RIS-Assisted Federated Learning in Multi-Cell Wireless Networks

Over-the-air computation(AirComp)based federated learning(FL)has been a promising technique for distilling artificial intelligence(AI)at the network edge.However,the performance of AirComp-based FL is decided by the device with the lowest channel gain due to the signal alignment property.More importantly,most existing work focuses on a single-cell scenario,where inter-cell interference is ignored.To overcome these shortages,a reconfigurable intelligent surface(RIS)-assisted AirComp-based FL system is proposed for multi-cell networks,where a RIS is used for enhancing the poor user signal caused by channel fading,especially for the device at the cell edge,and reducing inter-cell interference.The convergence of FL in the proposed system is first analyzed and the optimality gap for FL is derived.To minimize the optimality gap,we formulate a joint uplink and downlink optimization problem.The formulated problem is then divided into two separable nonconvex subproblems.Following the successive convex approximation(SCA)method,we first approximate the nonconvex term to a linear form,and then alternately optimize the beamforming vector and phase-shift matrix for each cell.Simulation results demonstrate the advantages of deploying a RIS in multi-cell networks and our proposed system significantly improves the performance of FL.

Evaluation of Linear Precoding Schemes for Cooperative Multi-Cell MU MIMO in Future Mobile Communication Systems

In Mobile Communication Systems, inter-cell interference becomes one of the challenges that degrade the system’s performance, especially in the region with massive mobile users. The linear precoding schemes were proposed to mitigate interferences between the base stations (inter-cell). These schemes are categorized into linear and non-linear;this study focused on linear precoding schemes, which are grounded into three types, namely Zero Forcing (ZF), Block Diagonalization (BD), and Signal Leakage Noise Ratio (SLNR). The study included the Cooperative Multi-cell Multi Input Multi Output (MIMO) System, whereby each Base Station serves more than one mobile station and all Base Stations on the system are assisted by each other by shared the Channel State Information (CSI). Based on the Multi-Cell Multiuser MIMO system, each Base Station on the cell is intended to maximize the data transmission rate by its mobile users by increasing the Signal Interference to Noise Ratio after the interference has been mitigated due to the usefully of linear precoding schemes on the transmitter. Moreover, these schemes used different approaches to mitigate interference. This study mainly concentrates on evaluating the performance of these schemes through the channel distribution models such as Ray-leigh and Rician included in the presence of noise errors. The results show that the SLNR scheme outperforms ZF and BD schemes overall scenario. This implied that when the value of SNR increased the performance of SLNR increased by 21.4% and 45.7% for ZF and BD respectively.

New Approach of Multi-Cell Stacked Cell Inverter for Solar Photovoltaic System

In this paper, a new inverter topology dedicated to isolated or grid-connected PV systems is proposed. This inverter is based on the structures of a stacked multi-cell converter (SMC) and an H-bridge. This new topology has allowed the voltage stresses of the converter to be distributed among several switching cells. Secondly, divide the input voltage into several fractions to reduce the number of power semiconductors to be switched. In this contribution, the general topology of this micro-inverter has been described and the simulation tests developed to validate its operation have been presented. Finally, we discussed the simulation results, the efficiency of this topology and the feasibility of its use in a grid-connected photovoltaic production system.

Handover initiation performance of a new multi-cell cellular configuration with a developed base-station multi-beam antenna

A new multi-cell cellular configuration networks is provided for analysis of handover initiation probability, which is based on multi-beam base-station antenna splitting in the elevation-radiating plane. The sum of the received signal power in the mobile station, including both desired and interference signal power, has been introduced into the handover initiation algorithm. Along with the idea, we present three models of handover initiation algorithm with the shadowing process of Gaussian distribution. The formulation of handover initiation probability of those algorithms is also analyzed. The validity of the presented models has been checked through the comparison with simulation results. The results present the performance characteristics of handover initiation vary with cluster number and base-station antenna elevation angle.

Beam interference suppression in multi-cell millimeter wave communications

Due to the increase in the number of users, beam switching is used for suppressing interference, which leads to higher computational complexity in multi-cell millimeter wave communications. In order to resolve this problem, a beam interference model is introduced, and a lower complexity beam interference suppression algorithm based on user grouping is proposed. The proposed algorithm operates beam switching and mnlti-cell cooperative transmission for a part of the users when there exists beam interference due to high user density. In particular, considering the distinct interference suffered by each user, the proposed dual-threshold user grouping method can effectively solve the frequent switching problem at the base station caused by multi-cell cooperative transmission in multi-cell environments. Simulation results show that the proposed algorithm can reduce the computational complexity of beam switching and approach ideal system capacity, compared with conventional interference suppression algorithms that do not involve grouping of users.

Resource provisioning for computation and communication in multi-cell wireless networks

The convergence of computation and communication at network edges plays a significant role in coping with computation-intensive and delay-critical tasks.During the stage of network planning,the resource provisioning problem for edge nodes has to be investigated to provide prior information for future system configurations.This work focuses on how to quantify the computation capabilities of access points at network edges when provisioning resources of computation and communication in multi-cell wireless networks.The problem is formulated as a discrete and non-convex minimization problem,where practical constraints including delay requirements,the inter-cell interference,and resource allocation strategies are considered.An iterative algorithm is also developed based on decomposition theory and fractional programming to solve this problem.The analysis shows that the necessary computation capability needed for certain delay guarantee depends on resource allocation strategies for delay-critical tasks.For delay-tolerant tasks,it can be approximately estimated by a derived lower bound which ignores the scheduling strategy.The efficiency of the proposed algorithm is demonstrated using numerical results.

Multi Multi-Cell Uplink Interference Management Cell Uplink Interference Management: A Distributed Power Control Method

This paper investigates a multi-cell uplink network,where the orthogonal frequency division multiplexing(OFDM)protocol is considered to mitigate the intra-cell interference.An optimization problem is formulated to maximize the user sup-porting ratio for the uplink multi-cell system by optimizing the transmit power.This paper adopts the user supporting ratio as the main performance metric.Our goal is to improve the user supporting ratio of each cell.Since the formulated optimization problem is non-convex,it cannot be solved by using traditional convex-based optimi-zation methods.Thus,a distributed method with low complexity and a small amount of multi-cell interaction is proposed.Numerical results show that a notable perfor-mance gain achieved by our proposed scheme compared with the traditional one is without inter-cell interaction.

Corrosion risk assessment of chloride-contaminated concrete structures using embeddable multi-cell sensor system

Monitoring the service condition of concrete structures requires the quantitative assessment of properties and corrosion rate of structural steels surrounded by concrete.A multi-cell sensor system that included a reference electrode,a chloride content sensor,a macrocell current unit and an electrical resistance measurement unit was developed.This system provided the following important electrochemical data in the cover-zone concrete on site:open circuit potential,macrocell current from anodes to cathode,chloride profile,concrete resistance and corrosion rate of built-in anodes.The experimental results show that the macrocell current increases when the chloride content in concrete is higher.Thus,monitoring the chloride content is a good method for monitoring the corrosion state.The chloride ion content and cover depth are the key factors that affect the electrical resistance of concrete.Without considering the temperature and time,a simplified model of the instantaneous corrosion rate of steel rebar in a concrete structure based on the measured chloride contents and concrete resistance was proposed.The test results further prove the reliability of this simplified predicting model.

Limited Feedback Bit Allocation for Cooperative Multi-cell Systems with Multi- user MIMO

For the cooperative multi-cell systems with multi-user MIMO, a new limited feedback bit allocation scheme is proposed to minimize the rate loss caused by quantization error. In the proposed scheme, the Channel State Information (CSI) feedback of cell-edge user for the local service cell and the adjacent interference cell are separately quantized. Based on the upper bound of the rate loss of cell-edge user due to the limited feedback, the number of feedback bits for quantized CSI of the local service cell and the adjacent cell are optimized with the fixed total bits of the limited feedback. The simulation shows that our proposed scheme of feedback bits allocation efficiently decreases the interference and increases the rate of systems compared with that of equal bits allocation and those of other allocations.

A comparative crashworthiness analysis of multi-cell polygonal tubes under axial and oblique loads

In order to investigate the energy absorption characteristics of multi-cell polygonal tubes with different cross-sectional configurations,firstly,the theoretical formulae of the mean crushing force under axial load for four multi-cell polygonal tubes were derived by combining the Super Folding Element theory with Zhang’s research results.These formulae can be used to validate the numerical model and quickly evaluate the energy absorption ability of multi-cell polygonal tubes.Furthermore,a comparative study on the energy absorption performance of eight multi-cell polygonal tubes under axial and oblique loads was conducted.The results show that all tubes have a stable mixed deformation mode under axial load.The multi-cell decagon tube has better energy-absorption ability compared with other tubes.Whenθis less than 10°,all the tubes maintain a stable deformation mode,and the multi-cell decagon tube also has the biggest crushing force efficiency and specific energy absorption among these eight tubes;meanwhile compared with the results atθ=0°,the specific energy absorption of all tubes decreases by about 8%-21%,while the crushing force efficiency increases by 20%-56%.However,at large angles 20°and 30°,all of the tubes collapse in bending modes and lose their effectiveness at energy absorption.

Resource Allocation for Channel Estimation in Reconfigurable Intelligent Surface-Aided Multi-Cell Networks

Reconfigurable intelligent surface(RIS)is a promising solution to deal with the blockage-sensitivity of millimeter wave band and reduce the high energy consumption caused by network densification. However, deploying large scale RISs may not bring expected performance gain due to significant channel estimation overhead and non-negligible reflected interference.In this paper,we derive the analytical expressions of the coverage probability, area spectrum efficiency(ASE)and energy efficiency (EE)of a downlink RIS-aided multi-cell network.In order to optimize the network performance, we investigate the conditions for the optimal number of training symbols of each antenna-to-antenna and antenna-to-element path (referred to as the optimal unit training overhead) in channel estimation.Our study shows that:1)RIS deployment is not“the more, the better”, only when blockage objects are dense should one deploy more RISs;2) the coverage probability is maximized when the unit training overhead is designed as large as possible;3)however,the ASE-and-EE-optimal unit training overhead exists. It is a monotonically increasing function of the frame length and a monotonically decreasing function of the average signal-to-noise-ratio (in the high signal-to-noise-ratio region). Additionally,the optimal unit training overhead is smaller when communication nodes deploy particularly few or many antennas.

Energy efficiency optimization for a RIS-assisted multi-cell communication system based on a practical RIS power consumption model

Reconfigurable intelligent surface(RIS)is widely accepted as a potential technology to assist in communication between base stations(BSs)and users in edge areas.We study the energy efficiency of a RIS-assisted multi-cell communication system with a realistic RIS power consumption model.With the goal of maximizing the energy efficiency of the system,we optimize the transmit beamforming vectors at the BS and the RIS phase shift matrix by a proposed alternative optimization algorithm.First,the transmit beamforming vector is optimized by solving the transformed weighted minimum mean square error(WMMSE)problem.Subsequently,to solve the inconvenience incurred by the discrete relationship between the RIS reflecting unit power consumption and its discrete phase shift,we use a continuous function to approximate their relationship.With this approximation,we can use the majorization minimization(MM)technique to optimize the continuous RIS phase shifts,and then quantize the obtained phase shifts to discrete ones.Simulation results demonstrate that the energy efficiency of the system is effectively optimized by the proposed algorithm.

System utility based resource allocation for multi-cell OFDM system

Utility based resource allocation strategy in multi-cell orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing （OFDM） system plays a critical role in next generation mobile communication systems. Based on the analysis of risk aversion utility functions, this article proposed the system utility based utility, which is named the customer satisfaction （CS） utility. Compared with the proportional fairness （PF） utility, the CS utility reflects the user demands better, and enables the system to adjust its resource allocation according to both the traffic requirements and the resource situation.

Distributed interference suppression scheme for multi-cell uplink OFDMA system based on non-cooperative game

In this paper,a distributed interference suppression scheme is proposed for multi-cell uplink orthogonal frequency division multiple access（OFDMA） system.Firstly,we model resource allocation process as a non-cooperative game.Then we show the concept of Nash equilibrium（NE） and investigate its existence and uniqueness in detail.To enhance the performance of multi-cell OFDMA system,the further improvement process based on NE is given.Several adjustable parameters are set to make the system achieve different tradeoffs between the total capacity and complexity.Simulation results show that the proposed scheme can greatly improve the system performance comparing with conventional scheme.

Adaptive bit allocation scheme in multi-cell cooperative block diagonalization systems with delayed and limited feedback

In multi-cell cooperative multi-input multi-output （MIMO） systems, base station （BS） can exchange and utilize channel state information （CSI） of adjacent cell users to manage co-channel interference. Users quantize the CSIs of desired channel and interference channels using finite-rate feedback links, then BS can generate cooperative block diagonalization （BD） precoding matrices using the obtained quantized CSI at transmitter to supress co-channel interference. In this paper, a novel adaptive bit allocation scheme is proposed to minimize the rate loss due to imperfect CSI. We derive the closed-form expression of rate loss caused by both channel delay and limited feedback. Based on the derived rate loss expression, the proposed scheme can adaptively allocate more bits to quantize the better channels with smaller delays and fewer bits to worse channels with larger delays. Simulation results show that the proposed scheme yields higher performance than other allocation schemes.

Multi-cell massive MIMO transmission with coordinated pilot reuse

In this paper, we propose a coordinated pilot reuse(CPR) approach to reduce the pilot overhead for multi-cell massive multi-input multi-output transmission. Unlike the conventional multi-cell pilot reuse approach in which pilots can only be reused among different cells, the proposed CPR approach allows pilots to be reused among both inter-cell and intra-cell user equipments, and thus, pilot overhead can be efficiently reduced. For spatially correlated Rayleigh fading channels, we first present a CPR-based channel estimation method and a low complexity pilot allocation algorithm. Because CPR might lead to additional pilot interference, we develop a statistically robust uplink receiver and downlink precoder that takes channel estimation errors into account. The proposed uplink receiver and downlink precoder are robust to channel state information inaccuracy, and thus, can guarantee a certain transmission performance. Monte-Carlo simulations illustrate the significant performance improvement in net spectral efficiency offered by the proposed CPR approach.

Dynamic Bayesian identification of mechanical parameters of multi-cell curve box girder based on conjugate gradient theory

For multi-cell curve box girder, the finite strip governing equation was derived on the basis of Novozhilov theory and orthogonal property of harmonious function series. Dynamic Bayesian error function of mechanical parameters of multi-cell curve box girder was achieved with Bayesian statistical theory. The corresponding formulas of dynamic Bayesian expectation and variance were obtained. After the one-dimensional optimization search method for the automatic determination of step length of the mechanical parameter was put forward, the optimization identification calculative formulas were also obtained by adopting conjugate gradient method. Then the steps of dynamic Bayesian identification of mechanical parameters of multi-cell curve box girder were stated in detail. Through analysis of a classic example, the dynamic Bayesian identification processes of mechanical parameters are steadily convergent to the true values, which proves that dynamic Bayesian theory and conjugate gradient theory are suitable for the identification calculation and the compiled procedure is correct. It is of significance that the foreknown information of mechanical parameters should be set with reliable practical engineering experiences instead of arbitrary selection.

基于多组学解析布鲁氏菌BvfA对睾丸支持细胞线粒体NADH-泛醌氧化还原酶复合体的影响

【目的】明确布鲁氏菌BvfA对宿主睾丸支持细胞(TM4细胞)的损伤作用,以揭示布鲁氏菌对宿主的致病机制。【方法】利用RNA-Seq双端测序、Label-free蛋白组学技术和LC-MS非靶代谢组学技术分析感染布鲁氏菌S19△bvfA与S19菌株的TM4细胞的组学差异,采用KEGG数据库对差异表达蛋白及差异代谢物通路进行分析,并利用平行反应监测(PRM)对蛋白表达量进行验证。【结果】感染S19△bvfA和S19菌株的TM4细胞差异表达基因共400个,差异表达蛋白共422个,差异代谢产物共271种。多组学联合分析发现,S19△bvfA和S19菌株感染TM4细胞差异表达基因、差异表达蛋白和差异代谢产物共同富集的KEGG通路为内源性大麻素信号通路,在该通路中发现S19△bvfA菌株感染TM4细胞的线粒体NADH-泛醌氧化还原酶复合体(ComplexⅠ)中有20个蛋白表达量下调。PRM验证结果显示,ComplexⅠ中Ndufb11、Ndufa9、Ndufv1、Ndufv2、Ndufs8和Ndufs2蛋白的表达趋势与Label-free蛋白组学技术测定结果一致。【结论】BvfA在布鲁氏菌感染TM4细胞时能引起转录、蛋白质和代谢水平的变化,布鲁氏菌BvfA使睾丸支持细胞线粒体NADH-泛醌氧化还原酶复合体蛋白表达下调。

基于单细胞多组学数据解析结直肠癌动态调控扰动

目的探讨结直肠癌恶性转变过程中的分子特征及其调控网络扰动,深入剖析结直肠癌恶性转变的微环境异质性并识别潜在治疗靶点。方法首先从Gene Expression Omnibus(GEO)数据库中收集单细胞转录组测序数据,从欧洲分子生物学实验室(EMBL)收集单细胞ATAC测序数据。数据共涉及来自14例患者的70例样本,包含22例正常样本、43例息肉样本和5例肿瘤样本。首先对scRNA-Seq测序数据进行预处理,基于Seurat包筛除双细胞和低质量细胞,对scATAC-Seq测序数据使用10X Cell Ranger-atac进行原始数据处理,并使用Signac包去除低质量细胞,得到三个阶段的scRNA-Seq和scATAC-Seq细胞图谱。进一步数据整合,基于Pando R包推断T细胞和上皮细胞的转录调控网络,通过mfinder软件分析网络motif和拓扑属性,对转录因子进行分级分析。最后,基于随机森林算法进行细胞分子特征预测及预后分析。结果筛选出202465个scRNA-Seq测序细胞和136422个scATAC-Seq测序细胞。基于数据整合分析,构建不同癌变阶段的细胞图谱。结果发现,随着结直肠癌进展,肿瘤微环境组成发生显著变化,尤其是T细胞和上皮细胞在不同疾病阶段的比例有较大差异。基于单细胞多组学数据整合,利用Pando包推断结直肠癌不同阶段的转录调控网络,揭示了T细胞和上皮细胞中转录因子及其调控关系的动态变化。功能富集分析结果显示在T细胞和上皮细胞中,转录因子所调控的功能在不同的疾病阶段有明显差异。基于转录调控网络分析发现,T细胞和上皮细胞转录调控网络符合无标度网络特性。网络motif分析揭示了在不同阶段存在的特定motif模式,反映了网络拓扑结构的动态变化,且网络中大多数相互作用都具有阶段特异性。共享转录因子的层级在癌变过程中也会发生变化。最后基于转录因子调控网络构建的分类器可以成功识别T细胞和上皮细胞,表明其作为细胞分子特征的有效性。进一步识别出与患者生存显著相关的网络motif,揭示其在结直肠癌预后中的潜在作用。结论基于整合单细胞多组学数据构建转录调控网络,解析随结直肠癌的进展转录调控网络及其功能的动态变化,揭示了结直肠癌进展过程中的细胞分子特征及关键预后motif,为结直肠癌的分子机制及预后评估提供了深刻见解。

质子交换膜燃料电池多物理场建模及模型参数敏感性分析

受限于外部运行工况及内部多物理场参数的耦合作用机制,质子交换膜燃料电池的精确机理建模成为其研发和应用的瓶颈。该文通过探究燃料电池内部“电-热-流”多场耦合关系,构建准一维电堆动态模型,并基于单参数敏感性和多参数敏感性分析,得到不同模型参数的敏感度指标,完成了建模中部分关键参数的权重分析。为验证模型精度及耦合参数变动对输出特性的影响,在搭建Ballard NEXA 1.2 kW燃料电池测试平台的基础上开展变载及参数变动实验。结果表明,所构建的模型能够较为精确的模拟电堆特性,且对称因子、活化面积和压力系数的变动对电堆输出的影响较大。结果可为燃料电池电堆的测试及改型提供理论基础,并揭示电堆故障及老化过程中主要参数的衰退变化趋势。