Analysis of the Relationship between Mechanical Properties and Pore Structure of MSW Incineration Bottom Ash Fine Aggregate Concrete after Freeze-Thaw Cycles Based on the Gray Theory

The destruction of concrete building materials in severely cold regions of the north is more severely affected by freeze-thaw cycles,and the relationship between the mechanical properties and pore structure of concrete with fine aggregate from municipal solid waste(MSW)incineration bottom ash after freeze-thaw cycles is analyzed under the degree of freeze-thaw hazard variation.In this paper,the gray correlation method is used to calculate the correlation between the relative dynamic elastic modulus,compressive strength,and microscopic porosity parameters to speculate on the most important factors affecting their changes.The GM(1,1)model was established based on the compressive strength of the waste incineration ash aggregate concrete,the relative error between the simulated and actual values in the model was less than 5%,and the accuracy of the model was level 1,indicating that the GM(1,1)model can well reflect the change in the compressive strength of the MSW incineration bottom ash aggregate concrete during freeze-thaw cycles.Using the gray correlation method,the correlation between the relative dynamic elastic modulus,compressive strength,air content,specific surface area,pore spacing coefficient,and pore average chord length was calculated,and the pore spacing coefficient and pore average chord length were determined to be highly correlated with each other.This determination can help analyze and infer the deterioration mechanism of concrete subject to freeze-thaw cycles.These results can provide a theoretical basis for guiding the engineering practice of concrete with fine aggregates of household bottom ash in the northern cold region.

Hydration Kinetics of Municipal Solid Wastes Incineration(MSWI) Fly Ash-Cement

Hydration heat behavior and kinetics of blended cement containing up to 20% MSWI fly ash were investigated based on its hydration heat evolution rate measured by isothermal calorimeter. Kinetics parameters, N and K, and hydration degree, Ca(OH)2 content, were also calculated and analyzed. According to the experimental results, the induction period was elongated, the second heat evolution peak was in advance, and the third hydration heat peak could be detected due to MSWI fly ash pozzolanic reaction. The hydration reaction rate was controlled by nucleation kinetics in the acceleration period and then by diffusion in the decay period, but in the deceleration period, the hydration experienced a dual controlling reaction of autocatalytic chemical reaction and diffusion. The hydration rate of blended cement was faster. Ca(OH)2 content increased before 14 days.

Effect of MSWI Fly Ash and Incineration Residues on Cement Performances

The activities of municipal solid waste incineration （MSWI） fly ash and incineration residues were studied contrastively, through the component analysis and the activity ratio tests. The mechanical properties, hydration mechanism and leaching toxicity of the hardened cement paste mixing with MSWI fly ash and incineration residues were investigated. The experimental results indicated that the active constituents （CaO＋Al2O3＋Fe2O3） in MSWI fly ash were higher than those in incineration residues. Therefore the activity ratio of MSWI fly ash was 43.58%, twice as much as that of incineration residues. Meanwhile, the hydration of cement was delayed by mixing with MSWI fly ash and incineration residues, which also reduced the cement strength markedly. By adding with exceeding 20% MSWI fly ash, the specimens expanded and microcracks appeared. The leaching toxicities of cement pasted mixed with MSWI fly ash and incineration residues were lower than the Chinese national standard. Accordingly the cement mixed by MSWI fly ash and incineration residues can be considered as the environment-friendly materials.

基于Aspen Plus的MSW气化熔融工艺全流程模拟研究

城市固体废物(MSW)气化熔融工艺能够减少二噁英的生成和熔融固化重金属,是一种清洁高效的固体废物处理方式。已有研究多针对MSW的热解特性以及污染物的生成与排放,而对气化熔融工艺系统模块之间的影响和各反应器间物质流、能量流的联动变化过程研究不足。利用Aspen Plus模拟平台,基于吉布斯自由能最小化原理,对MSW气化熔融工艺进行了全流程模拟研究,分析了垃圾干燥温度、垃圾含水率、气化温度、气化介质以及灰熔点对工艺流程节点参数、物质流和能量流的影响,并提出了优化的工艺流程和运行参数。结果表明:在垃圾热解模拟时,垃圾含水率为9%,通过烟气循环能达到能量自给;在相同条件下,以水蒸气作为气化介质的气化效率最高,且在气化温度为850℃,水蒸气当量比为50%时,达到最佳工艺效果;当气化后产生的焦炭在熔融炉内燃烧刚满足灰熔点温度时,灰熔点的升高使气化剂比例、气化气有效气体摩尔流量和碳转化率不断降低。不同工况下的物质流、能量流的变化对实际工程具有指导意义。

水泥窑协同处置MSW环境负荷与性能耦合评价

基于中国某水泥厂2022~2023年生产数据及近3年国家/行业统计数据进行生命周期评价,核算水泥窑协同处置城市生活垃圾(MSW)生产不同品种水泥的环境负荷;联合数据质量指标评估和蒙特卡洛模拟来综合评估最终结果的不确定度.与常规工艺相比,水泥窑协同处置工艺生产每吨熟料的综合环境负荷降幅为7.82%;4种水泥中,P·O 52.5水泥的综合环境负荷最大,但其单位强度的环境负荷相对较小.综合考虑,采用水泥窑协同处置工艺生产P·C 42.5水泥与采用常规工艺生产P·O 42.5水泥相比,其综合环境负荷降幅为16.87%.

Effects of Using Municipal Solid Waste Incineration Tailings as Lightweight Aggregate on the Mechanical Properties of Specified Density Concrete

Municipal solid waste incineration tailings were used as lightweight aggregate(MSWIT-LA)in the preparation of specified density concrete to study the effects on compressive strength,axial compressive strength,flexural strength,microhardness,total number of pores,pore area,and pore spacing.The results showed that the internal curing and morphological effects induced by an appropriate quantity of MSWIT-LA improved the compressive response of specified density concrete specimens,whereas an excessive quantity of MSWIT-LA significantly reduced their mechanical properties.An analysis of pore structure indicated that the addition of MSWIT-LA increased the total quantity of pores and promoted cement hydration,resulting in a denser microstructure than that of ordinary concrete.The results of a principal component analysis showed that the mechanical response of specified density concrete prepared with 25%MSWIT-LA was superior to that of an equivalent ordinary concrete.It was therefore concluded that MSWIT-LA can be feasibly applied to achieve excellent specified density concrete properties while utilising municipal solid waste incineration tailings to protect the environment and alleviate shortages of sand and gravel resources.

Model Prediction and Optimal Control of Gas Oxygen Content for A Municipal Solid Waste Incineration Process

In the municipal solid waste incineration process,it is difficult to effectively control the gas oxygen content by setting the air flow according to artificial experience.To address this problem,this paper proposes an optimization control method of gas oxygen content based on model predictive control.First,a stochastic configuration network is utilized to establish a prediction model of gas oxygen content.Second,an improved differential evolution algorithm that is based on parameter adaptive and t-distribution strategy is employed to address the set value of air flow.Finally,model predictive control is combined with the event triggering strategy to reduce the amount of computation and the controller's frequent actions.The experimental results show that the optimization control method proposed in this paper obtains a smaller degree of fluctuation in the air flow set value,which can ensure the tracking control performance of the gas oxygen content while reducing the amount of calculation.

基于混合数据增强的MSWI过程燃烧状态识别

国内城市固废焚烧(Municipal solid waste incineration, MSWI)过程通常依靠运行专家观察炉内火焰识别燃烧状态后再结合自身经验修正控制策略以维持稳定燃烧,存在智能化水平低、识别结果具有主观性与随意性等问题.由于MSWI过程的火焰图像具有强污染、多噪声等特性,并且存在异常工况数据较为稀缺等问题,导致传统目标识别方法难以适用.对此,提出一种基于混合数据增强的MSWI过程燃烧状态识别方法.首先,结合领域专家经验与焚烧炉排结构对燃烧状态进行标定;接着,设计由粗调和精调两级组成的深度卷积生成对抗网络(Deep convolutional generative adversarial network, DCGAN)以获取多工况火焰图像;然后,采用弗雷歇距离(Fréchet inception distance, FID)对生成式样本进行自适应选择;最后,通过非生成式数据增强对样本进行再次扩充,获得混合增强数据构建卷积神经网络以识别燃烧状态.基于某MSWI电厂实际运行数据实验,表明该方法有效地提高了识别网络的泛化性与鲁棒性,具有良好的识别精度.

基于主动学习机制GAN的MSWI过程二噁英排放风险预警模型

针对构建城市固废焚烧(municipal solid waste incineration,MSWI)过程剧毒污染物二噁英(dioxin,DXN)排放风险预警模型的样本极为稀少的问题,提出一种基于主动学习机制生成对抗网络(generative adversarial network,GAN)的DXN排放风险预警建模方法.首先,以DXN风险等级作为条件信息使得GAN生成候选虚拟样本;然后,利用基于最大均值差异和多视角可视化分布信息的主动学习机制进行虚拟样本的初筛和评估,以获得期望虚拟样本;最后,基于混合样本构建DXN排放风险预警模型.通过基准数据集和MSWI过程数据集验证了所提方法的有效性.基于主动学习机制GAN的DXN排放风险预警建模方法可以有效解决样本稀少的问题,提高模型精度.

MSW介质含水率与介电常数的关系模型试验研究

时域反射测量(TDR)利用水的介电常数与岩土介质介电常数差异较大的特点,由电磁波反射波形分析得到岩土介质的介电常数和电导率,并通过经验关系换算获得含水率。目前,在岩土工程领域采用TDR测试含水率的研究及应用多局限于土介质,很少有关于城市固体废弃物(MSW)方面的研究。采用一种基于表面反射法原理研制的四针式TDR传感器,通过室内标定试验建立MSW介质含水率与其介电常数的经验关系模型,该模型考虑了介质孔隙率的影响,基于该模型的TDR测试结果与烘干法测试结果的误差不超过±5%。

Prediction of NO_(x)concentration using modular long short-term memory neural network for municipal solid waste incineration

Air pollution control poses a major problem in the implementation of municipal solid waste incineration(MSWI).Accurate prediction of nitrogen oxides(NO_(x))concentration plays an important role in efficient NO_(x)emission controlling.In this study,a modular long short-term memory(M-LSTM)network is developed to design an efficient prediction model for NO_(x)concentration.First,the fuzzy C means(FCM)algorithm is utilized to divide the task into several sub-tasks,aiming to realize the divide-and-conquer ability for complex task.Second,long short-term memory(LSTM)neural networks are applied to tackle corresponding sub-tasks,which can improve the prediction accuracy of the sub-networks.Third,a cooperative decision strategy is designed to guarantee the generalization performance during the testing or application stage.Finally,after being evaluated by a benchmark simulation,the proposed method is applied to a real MSWI process.And the experimental results demonstrate the considerable prediction ability of the M-LSTM network.

MSWIBA改良海相淤泥质工程渣土性能与机理研究

利用MSWIBA与氢氧化钙-矿粉(GGBS)协同固化改良渣土,通过强度及浸出试验探究MSWIBA改良渣土的性能,采用XRD以及SEM-EDS对改良土进行微观表征。结果表明:掺入5%~10%的MSWIBA能改良渣土水稳性,有效降低渣土的液限;5%MSWIBA掺量的改良土具有较佳的应用效益,其水稳系数提高了16%、液限降低了5%,7 d无侧限抗压强度为1.95 MPa,符合路基填筑强度要求;改良土重金属浸出浓度均低于0.05 mg/L,符合Ⅲ类地下水以及Ⅱ类地表水的要求;MSWIBA改良土的主要水化产物为(N,C)-A-S-H以及钙矾石,强度和污染组分的稳定性均有提升,材料低碳经济,具有良好应用前景。

MSW教育中实现社会工作向“艺术”转向的思考——课程思政的另一个视角

社会工作自20世纪80年代重新进入我国的大学专业中,其专业的重要性越来越受到政府和社会的重视。社会工作教育尤其是社会工作专业硕士的培养更呈现出必要性与紧迫性。芬克在对社会工作的定义中指出,社会工作是一种艺术,也是一种科学。但在实际的社会工作教育中往往偏重知识性和科学性,对教育中的艺性术关注较少。在当今教育领域注重“课程思政”的大背景下,社会工作教育中的“艺术”可以作为社会工作课程思政一个崭新的视角。文章旨在探究社会工作专业硕士教育课程思政与艺术的内在联系以及MSW教育中植入“艺术”的意义所在,探索“艺术”如何能更好地促进学生成长并提出实践路径。

Application of Multivariate Reinforcement Learning Engine in Optimizing the Power Generation Process of Domestic Waste Incineration

Garbage incineration is an ideal method for the harmless and resource-oriented treatment of urban domestic waste.However,current domestic waste incineration power plants often face challenges related to maintaining consistent steam production and high operational costs.This article capitalizes on the technical advantages of big data artificial intelligence,optimizing the power generation process of domestic waste incineration as the entry point,and adopts four main engine modules of Alibaba Cloud reinforcement learning algorithm engine,operating parameter prediction engine,anomaly recognition engine,and video visual recognition algorithm engine.The reinforcement learning algorithm extracts the operational parameters of each incinerator to obtain a control benchmark.Through the operating parameter prediction algorithm,prediction models for drum pressure,primary steam flow,NOx,SO2,and HCl are constructed to achieve short-term prediction of operational parameters,ultimately improving control performance.The anomaly recognition algorithm develops a thickness identification model for the material layer in the drying section,allowing for rapid and effective assessment of feed material thickness to ensure uniformity control.Meanwhile,the visual recognition algorithm identifies flame images and assesses the combustion status and location of the combustion fire line within the furnace.This real-time understanding of furnace flame combustion conditions guides adjustments to the grate and air volume.Integrating AI technology into the waste incineration sector empowers the environmental protection industry with the potential to leverage big data.This development holds practical significance in optimizing the harmless and resource-oriented treatment of urban domestic waste,reducing operational costs,and increasing efficiency.

Laboratory-scale study of the suppression of PCDD/F emission during coal and MSW co-incineration

The experimental test of co-incinerating Chinese raw municipal solid waste （MSW） and coal in a laboratory-scale tubular reactor was first reported in present study, and the emission of normal gas components and the effects of the S/Cl molar ratio or coal mixing percentages on polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans （PCDDs/Fs） emission were investigated and discussed. The results indicated that OCDD was the only PCDD homologues since others like TCDD-HpCDD was hardly detected, while as the categories of PCDF homologues were comparatively much more general. The amount of PCDD was much larger than that of PCDF in all operating conditions. Since ZPCDF/∑PCDD〈〈1, the dominant role of the precursor formation was proven in our experimental conductions. With increasing the coal addition to MSW （from 0 to 16%）, PCDD and PCDF were reduced considerably. Coal and MSW may suppress the PCDD/F emissions efficiently （over 95%） during the MSW incineration process. The PCDD/F suppression results of the present study could be helpful guidance to the industrial application of Chinese MSW and auxiliary coal co-incineration processes. The PCDD/F stack emission data of two industrial incinerators using co-incineration technology in China seem to have a great positive reduction of PCDDs/Fs.

Mechanical and environmental properties of geopolymer-stabilized domestic waste incineration slag in an asphalt pavement base

Domestic waste incineration slag(WIS)includes fly ash and slag.Fly ash is classified as hazardous waste because it contains heavy metals.Most of slag are directly stacked or landfilled due to problems such as large output and low utilization rate.Harmless treatment is imminent.If WIS is used effectively in the road engineering,which can realize the high-quality and high-efficiency recycling of WIS,and it is of great significance to save resources and protect the environment.This study applies a geopolymer prepared from WIS fly ash as a stabilizing agent in WIS blending macadam for use as a pavement base mixture,and reports the mechanical properties(unconfined compressive strength,splitting strength,and resilience modulus)of the geopolymer-stabilized WIS blending macadam(GeoWIS).The leaching concentrations of harmful heavy metals of GeoWIS soaked in water were also investigated.Finally,the strength formation and heavy metal stability mechanisms were explored.The unconfined compressive strength,splitting strength,and compressive resilient modulus of GeoWIS all increased with increasing geopolymer content and decreasing WIS content.The strength of GeoWIS was derived from its geopolymerization and hydration products(C-S-H gel,N-A-S-H gel,and AFt).When the geopolymer content reached 12%–14%,the GeoWIS without natural macadam met the strength criterion of the asphalt pavement base.Through physical adsorption and chemical bonding,the geopolymer significantly reduced the leaching of harmful heavy metals.In GeoWIS with 50%WIS and stabilized with 10%geopolymer,the Cr,Ni,Cd,and Pb concentrations met the grade III groundwater standard.Concentrations of heavy metals leached from GeoWIS are low and exert little impact on environment.

回转窑内MSW轴向传输和扩散的数学模型和仿真

本文发展了随机颗粒轨道模型并用来预测ＭＳＷ在回转窑内轴向传输和扩散现象，即停留时间分布。模型创新性在于：（１）首次采用颗粒受力矢量分析而非Ｓａｅｍａｎ倡导的几何分析来确定窑内单历程中颗粒的滚落轨迹；（２）充分考虑了ＭＳＷ在回转窑内分离现象，引入参数来表达颗粒滚落过程的随机分布函数。模型计算值和试验结果取得良好的一致，可以为回转式热解或焚烧炉的设计和运行提供依据。

国内外城市生活垃圾(MSW)现状

简要介绍了几个主要国家城市生活垃圾的现状及处理情况,同时重点描述了我国生活垃圾的处理现状,通过比较得出:堆肥和填埋这两种方法是我国目前处理生活垃圾最适合国情的垃圾处理方式,在部分发达的城市也可以大力发展焚烧处理,实现垃圾处理方式的多元化。

城市生活垃圾(MSW)与煤混烧过程中气体污染物的排放

作者在 0 2MW循环流化床上进行了城市生活垃圾与煤混烧实验。在线测量了NOx、NO、N2 O、SO2 、HCl和Cl2排放浓度 ,探讨了城市生活垃圾与煤掺烧比 (R)和温度对气体污染物排放的影响。实验结果显示 ,在混烧过程中 ,随垃圾加入量的增加 ,NOx、NO、N2 O和SO2 排放量减少 ,Cl2 排放浓度增加。当掺烧比R不变 ,温度增加时 ,NOx、NO排放量增加 ,N2 O排放减少 ,SO2 、HCl和Cl2 排放浓度基本不变 。