Paleoenvironment of marine-continental transitional shales in the lower Permian Shanxi formation,southeastern Ordos Basin,China

The paleoenvironment of shales can be reconstructed to some extent using the combinations or concentrations of elements that correlate strongly with environmental conditions.In this study,we analyzed rare earth elements(REEs),major elements,and trace elements in the marine-continental transitional shales(transitional shales for short)of the Shan 2^(3)submember of the Shanxi Formation in the southeastern Ordos Basin.The purpose is to deduce the paleoenvironmental conditions of the shales,encompassing paleoredox,paleoclimate,paleoproductivity,and paleo-provenance.The Shan 2^(3)submember comprises four sections,namely Shan 2^(3)-1,Shan 2^(3)-2,Shan 2^(3)-3,and Shan 2^(3)-4.The Ba/Al,P/Al,and Cu/Al ratios,along with biogenic barium(Babio),indicate that the paleoproductivity of the submember peaked during the Shan 2^(3)-1 deposition and exhibited a downtrend upward in other sections.Trends in the Uau and the Ni/Co,V/Cr,U/Th,and V/Sc ratios suggest that suboxic conditions prevailed during the Shan 2^(3)-1 deposition,with the oxidation level gradually increasing from Shan 2^(3)-1 to Shan 2^(3)-4.C-value and the Sr/Cu vs.Ga/Rb cross-plot indicate a warm and arid paleoclimate during the Shan 2^(3)-1 deposition,which transitioned to cooler,drier conditions during the deposition of other sections.Indicators sensitive to paleoclimate,such as the K/Rb and Th/U ratios,along with the ICV,PIA,and Chemical Index of Alteration(CIA),highlight elevated weathering from Shan 2^(3)-2 to Shan 2^(3)-4,with Shan 2^(3)-1 exhibiting the weakest weathering during its deposition.As suggested by the REE data,the Zr/Sc vs.Th/Sr cross-plot,provenance discriminant functions,and the cross-plots of Hf vs.La/Th,Th vs.Hf-Co,and∑REE vs.La/Yb,the sedimentary provenance for the transitional shales of the Shan 2^(3)submember is of multiple origins,with significant contributions from the Upper Continental Crust(UCC).Discriminant diagrams,including those of Th-Co-Zr/10,Th-Sc-Zr/10,La-Th-Sc,and K_(2)O/Na_(2)O vs.SiO_(2),suggest that the transitional shales of the Shan 2^(3)submember were primarily deposited under tectonic settings such as continental island arcs(CIAs)and passive continental margins(PCMs).

甘蓝型油菜Polima和Shan 2A CMS的orf224基因的序列分析

目的油菜PolimaCMS的线粒体基因组中含有orf224的4.5kb的区段是与细胞质雄性不育相关的,验证Shan2ACMS与PolimaCMS在orf224的差异性。方法根据orf224设计5′端和3′端的1对特异引物,对PolimaCMS和Shan2ACMS的线粒体基因组进行PCR扩增,在Shan2A中得到与orf224同源的DNA片段,对其测序分析。结果两序列均由675个碱基组成,核苷酸同源性为99.3%。结论证实Shan2ACMS与PolimaCMS的orf224基因上存在差异,不能简单的从两者具有共同的恢保关系上说明Shan2ACMS就是已知的PolimaCMS。

基于Shan-Chen模型的格子Boltzmann方法在微流动模拟研究中的应用

对格子Boltzmann方法的本质及Shan-Chen模型的核心机制进行了全面阐述,并从应用实例角度对基于Shan-Chen模型的格子Boltzmann方法在微流动模拟方面的有效性、适应性进行了详细分析.结果表明,Shan-Chen模型易于耦合微观条件下占主导作用的微观力,拓宽了格子Boltzmann方法在微流动模拟方面的应用.同时,Shan-Chen模型在润湿性边界条件表征方面的优势,使得这种方法在微结构表面的滑移效应模拟方面具有很好的应用前景.

肠道微生物与细菌性肺炎易感性的因果关系:双样本双向孟德尔随机化研究及cML-MA的应用

目的通过孟德尔随机化研究方法探究肠道菌群与细菌性肺炎易感性之间的因果关系。方法使用三种不同的孟德尔随机化分析方法,对211个肠道菌群类群与细菌性肺炎之间的关系进行211次双样本分析,并进行反向孟德尔随机化分析。以随机效应逆方差加权法(IVW)作为主要结果,并采用其他方法作为补充参考。结果柔膜菌纲(OR=1.14,95%CI 1.02~1.27,P=0.02)、放线菌科(OR=1.17,95%CI 1.02~1.35,P=0.03)、放线菌目(OR=1.17,95%CI 1.01~1.35,P=0.03)以及软壁菌门(OR=1.14,95%CI 1.02~1.27,P=0.02)的丰度升高与细菌性肺炎易感性的增加有关;消化球菌科(OR=0.88,95%CI 0.78~0.98,P=0.02)、直肠拟梭菌群(OR=0.85,95%CI 0.75~0.97,P=0.02)和鞘螺菌科UCG001(OR=0.90,95%CI 0.83~0.99,P=0.03)的丰度升高与细菌性肺炎的发病风险降低相关。一系列敏感性分析以及条件孟德尔随机化分析(cML-MA)的结果表示该研究结果可靠。反向孟德尔随机化未发现反向因果关联。结论肠道微生物的丰度升高与细菌性肺炎的易感性增加或降低相关,肠道菌群在细菌性肺炎发病机制中有重要作用,提供了潜在干预措施的新思路。

3D smart mA调控技术对不同BMI患者图像采集时间质量及辐射剂量的影响

目的:分析3D智能管电流(3D smart mA)调控技术对不同体质量指数(BMI)患者图像采集时间、质量及辐射剂量的影响。方法:择取的180例行胸部CT扫描患者选自西安交通大学第一附属医院2021年6月至2022年12月期间所收治,按照BMI将患者分为三组,A组(18.5 kg/m^(2)≤BMI≤23.9kg/m^(2),n=75)、B组(23.9kg/m^(2)0.05);两位医师对肺部不同层面图像质量(IQS)评分进行评价,Kappa一致性非常好(Kappa值=0.768、0.812、0.861);三组肺部不同层面IQS评分对比,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);三组肺部不同层面CT对比,差异有统计学意义,且随着BMI增加而下降(P<0.05),三组肺部不同层面图像标准差(SD)值对比,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);三组容积CT剂量指数(CTDIvol)对比,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);A组DLP、ED均低于B、C组,B组DLP、ED低于C组(P<0.05)。结论:不同BMI患者应用3D smart mA调控技术,在保证图像质量的前提下,可有效降低辐射剂量。

ODS MA754合金传热界面接触热阻实验研究

鉴于ODS MA754合金传热界面的接触热阻参数对全固态堆芯空间反应堆系统的热量导出具有重要影响,研发和设计了高温高压接触热阻实验装置,测量了不同温度(20~800℃)、压力(0~80 MPa)、气体氛围(He、CO_(2))以及试件表面粗糙度(1.6、3.2μm)下ODS MA754合金传热界面的接触热阻,并基于测试获得的宽量程数据点,建立了ODS MA754合金的接触热阻数据库。实验结果表明:随着接触面温度和压力的升高,界面接触热阻降低,且热阻降低的速率逐渐减小;相较于表面粗糙度为1.6μm的试件,粗糙度为3.2μm试件表面的界面接触热阻明显偏大,实验得到的定量关系可为工程样件的加工粗糙度要求提供依据;He气氛下的接触热阻远小于CO_(2)气氛,在0.1 MPa、100℃工况下,He气氛接触热阻约为CO_(2)气氛接触热阻的1/4。该研究结果可为空间反应堆的热工设计提供数据参考。

Active Tectonics of the Longmen Shan Region on the Eastern Margin of the Tibetan Plateau

There is a massive amount of geomorphic evidence for active tectonics in the Longmen Shan at the eastern margin of the Tibetan plateau. We have surveyed some typical geomorphic markers including the Wenchuan-Maowen, Beichuan-Yingxiu and Pengxian-Guanxian faults, terrace offsets, scarps, fault-controlled saddles, dextral shutter ridges, dextral channel offsets, graben, shatter belts, and pull-apart basins. Electron spin resonance （ESR） and thermoluminescence（TL） ages were obtained using silty sand taken from below the surface of the sediments. According to these data, we calculated the rates of thrusting and strike-slip, and the results indicate that Cenozoic tectonic shortening at the plateau margin is minor with the rate of thrusting less than 1.10 mm/a and the rate of strike-slipping less than 1.46 mm/a. The Longmen Shan is a zone of NNE-trending dextral shear with slip-dip ratio of 6：1-1.3：1. From NW to SE, the thrust component becomes smaller, whereas the strike-slip component becomes larger.

New Zircon U-Pb Geochronology of the Post-kinematic Granitic Plutons in the Diancang Shan Metamorphic Massif along the Ailao Shan-Red River Shear Zone and Its Geological Implications

The Ailao Shan-Red River fault zone is the boundary between the Yangtze block to the northeast and the Indochina block to the southwest.It is an important tectonic zone due to its role in the southeastward extrusion of the Indochina block during and subsequent to the Indian-Eurasian collision.Diancang Shan（DCS） high-grade metamorphic complex,located at the northwest extension along the Ailao Shan-Red River（ASRR） shear zone,is a representative metamorphic complex of the ASRR tectonic belt.Structural and microstructural analysis of sheared rocks in the high-grade metamorphic rocks reveals that they are coherent with solid-state high-temperature ductile deformation,which is attributed to left-lateral shearing along the ASRR shear zone.New LA-ICP-MS zircon U-Pb geochronological and microstructural studies of the post-kinematic granitic plutons provide a straightforward time constraint on the termination ductile left-lateral shearing and exhumation of the metamorphic massif in the ASRR shear zone.It is suggested that the left-lateral shearing along the ASRR shear zone ended at ca.21 Ma at relative lower-temperature or decreasing temperature conditions.During or after the emplacement of the young dikes at ca.21 Ma,rapid brittle deformation event occurred,which makes the DCS massif start fast uplift/exhumation and cooling to a shallow crustal level.

基于可聚合PVSS和联盟链的密钥可公开验证MA-CP-ABE方案

针对基于门限的多机构密文策略属性基加密(MA-CP-ABE)存在属性颁发机构(AA)不可信、属性私钥正确性无法公开验证等问题,提出了一种基于可聚合PVSS和联盟链的密钥可公开验证MA-CP-ABE方案。基于ElGamal改进可聚合PVSS算法,实现系统主密钥分发的可公开验证;基于双线性映射和ElGamal加密,构造MA-CP-ABE属性私钥可公开验证方法,实现属性私钥及其子份额密文条件下的可公开验证;基于联盟链提出密钥可公开验证MA-CP-ABE方案,通过联盟链保证验证参数可信,通过智能合约实现自动化验证。正确性、机密性、鲁棒性和活性等分析表明,当总AA数量为n、门限值为t、恶意AA数量不超过t-1时,所提方案能够保证属性私钥的正确分发,且系统主密钥初始化的通信开销复杂度为O(tn)。

Strain, Kinematic Vorticity and Ductile Thinning along the Detachment Zone of the Yunmeng Shan Metamorphic Core Complex, Beijing, China

The Yunmeng Shan metamorphic core complex （MCC） is composed of the lower plate, the upper plate and the detachment zone. The detachment zone consists of ductile shear zone （mylonite zone）, chloritized microbreccias zone and the brittle fault plane. The ductile shear zone contains mylonitic rocks, protomylonites, and mylonites. Finite strain measurements of feldspar porphyroclasts from those rocks using the Rf/φ method show that the strain intensities increase from mylonitic rocks （Es=0.66-0.72） to protomylonites （Es=0.66-0.83）, and to mylonites （Es=0.71-1.2）. The strain type is close to flatten strain. Kinematic vorticity estimated by Polar Mohr diagrams suggest that foliations and lineation of mylonite （0.47〈Wk〈0.85） record a bulk simple-dominated general shearing at the initial evolution stage of the Yunmeng Shan MCC＇s detachment zone; and the extensional crenulation cleavage（ecc） （0.34〈Wk〈0.77） recorded a bulk pure-dominated general shearing at the later stage of the evolution. Kinematic vorticity measurements also show that the Yunmeng Shan MCC detachment zone is a result of a combination of simple-dominated general shearing caused by crustal extension at the early stage and pure-dominated general shearing caused by MCC uplifting at the late stage. The ductile thinning estimated by finite strain measurements and estimation of Kinematic vorticity ranges from 52% to 82%, which is the minimum thining estimation. Our studies provide new evidence for mechanisms of the Yunmeng Shan MCC detachement zone.

空间结构模型优化的弹性参数FFT-MA随机建模

快速傅里叶变换滑动平均(FFT-MA)法是一种灵活高效的随机建模方法,在地下介质高分辨率建模、复杂介质非平稳建模和不确定性评价等方面具有重要的应用价值。准确构建空间结构模型是利用FFT-MA方法生成合理的随机模型的关键。然而,以往对FFT-MA方法的研究并未提出准确构建空间结构模型的有效方法。为此,文中提出了一种有效的空间结构模型估计方法。该方法基于反演思想,通过最小化随机模型与测井数据和地震数据的空间结构差异,分别估计空间结构模型的纵向自相关长度和横向自相关长度。同时,为了优化空间结构模型的估计效果,在纵向自相关长度的反演过程中引入边界保护正则化,以提高反演的稳定性。此外,将地震约束引入模型优选以提高随机模型的稳定性。实验结果表明:该方法能够稳定估计地下介质的非平稳空间结构模型,从而建立准确描述复杂储层非平稳空间相关特征的高分辨率随机模型。与基于序贯高斯协模拟的随机建模方法相比,使用空间结构模型优化的FFT-MA随机建模方法能够有效刻画多种复杂地质构造从而实现复杂储层建模。

胶粉/SEBS-g-MA共混比对复合材料粘弹行为的影响

研究了胶粉/SEBS-g-MA共混比对胶粉/SEBS-g-MA复合材料力学性能和粘弹行为的影响。结果表明:当共混比为60/40时,复合材料的力学性能最佳;随着胶粉用量的增加,应力松弛程度增大,随着热处理温度的升高,应力松弛可逆恢复程度先减小后增大;Mullins效应随着温度的升高逐渐减弱。

Dynamic response to climate change in the radial growth of Picea schrenkiana in western Tien Shan,China

Forests are important ecosystems for economic and social development.However,the response of tree radial growth to climate has produced‘divergent problems'at high latitudes under global warming.In this study,the response stability and trend of Picea schrenkiana radial growth to variability in climate factors were analyzed in the mid-latitudes of the western Tien Shan Mountains.Radial growth of P.schrenkiana was mainly limited by minimum and mean temperatures.The divergent responses of radial growth occurred in response to the minimum and mean temperatures at the beginning of the growing season(April–May)of the current year,but responses to drought occurred in July–September of the previous year.And the mean and minimum temperatures in June–September of the current year were both stable.Radial growth first increased and then decreased according to the basal area increment,with a gradual increase in temperature.Therefore,forest ecosystems in mountainous arid areas will be increasingly affected by future climate warming.

Crustal Uplift in the Longmen Shan Mountains Revealed by Isostatic Gravity Anomalies along the Eastern Margin of the Tibetan Plateau

This study examines the relationship between high positive isostatic gravity anomalies （IGA）, steep topography and lower crustal extrusion at the eastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau. IGA data has revealed uplift and extrusion of lower crustal flow in the Longmen Shan Mountains （the LMS）. Firstly, The high positive IGA zone corresponds to the LMS orogenic belt. It is shown that abrupt changes in IGA correspond to zones of abrupt change of topography, crustal thickness and rock density along the LMS. Secondly, on the basis of the Airy isostasy theory, simulations and inversions of the positive IGA were conducted using three-dimensional bodies. The results indicated that the LMS lacks a mountain root, and that the top surface of the lower crust has been elevated by 11 km, leading to positive IGA, tectonic load and density load. Thirdly, according to Watts＇s flexural isostasy model, elastic deflection occurs, suggesting that the limited （i.e. narrow） tectonic and density load driven by lower crustal flow in the LMS have led to asymmetric flexural subsidence in the foreland basin and lifting of the forebulge. Finally, based on the correspondence between zones of extremely high positive IGA and the presence of the Precambrian Pengguan-Baoxing complexes in the LMS, the first appearance of erosion gravels from the complexes in the Dayi Conglomerate layer of the Chengdu Basin suggest that positive IGA and lower crustal flow in the LMS took place at 3.6 Ma or slightly earlier.

LATE CENOZOIC TECTONICS ALONG THE NORTHWESTERN MARGIN OF THE TARIM BASIN: INTERACTIONS BETWEEN THE TARIM BASIN AND THE SOUTHERN TIAN SHAN, WEST CHINA

The Late Cenozoic fold\|and\|thrust zone along the northwestern margin of the Tarim Basin and the adjacent Tian Shan of Central Asia is an actively deforming part of the India\|Asia collision system. This deformation zone has two remarkable oppositely vergence arcuate fold\|and\|thrust systems (Kepingtage and Kashi\|Atushi fold\|and\|thrust belts) reaching from east of Keping to west of Kashi. This shape is manifested by structure, topography and seismicity. From north to south, this deformation zone is characterized by four main kinematic elements: (1) a hanging\|wall block (Maidan fault and Tuotegongbaizi\|Muziduke thrust system) that represents the Cenozoic reactivation of a late Paleozoic thrust system; (2) an imbricated thrust stack (Kepingtage\|Tashipeshake thrust system) where slices of Tarim platform sediments are thrust south toward the basin; (3) the Kashi\|Atushi fold\|and\|thrust system where thrusting and folding verge toward the Tian Shan; (4) a foot\|wall block (Tarim craton) that dips gently northwest below the sediment\|filled southern Tian Shan basin and generally has little internal deformation.

The Major Two-stage Shortening Deformation of the Northern Tibet and Tian Shan Area Since the Latest Oligocene

It seems to be progressively recognized that the stress of the India-Asia convergent front can be transferred rapidly through the southern and central Tibetan lithosphere to the northern Tibet, hence leading to the crustal thickening deformation there during or immediately after the onset of the India-Asia collision（ca.55 Ma）.This study focuses on the late Cenozoic deformation and tectonic uplift of the northern Tibet and Tian Shan area.Detailed compilations of a variety of proxy data from sediments and bedrocks suggest that the northern Tibet and Tian Shan area underwent one stage of approximately synchronous widespread contractile deformation since 25–20 Ma, which seemed to decrease at circa 18 Ma as revealed by low-temperature thermochronological data.The latest Oligocene-early Miocene was also significant basin-forming episodes when many intermontane subbasins began to receive syntectonic sedimentation in the northeastern Tibet.Subsequently, the other phase of compressional deformation began to encroach more widely into the northern Tibet and Tian Shan area in episodic steps or continuously from 16–12 Ma to present.

Ecological Risk Assessment of Shan Xin Mining Area Based on Remote Sensing and Geography Information System Technology

In this paper, introducing new remote sensing and geographic information technology to solve the problem of data collection and analysis, this makes the study of ecological risk assessment very quick and accurate. Taking the Shan Xin mining area of the tin mine in Lengshuijiang of Hunan Province as the research object, using the remote sensing image data of three periods in 2005, 2010 and 2015, the remote sensing image is classified carefully and the landscape classification map of the mining area is obtained. The ecological risk index is introduced and the ecological risk values are sampled and interpolated on the ArcGIS platform. The ecological risk spatial distribution map based on the landscape pattern index was obtained. The ecological risk was divided into 5 levels by using the Jenks natural classification method, and each ecological risk grade area was counted. The research results show that: from year 2005 to year 2010, landscape ecological risk trend of the mining area is growing up;the trend rising area of landscape ecological risk is mainly in the southwest and northeast of the Shan Xin mining field;the area of higher and high ecological risk is increasing year by year;and the trend of dispersed development in space is obvious;the development trend of ecological risk in the mining area is rapidly increasing;in 2010 - 2015, the higher and high ecological risk area decrease slightly with the increasing of area of grassland and residential low vulnerability of landscape types;the ecological risk area showed a slow decreasing trend. The research results provide an objective reference for decision making of ecological environment governance.

Constraining the crustal structure under the central and western Tian Shan based on teleseismic receiver functions and gravity anomalies

The Tian Shan is a vast range that spans several countries in Asia.Understanding its evolutionary history may provide valuable insights into intracontinental orogenic dynamics.In this study,we explored the crustal characteristics of the Tian Shan and their relationships to the tectonic evolution of the region.A new H-stacking method that combines the P receiver function and gravity anomalies was used to estimate the thickness and ratio of P-to S-wave velocities(Vp/Vs)for 91 broadband seismic stations in the central and western Tian Shan.Our results revealed significant lateral variations in crustal thickness and Vp/Vs.A—45-km-thick crust and an intermediate-high Vp/Vs(-1.74-1.84)were found in the Kazakh Shield and Tarim Basin,which we interpreted to indicate a mafic crystalline basement and lower crust.The central Tian Shan varied greatly in crustal thickness(40-64 km)and Vp/Vs ratio(1.65-2.00).which may be due to crustal shortening,mafic underplating,and crustal melting.In contrast,we observed a relatively thin crust(42-50 km)with an intermediate Vp/Vs ratio(-1.78)in the western Tian Shan.The differences in the crustal structures between the western and central Tian Shan imply that the Talas-Fergana Fault may be trans-lithospheric.

Late-Stage Ductile Deformation in Xiongdian-Suhe HP Metamorphic Unit, North-Western Dabie Shan, Central China

New structural and petrological data unveil a very complicated ductile deformation history of the Xiongdian-Suhe HP metamorphic unit, north-western Dabie Shan, central China. The fine-grained symplectic amphibolite-facies assemblage and coronal structure enveloping eclogite-facies garnet, omphacite and phengite etc., representing strain-free decompression and retrogressive metamorphism, are considered as the main criteria to distinguish between the early-stage deformation under HP metamorphic conditions related to the continental deep subduction and collision, and the late-stage deformation under amphibolite to greenschist-facies conditions occurred in the post-eclogite exhumation processes. Two late-stages of widely developed, sequential ductile deformations D 3 and D 4, are recognized on the basis of penetrative fabrics and mineral aggregates in the Xiongdian-Suhe HP metamorphic unit, which shows clear, regionally, consistent overprinting relationships. D 3 fabrics are best preserved in the Suhe tract of low post-D 3 deformation intensity and characterized by steeply dipping layered mylonitic amphibolites associated with doubly vergent folds. They are attributed to a phase of tectonism linked to the initial exhumation of the HP rocks and involved crustal shortening with the development of upright structures and the widespread emplacement of garnet-bearing granites and felsic dikes. D 4 structures are attributed to the main episode of ductile extension (D 1 4) with a gently dipping foliation to the north and common intrafolial, recumbent folds in the Xiongdian tract, followed by normal sense top-to-the north ductile shearing (D 2 4) along an important tectonic boundary, the so-called Majiawa-Hexiwan fault (MHF), the westward continuation of the Balifan-Mozitan-Xiaotian fault (BMXF) of the northern Dabie Shan. It is indicated that the two stages of ductile deformation observed in the Xiongdian-Suhe HP metamorphic unit, reflecting the post-eclogite compressional or extrusion wedge formation, the subhorizontal ductile extension and crustal thinning as well as the top-to-the north shearing along the high-angle ductile shear zones responsible for exhumation of the HP unit as a coherent slab, are consistent with those recognized in the Dabie-Sulu UHP and HP metamorphic belts, suggesting that they were closely associated in time and space. The Xiongdian-Suhe HP metamorphic unit thus forms part of the Triassic (250-230 Ma) collision orogenic belt, and can not connect with the South Altun-North Qaidam-North Qinling UHP metamorphic belt formed during the Early Paleozoic (500-400 Ma).

Geodetic constraints on contemporary three-dimensional crustal deformation in the Laji Shan—Jishi Shan tectonic belt

The Laji Shan—Jishi Shan tectonic belt(LJTB),located in the southern part of the northeastern Tibetan Plateau(NETP),is a tectonic window to reveal regional tectonic deformation in the NETP.However,its kinematics in the Holocene remains controversial.We obtain the latest and dense horizontal velocity field based on data collected from our newly constructed and existing GNSS stations.Combined with fault kinematics from geologic observations,we analyze the crustal deformation characteristics along the LJTB.The results show that:(1)The Laji Shan fault(LJF)is inactive,and the northwest-oriented Jishi Shan fault(JSF)exhibits a significant dextral and thrust slip.(2)The transpression along the arc-shaped LJTB accommodates deformation transformation between the dextral Riyue Shan fault and the sinistral west Qinling fault.(3)With the continuous pushing of the Indian plate,internal strains in the Tibetan Plateau are continuously transferred in the northeast via the LJTB as they are gradually dissipated near the LJTB and translated into significant crustal uplift in these regions.