 and LC50, the pupation rate, pupal weight, adult emergence rate, female ratio, fecundity, and JHE activity of the tested insects were declined as compared with insects in control treatments fed on the same host plant species. Furthermore, the pupal period of the tested insects was extended after fenvalerate treatment. The decrease in JHE activity after fenvalerate treatment in the tested insects could partly explain the changes in the mentioned growth parameters. Whether the role of fenvalerate in the inhibition of JHE activity could serve as a new way to control DBM needs further investigation.

BP neural networks and random forest models to detect damage by Dendrolimus punctatus Walker

The construction of a pest detection algorithm is an important step to couple"ground-space"characteristics,which is also the basis for rapid and accurate monitoring and detection of pest damage.In four experimental areas in Sanming City,Jiangle County,Sha County and Yanping District in Fujian Province,sample data on pest damage in 182 sets of Dendrolimus punctatus were collected.The data were randomly divided into a training set and testing set,and five duplicate tests and one eliminating-indicator test were done.Based on the characterization analysis of the host for D.punctatus damage,seven characteristic indicators of ground and remote sensing including leaf area index,standard error of leaf area index(SEL)of pine forest,normalized difference vegetation index(NDVI),wetness from tasseled cap transformation(WET),green band(B2),red band(B3),near-infrared band(B4)of remote sensing image are obtained to construct BP neural networks and random forest models of pest levels.The detection results of these two algorithms were comprehensively compared from the aspects of detection precision,kappa coefficient,receiver operating characteristic curve,and a paired t test.The results showed that the seven indicators all were responsive to pest damage,and NDVI was relatively weak;the average pest damage detection precision of six tests by BP neural networks was 77.29%,the kappa coefficient was 0.6869 and after the RF algorithm,the respective values were 79.30%and 0.7151,showing that the latter is more optimized,but there was no significant difference(p>0.05);the detection precision,kappa coefficient and AUC of the RF algorithm was higher than the BP neural networks for three pest levels(no damage,moderate damage and severe damage).The detection precision and AUC of BP neural networks were a little higher for mild damage,but the difference was not significant(p>0.05)except for the kappa coefficient for the no damage level(p<0.05).An"over-fitting"phenomenon tends to occur in BP neural networks,while RF method is more robust,providing a detection effect that is better than the BP neural networks.Thus,the application of the random forest algorithm for pest damage and multilevel dispersed variables is thus feasible and suggests that attention to the proportionality of sample data from various categories is needed when collecting data.

Insensitive Acetylcholine Receptor Conferring Resistance of Plutella xylostella to Nereistoxin Insecticides

The combinative rate measurement of （3-[I125] iodotyrosyl） α-bungarotoxin was applied in the analysis of the relation between nerve acetylcholine receptor and three types of insecticide resistance in diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella （L.）. In the dimehypo-resistant strain and in the cartap-resistant strain, the nerve acetylcholine receptor showed the remarkable insensitivity to dimehypo and cartap, of which the binding rate to ligand was approximately 66 and 60%, respectively, of the susceptible strain. The sensitivity to deltamethrin in the deltamethrin-resistant strain did not show visible change. These results indicated that the decline in the sensitivity of nerve acetylcholine receptor to insecticide might be a potential mechanism to nereistoxin insecticides resistance in the diamondback moth.

Tradeoff between triglyceride consumption and ovariole development in Plutella xylostella(L.) released in mixed-host environments

After exposure to mixed environments with multiple hosts, the frequency of flight take-offs for Plutella xylostella(L.) is known to increase with a concomitant decrease in female fecundity. The objective of the present study was to elucidate the physiological mechanism underlying the increased flight activity and decreased fecundity of P. xylostella in mixed-host environments. We measured ovariole length, and triglyceride and vitellogenin(Vg) content in P. xylostella females after they were released into different host environments consisting of either a single host(Brassica campestris, Brassica oleracea or Brassica juncea) or a mixture of all three hosts. Our results indicated that ovariole length varied significantly between female adults from different host environments. Females from the B. campestris environment had the longest ovarioles, whereas those from the mixed environment had the shortest ones. A negative correlation was found between ovariole length and the flight take-off frequency of P. xylostella adults. Additionally, there were significant differences in the triglyceride content of P. xylostella females from different host environments. Our data revealed that more triglyceride was consumed by P. xylostella female adults from B. oleracea and the mixed environments than those from environments containing only B. campestris or B. juncea. In contrast, the relative Vg content in P. xylostella females from the mixed environment was lower than that in females from the B. campestris-, B. juncea-or B. oleracea-only environments. In conclusion, the mixed environment caused increased consumption of available energy resources(triglyceride) at the cost of retarding ovarian development and decreasing the amount of Vg produced.

Extraction optimization of insecticidal compounds from Lysurus mokusin by response surface methodology

We optimized the extraction process of Lysurus mokusin(L.)Fr.insecticidal compound(LMIC)using response surface methodology with ultrasonic extraction(UE).The surface morphologies of maceration extract(ME)and UE residues were compared by scanning electron microscopy,and then the activity of LMIC on Lymantria dispar(Asian gypsy moths)larvae was determined.Results showed that the optimal condition of UE was followed by 80 min of extraction time,60%of ethanol concentration and 80 mL g^-1 of liquid–solid ratio.The surface morphologies of UE residue were looser and rougher than ME residue.The corrected mortalities of LMIC on L.dispar larvae was 59.77%.This result indicated that L.mokusin was a good candidate as pesticide for pest management.

Identification and developmental expression of putative gene encoding juvenile hormone esterase(CpJHE-like) in codling moth, Cydia pomonella(L.)

Juvenile hormone esterase(JHE) is a key enzyme for insects,playing an important role in the regulation of insect growth,development,diapause and reproduction.We identified a complete putative JHE of Cydia pomonella(CpJHE-like) which is comprised of a 1 761 bp coding sequence(CDS) encoding 587 amino acid residues from the transcriptome data.The deduced protein sequence of CpJHE-like showed the highest identity of 60.44% with the Adoxophyes honmai JHE(AhJHE) and the minimal identity of 25.81% with Aedes aegypti JHE(AaJHE).CpJHE-like exhibited all the seven typical motifs of the functional JHEs and had the highly consistent tertiary structure with Manduca sexta JHE(MsJHE).Phylogenetic analysis showed that the CpJHE-like was close to two JHEs from the family Tortricidae.The CpJHE-like transcript level take a leap in the 3-day-old fifth instar larva,increased about 300-fold compared to the basal level.Tissue-specific expression profile showed that the CpJHE-like transcript was expressed mainly in the fat body.This study indicates that the CpJHE-like is the functional JHE,which may play vital roles in the development and reproduction of C.pomonella.

Functional identification of C-type lectin in the diamondback moth,Plutella xylostella(L.)innate immunity

C-type lectins(CTLs)are a superfamily of Ca^(2+)-dependent carbohydrate-recognition proteins,and an important pattern recognition receptor(PRR)in insect innate immunity which can mediate humoral and cellular immunity in insects.In this study,we report a novel dual carbohydrate-recognition domain(CRD)CTL from Plutella xylostella which we designate PxIML.PxIML is a protein with a 969 bp open reading frame(ORF)encoding 322 amino acids,containing a signal peptide and a dual-CRD with EPN(Glu_(124)-Pro_(125)-Asn_(126))and QPD(Gln_(274)-Pro_(275)-Asp_(276))motifs.The expression of PxIML mRNA in the fat body was significantly higher than in hemocytes and midgut.The relative expression levels of PxIML in the whole insect and the fat body were significantly inhibited after infection with Bacillus thuringiensis 8010(Bt8010)at 18 h,while they were significantly upregulated after infection with Serratia marcescens IAE6 or Pichia pastoris.The recombinant PxIML(rPxIML)protein could bind to the tested pathogen-associated molecular patterns(PAMPs),and the bacteria of Enterobacter sp.IAE5,S.marcescens IAE6,Staphylococcus aureus,Escherichia coli BL21,and Bt8010 in a Ca^(2+)-dependent manner,however,it showed limited binding to the fungus,P.pastoris.The rPxIML exhibited strong activity in the presence of Ca^(2+) to agglutinate Bt8010,Enterobacter sp.IAE5 and S.aureus,but it only weakly agglutinated with E.coli BL21,and could not agglutinate with S.marcescens IAE6 or P.pastoris.Furthermore,the rPxIML could bind to hemocytes,promote the adsorption of hemocytes to beads,and enhance the phenoloxidase(PO)activity and melanization of P.xylostella.Our results suggest that PxIML plays an important role in pathogen recognition and in mediating subsequent humoral and cellular immunity of P.xylostella.

A Practical Artificial Diet for the Diamondback Moth

A new artificial diet for the diamondback moth,Plutella Xylostella(L), had been selected out successfully. The diet contained the following constituents: soybean powder, wheat germ, wheat bran powder, brewer's yeast and other constituents. So far, the diamondback; moth had been reared on this artificial diet for 25 generations and still mantained its normal biological characteristics. Under 25±1℃ and 60%￣75%RH with 12 h PH,the results of rearing the diamondback moth on the diet as follows:egg hatch,81. 3%￣94. 7 %; survival from eggsto pupae, 55. 0% ￣ 76. 7 % 1 pupal survival, 79. 7 % ￣ 100 % ; adult emergence, 80% ￣ 100 %; fecundity 94. 7￣ 144.4 eggs/ ;pupal weight, 90. 4￣110. 8 mg/20 pupae; average days to adult: , 10. 2; 13. 1. The diet is not only simpler on the constituents but also have better r-earing results and more rearing generations.