密西西比河谷型(MVT)铅锌矿床与蒸发岩的成因关系

MVT铅锌矿床的形成与蒸发岩关系密切,但在蒸发盐矿物发生溶解或转变为其他矿物而“消失”时,人们常忽视其曾经存在。本文基于前人研究,对蒸发岩的转变、识别特征及其与MVT铅锌成矿流体来源、硫来源及储矿构造三个方面的关系进行综述。其中,MVT矿床迁移铅锌的盆地卤水主要来自蒸发海水,少量来自蒸发岩的溶解,区域上蒸发岩的发育可指示该区具有成矿流体的发育条件。铅锌金属硫化物中的硫均来自于硫酸盐还原作用,而石膏和硬石膏等蒸发盐矿物是硫酸盐的重要提供者。蒸发岩溶解垮塌利于形成角砾岩与垮塌空间,铅锌矿化可赋存于角砾岩内或其邻近岩层中;盐底辟构造会形成有利于流体聚集和矿质沉淀的构造/化学圈闭,铅锌矿化赋存于底辟体顶部冠岩、边部过渡层和围岩、直立的底辟角砾筒或侧向底辟形成的穹隆体顶部。此外,蒸发盐矿物的假晶、残留的蒸发盐矿物是“消失”蒸发岩存在的直接证据,钠长石和方柱石、正延性玉髓/燧石、富碱土元素双锥状石英等,可指示蒸发岩曾经存在;蒸发岩溶解垮塌构造具有顺地层延伸长等特点,盐底辟构造具有穿层及角砾来自下部层位等特点,是可以协助识别蒸发岩的相关构造。可以看出,区域地层记录有蒸发沉积环境是MVT铅锌成矿必要条件,蒸发岩溶解垮塌和底辟构造是重要找矿目标。

MVT铅锌矿床成矿规律与找矿预测地质模型

MVT铅锌矿床和会泽型(HZT)铅锌矿床是全球最重要的铅锌矿床类型之一,其中大型矿床数量和铅锌金属储量均居于重要地位。基于勘查区找矿预测理论与方法,从“时间、空间、物质及其演化”四要素出发,厘定MVT铅锌矿床的成矿地质作用和成矿地质体,总结成矿结构面类型和矿化样式,概括成矿流体作用特征标志,并进一步揭示经典的MVT铅锌矿床“三位一体”的成矿规律:矿床产于前陆盆地地堑式构造带、不整合面上发育的溶塌角砾岩岩相组合、成矿正断层破碎带、区域性热卤水活动的“硅‒钙面”成矿结构面中。在此基础上,综合构建经典的MVT铅锌矿床找矿预测地质模型:通过前陆盆地地堑式构造带研究确定勘查区找矿方向,通过成矿结构面研究判断矿体空间位置及其产状,硅‒钙面等特征是判断矿床(体)存在的成矿流体作用标志。其勘查应用流程进一步概括为:看、查、识、厘、析、填、测、比、探、勘。该研究对同类矿床成矿规律研究和找矿预测评价具有启示意义。

滇东北火德红MVT矿床中铊的差异性富集机制:来自EBSD、LA-ICPMS和TEM证据

铊(Tl)是一种战略性关键金属,在高科技领域具有重要用途。作为“稀散元素”之一,Tl主要富集于低温贱金属硫化物矿床中,黄铁矿和白铁矿是其主要载体矿物。滇东北火德红MVT铅锌矿床中黄铁矿和白铁矿显示Tl的富集,其中白铁矿中Tl含量显著高于黄铁矿,为探究Tl在不同矿物之间的差异性富集机制提供了理想对象。本文对火德红矿床共生黄铁矿-白铁矿开展系统的结晶学、矿物学和地球化学研究。电子背散射衍射(EBSD)结果表明,热液黄铁矿、白铁矿晶粒组构具有一定继承性,与闪锌矿紧密共生,暗示为同一成矿事件的产物。激光剥蚀耦合等离子体质谱(LA-ICPMS)原位微量元素含量分析结果显示,黄铁矿和白铁矿中的Tl含量分别为127×10^(-6)~516×10^(-6)和356×10^(-6)~1046×10^(-6),不同含量测点Tl的激光剥蚀时间分辨元素信号曲线均较为平滑,暗示Tl主要以类质同象形式进入黄铁矿和白铁矿晶格。透射电镜(TEM)进一步证实Tl类质同象直接替换Fe为主,即2Tl^(+)←→□(空位)+Fe^(2+)。结合黄铁矿和白铁矿中Tl与Zn含量的正相关关系,本文认为白铁矿中Tl的超常富集可能与偏酸性条件下富Tl、Zn和Fe等金属成矿流体有关。综合研究表明,火德红矿床黄铁矿与白铁矿中Tl的差异性富集与晶体结构、Tl赋存状态无关,而是流体成分、物化条件共同制约的结果,受到矿物和矿床等不同尺度苛刻成矿条件的影响。与闪锌矿共生的白铁矿是未来寻找铊资源的重要方向。

A Preliminary Study on Fluid Inclusions and Mineralization of Xitieshan Sedimentary-Exhalative (SEDEX) Lead-Zinc Deposit

The Xitieshan lead-zinc deposit is located at the northern margin of the Qaidam Basin, Qinghai Province, China, and had developed a complete marine sedimentary-exhalative system. Our preliminary study of ore-forming fluids shows that fluid inclusions in quartz from altered stockwork rocks that represent the pipe facies have a wide range of temperature and salinity. The intense fluid activities are characteristics of the pipe facies of the exhalative system. Fluid inclusions in carbonates near the unstratified ore bodies hosted in the thick-bedded marble which represents vent-proximal facies are large in size and have moderate to high temperatures. They represent unerupted sub-seafloor fluid activity. Fluids in altered stockwork rocks and carbonates have similar H20-NaCI-CO2 system, both belonging to the sedimentary-exhalative system. The fluids migrate from the pipe facies to the unstratified ore bodies. Boiling of the fluids causes the separation of CO2 vapor and liquid H2O. When the fluids migrate into the unconsolidated thick-bedded marble, the escape of CO2, decreasing temperature and pressure as well as some involvement of seawater into the fluids result in the unmixing of fluids with high and low salinity and deposition of ore-forming materials. The two unmixed fluids were trapped in unconsolidated carbonates and the ore-forming materials were deposited in the unconsolidated carbonates to form the sedimentary-exhalative type unstratified ore bodies. The oreforming temperature of unstratified ore bodies is up to high temperature indicating that there is a huge ore-forming potential in its deep.

Geological Characteristics and Genesis of the Jiamoshan MVT Pb–Zn Deposit in the Sanjiang belt, Tibetan Plateau

The carbonate-hosted Pb–Zn deposits in the Sanjiang metallogenic belt on the Tibetan Plateau are typical of MVT Pb–Zn deposits that form in thrust-fold belts. The Jiamoshan Pb–Zn deposit is located in the Changdu area in the middle part of the Sanjiang belt, and it represents a new style of MVT deposit that was controlled by karst structures in a thrust–fold system. Such a karst-controlled MVT Pb–Zn deposit in thrust settings has not previously been described in detail, and we therefore mapped the geology of the deposit and undertook a detailed study of its genesis. The karst structures that host the Jiamoshan deposit were formed in Triassic limestones along secondary reverse faults, and the orebodies have irregular tubular shapes. The main sulfide minerals are galena, sphalerite, and pyrite that occur in massive and lamellar form. The ore-forming fluids belonged to a Mg2+–Na+–K+–SO2-4–Cl-–F-–NO-3–H2 O system at low temperatures(120–130°C) but with high salinities(19–22% NaCl eq.). We have recognized basinal brine as the source of the ore-forming fluids on the basis of their H–O isotopic compositions(-145‰ to-93‰ for δDV-SMOW and-2.22‰ to 13.00‰ for δ18 Ofluid), the ratios of Cl/Br(14–1196) and Na/Br(16–586) in the hydrothermal fluids, and the C–O isotopic compositions of calcite(-5.0‰ to 3.7‰ for δ13 CV-PDB and 15.1‰ to 22.3‰ for δ18 OV-SMOW). These fluids may have been derived from evaporated seawater trapped in marine strata at depth or from Paleogene–Neogene basins on the surface. The δ34 S values are low in the galena(-3.2‰ to 0.6‰) but high in the barite(27.1‰), indicating that the reduced sulfur came from gypsum in the regional Cenozoic basins and from sulfates in trapped paleo-seawater by bacterial sulfate reduction. The Pb isotopic compositions of the galena samples(18.3270–18.3482 for 206 Pb/204 Pb, 15.6345–15.6390 for 207 Pb/204 Pb, and 38.5503–38.5582 for 208 Pb/204 Pb) are similar to those of the regional Triassic volcanic-arc rocks that formed during the closure of the Paleo-Tethys, indicating these arc rocks were the source of the metals in the deposit. Taking into account our new observations and data, as well as regional Pb–Zn metallogenic processes, we present here a new model for MVT deposits controlled by karst structures in thrust–fold systems.

Application of Tectono Geochemical Study in Deep Concealed Ore Body Exploration--As the Huize Super-Large Lead-Zinc Deposit an exemple

1 Geological Background of Minerlization or Geologic Setting The northeast of Yunnan1 Pb-Zn-Ag-Ge polymetallic ore district is an important part of the southwestern margin of the Yangtze block Sichuan-Yunnan-Guizhou

LA-ICP-MS zircon U-Pb age of rhyolitic lithic-crystal tuffs in Erdaohezi lead-zinc deposit,Inner Mongolia

Erdaohezi lead-zinc deposit belongs to the Derbugan metallogenic belt lying on the northwestern Hailaer-Genhe Mesozoic volcanic basin, located on the western slope of the Da Hinggan Mountains. The deposit is considered as one of the hypabyssal low-temprature hydrothermal lead-zinc deposits associated with volca- nism. In order to lay the foundation on studying its diagenesis and mineralization ages, the detailed studies were carried out by dating the host rocks （i. e. rhyolitic lithic-crystal tufts） using zircon LA-ICP-MS U-Pb method. The dating results show three groups ot! ages. The first group is the captured zircons （the weighted mean ^206pb/238U age as 175.6± 2.3 Ma, MSWD = 0.70, n = 3）. The second group can be regarded as the rock- forming age （the weighted mean ^206pb/238U age as 165.3± 1.9 Ma, MSWD = 2.40, n = 14）. The third group should represent the late stage of the magmatic evolution （the weighted mean ^206pb/238U age as 161.0 ± 3.1 Ma, MSWD = 0.86, n = 4）. According to the ages and the crystal form or CL image characteristics of zircons, it is determined that the diagenesis occurred in the late Middle Jurassic. Based on the regional geology and geo- chronological research, the acidic pyroclastic rocks are space accompaniment and time connection with the Tamu- langou Formation intermediate-mafic volcanic rocks. Both of them constitute the host rocks of the deposit together. The rock combination also provides favorable conditions for large-scale silver, lead and zinc mineralization in this area.

Geochronology and geochemistry of the ore-bearing intrusion in the Longgen Lead-Zinc deposit in Tibet and its geological significance

1 Introduction The Longgen Lead-Zinc deposit is located in the southern Gangdise-Nyainqentantanglha plate and belongs to the western section of the Nyainqentantanglha copper-lead-zinc-silver metallogenic belt.In this paper,

滇东北地区MVT型隐伏铅锌矿床的勘查模式研究:以茂租铅锌矿床为例

滇东北地区是我国MVT型铅锌矿床的重要集中产出地之一,区内浅表资源经长时间开采而逐渐枯竭,亟需在已知矿床的外围及深部寻找到新的接替资源。本文以区内典型的巧家县茂租铅锌矿床为例,通过在矿区已知矿床点开展综合找矿方法试验,并结合前人对本区地质背景、成矿模式、矿床特征、找矿标志等的认识,对本区MVT型铅锌矿床深部找矿的勘查模式进行了研究。研究表明,岩石地球化学测量中沿断层破碎带浓集的Pb-Zn-Ag元素高值异常指示了其深部具备成矿热液活动“痕迹”,音频大地电磁法能够查明地下深部有利赋矿层位(震旦系灯影组和寒武系筇竹寺组)的顶底界面埋深和导(控)矿断层的倾向、规模等地质成矿“格架”背景,面积性激电中梯测量能够在“横向平面尺度”圈定出有利的找矿靶区(高极化异常区),大比例尺激电测深剖面能够在“纵向空间尺度”定位矿(床)体位置(低电阻率、高极化异常体),通过深浅结合的组合勘查技术方法(浅表化探组合元素异常+电阻率剖面深部地质结构+平、剖面激电异常体),可以从多学科交叉的角度为深部找矿靶区优选提供证据支撑。据此,本文提出了“构造地球化学+多维度电法勘探”的勘查模式,此模式有望推广到滇东北铅锌成矿带内的其他铅锌矿区进行找矿示范应用。

MVT矿床中与成矿有关热液方解石的地球化学判据——以青海多才玛超大型铅锌矿床为例

碳酸盐矿物是MVT型铅锌矿床最为常见的热液蚀变矿物,记录了成矿流体特征,其元素或同位素组成对示踪和定位矿体具有一定的指示意义,但由于该类矿床中碳酸盐矿物成因多样,单一的岩相学观察往往难以准确识别与成矿有关和无关的方解石,需要辅以地球化学手段来确定方解石成因。本文利用钻孔编录、岩相学观察、C-O-Sr同位素和原位微量与稀土元素组成分析等手段,探讨了青海多才玛超大型MVT铅锌矿床中与成矿有关和无关两期方解石的矿物化学特征。结果表明,多才玛矿床成矿前方解石(Cal1)空间上与矿体无相关关系,遍布于中二叠统九十道班组灰岩内,阴极发光呈暗棕色至棕黄色,无明显生长环带;成矿期方解石(Cal2)主要产于铅锌矿体内及其上盘围岩中,多呈砂糖粒状-皮壳状充填于围岩裂隙和溶孔内,阴极发光呈暗黄色至亮橙色,常发育生长环带。相对于Cal2,Cal1与围岩的C-O-Sr同位素组成更为接近,这表明水岩反应期间,Cal1组成受围岩影响更大,Cal2组成受影响更小;相比于Cal1,Cal2具有较高的Mn、Fe、Zn、Pb含量和U/Th、V/Cr值以及较低的LREE/HREE值、Mg、Sr含量和弱的Ce负异常,指示成矿流体具有较高温度且相对还原的特点。对比世界典型MVT型铅锌矿床,显示较高的Mn、Fe、Zn(可能包括Pb)含量和较低的LREE/HREE值可以协助识别与成矿有关的碳酸盐矿物。

Ore-controlling Regularitiesof Structureinthe Lehong Lead-zinc Deposit, Northeastern Yunnan

1 Introduction The Lehonglead-zincdeposit is a large-sized Pb-Zn depositnewly found in recent years in the Sichuan-Yunnan-Guizhou Lead-zinc Poly-metallic Mineralization Area,which occurrenceis strictly

“Structure-Lithologic-Fluid” Metallogenic Coupling of the Wuzhishan Lead-Zinc Deposit in Puding, Guizhou Province

1 Introduction The Wuzhishan lead-zinc ore-concentrated area in Puding is located in the east of the Sichuan,Guizhou and Yunnan lead-zinc metallogenic domain,with the Youjiang-Nanpan River metallogenic province to the

Spectroscopic Features and Formation Conditions of Sphalerite in the Lead-Zinc Deposit, Guangdong,China

Electron paramagnetic resonance spectra, absorption spectra, cathodoluminescence spectra and infrared spectra of sphalerite from the Lechang remoulded sedimentary lead-zinc deposit have been studied so as to provide microscopic evidence for the formation conditions and mineralization stages of the deposit as well as the geochemical processes of mineralization. On the basis of thermodynamic calculations, the stable fields of sphalerite from different mineralization stages were determined and are shown in logfs_2-logfo_2 diagrams; furthermore. the physico-chemical conditions of mineralization and the properties of mineralization solutions are discussed so that reliability of the genetic information provided by the spectroscopy of sphalerite may also be verified. It is suggested that the temperature and pH value of the mineralization system decrease, and so do the fugacities of O_2, S_2, H_2. and H_2S and the activities of HS^- and SO_4^(2-) from the early to late stages of minerahzation.

Metallogenic Prediction of the Peripheral Areas of the Xiyi Concealed Lead-Zinc Deposit in Baoshan City, Yunnan Province

The newly-discovered Xiyi lead-zinc deposit is a large deposit located in the north central Baoshan block of the southern Sanjiang metallogenic belt section, Southwest China.The surface of the deposit is mainly covered by eluvial-deluvial lateritic layer, without any mineralized outcrops. The main concealed orebody V3 is buffed in the depth of 300-500m. The orebodies are controlled by certain stratigraphic horizons, and most are cut by strata with a high angle, while a few occur along the strata. The direct wall rocks are calcisiltite, calclithite, bioclastic calcarenite,

New Zircon U-Pb Age of Devonian Granites in the Niukutou Lead-Zinc Deposit, Qinghai Province and its Significance for Prospecting Blind Orebodies

Object The Eastern Kunlun Orogen(EKO), An important part of the Tethyan orogenic belt in the northern margin of the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau(Li et al., 2014; Ren Haidong et al., 2016), is a key area for geological research and mineral exploration(Li Bile et al., 2015). The Qimantag Mountain is located in middle segment of the EKO, which has experienced the Early Paleozoic and Late Paleozoic–Early

LAWS GOVERNING THE DISTRIBUTION OF LEAD-ZINC DEPOSITS IN CHINA

An attempt is made in this paper to describe the following laws governing the distribution of lead-zinc deposits in China: spatial distribution laws, temporal distribution laws, deep level control laws, and deposits association and zoning laws.

Experiment and Achievement Enlightenment of Integrated Prospecting of Carbonate-Type Lead-Zinc Deposits in the Sichuan-Yunnan-Guizhou Region of China

Mississippi-Valley＇s carbonate-type （MVT） lead-zinc deposits are the most important type of lead-zinc deposits in the southwest of China. In 2013, China Geological Survey Bureau deployed a project named ＂Experimental Investigation of Integrated Prospecting Technology for Concealed Carbonate-Type Lead-Zinc Deposits in the Region of Sichuan, Yunnan and Guizhou Provinces＂. This project has been implemented by the Chengdu Center of China Geological Survey since 2013, and the project has run for 3 years. The general objective of this project is to establish an effective and adaptable integrated prospecting methodology （including geological, geophysical and geochemical techniques） in search for deep concealed lead-zinc deposits.

花垣铅锌矿床中沥青的初步研究——MVT铅锌矿床有机地化研究(Ⅰ)

湘西花垣铅锌矿床是一个产于下寒武统清虚洞组碳酸盐岩中的大型ＭＶＴ铅锌矿床，含矿岩系为大陆边缘相的藻灰岩、鲕粒灰岩夹黑色泥质条带灰岩。矿区及外围的寒武系中有大量沥青出现。矿区的沥青以细粒状、鳞片状充填于矿石的晶间孔隙或裂缝中，与闪锌矿、方铅矿共生。外围沥青多充填于石英重晶石脉的晶洞中或断裂带中。根据沥青的Ｒｏｍａｘ，Ｈ／Ｃ（原子比），Ｔｍａｘ℃，ＰｙＧｃ，δ１２Ｃ，ＲＥＥ和微量元素测定，矿区的沥青的热演化程度较高（Ｒｏｍａｘ＝４．３２％－４．７０％；，Ｈ／Ｃ（原子比）＝０．５，Ｔｍａｘ＝４０６－６００℃），属脆沥青－２阶段，其演化程度与矿床的成矿温度相吻合（均一温度范围：８０～２００℃，均值１３５－１５１℃）。沥青的类型属原生－同层型，有机质来源可能与主岩有关，并参与成矿作用。