On dry machining of AZ31B magnesium alloy using textured cutting tool inserts

Magnesium alloys have many advantages as lightweight materials for engineering applications,especially in the fields of automotive and aerospace.They undergo extensive cutting or machining while making products out of them.Dry cutting,a sustainable machining method,causes more friction and adhesion at the tool-chip interface.One of the promising solutions to this problem is cutting tool surface texturing,which can reduce tool wear and friction in dry cutting and improve machining performance.This paper aims to investigate the impact of dimple textures(made on the flank face of cutting inserts)on tool wear and chip morphology in the dry machining of AZ31B magnesium alloy.The results show that the cutting speed was the most significant factor affecting tool flank wear,followed by feed rate and cutting depth.The tool wear mechanism was examined using scanning electron microscope(SEM)images and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy(EDS)analysis reports,which showed that at low cutting speed,the main wear mechanism was abrasion,while at high speed,it was adhesion.The chips are discontinuous at low cutting speeds,while continuous at high cutting speeds.The dimple textured flank face cutting tools facilitate the dry machining of AZ31B magnesium alloy and contribute to ecological benefits.

Stress-assisted corrosion mechanism of 3Ni steel by using gradient boosting decision tree machining learning method

Traditional 3Ni weathering steel cannot completely meet the requirements for offshore engineering development,resulting in the design of novel 3Ni steel with the addition of microalloy elements such as Mn or Nb for strength enhancement becoming a trend.The stress-assisted corrosion behavior of a novel designed high-strength 3Ni steel was investigated in the current study using the corrosion big data method.The information on the corrosion process was recorded using the galvanic corrosion current monitoring method.The gradi-ent boosting decision tree(GBDT)machine learning method was used to mine the corrosion mechanism,and the importance of the struc-ture factor was investigated.Field exposure tests were conducted to verify the calculated results using the GBDT method.Results indic-ated that the GBDT method can be effectively used to study the influence of structural factors on the corrosion process of 3Ni steel.Dif-ferent mechanisms for the addition of Mn and Cu to the stress-assisted corrosion of 3Ni steel suggested that Mn and Cu have no obvious effect on the corrosion rate of non-stressed 3Ni steel during the early stage of corrosion.When the corrosion reached a stable state,the in-crease in Mn element content increased the corrosion rate of 3Ni steel,while Cu reduced this rate.In the presence of stress,the increase in Mn element content and Cu addition can inhibit the corrosion process.The corrosion law of outdoor-exposed 3Ni steel is consistent with the law based on corrosion big data technology,verifying the reliability of the big data evaluation method and data prediction model selection.

Laser machining fundamentals:micro,nano,atomic and close-to-atomic scales

With the rapid development in advanced industries,such as microelectronics and optics sectors,the functional feature size of devises/components has been decreasing from micro to nanometric,and even ACS for higher performance,smaller volume and lower energy consumption.By this time,a great many quantum structures are proposed,with not only an extreme scale of several or even single atom,but also a nearly ideal lattice structure with no material defect.It is almost no doubt that such structures play critical role in the next generation products,which shows an urgent demand for the ACSM.Laser machining is one of the most important approaches widely used in engineering and scientific research.It is high-efficient and applicable for most kinds of materials.Moreover,the processing scale covers a huge range from millimeters to nanometers,and has already touched the atomic level.Laser–material interaction mechanism,as the foundation of laser machining,determines the machining accuracy and surface quality.It becomes much more sophisticated and dominant with a decrease in processing scale,which is systematically reviewed in this article.In general,the mechanisms of laser-induced material removal are classified into ablation,CE and atomic desorption,with a decrease in the scale from above microns to angstroms.The effects of processing parameters on both fundamental material response and machined surface quality are discussed,as well as theoretical methods to simulate and understand the underlying mechanisms.Examples at nanometric to atomic scale are provided,which demonstrate the capability of laser machining in achieving the ultimate precision and becoming a promising approach to ACSM.

Effect of tool geometry on ultraprecision machining of soft-brittle materials:a comprehensive review

Brittle materials are widely used for producing important components in the industry of optics,optoelectronics,and semiconductors.Ultraprecision machining of brittle materials with high surface quality and surface integrity helps improve the functional performance and lifespan of the components.According to their hardness,brittle materials can be roughly divided into hard-brittle and soft-brittle.Although there have been some literature reviews for ultraprecision machining of hard-brittle materials,up to date,very few review papers are available that focus on the processing of soft-brittle materials.Due to the‘soft’and‘brittle’properties,this group of materials has unique machining characteristics.This paper presents a comprehensive overview of recent advances in ultraprecision machining of soft-brittle materials.Critical aspects of machining mechanisms,such as chip formation,surface topography,and subsurface damage for different machining methods,including diamond turning,micro end milling,ultraprecision grinding,and micro/nano burnishing,are compared in terms of tool-workpiece interaction.The effects of tool geometries on the machining characteristics of soft-brittle materials are systematically analyzed,and dominating factors are sorted out.Problems and challenges in the engineering applications are identified,and solutions/guidelines for future R&D are provided.

A New Dynamics Analysis Model for Five-Axis Machining of Curved Surface Based on Dimension Reduction and Mapping

The equipment used in various fields contains an increasing number of parts with curved surfaces of increasing size.Five-axis computer numerical control(CNC)milling is the main parts machining method,while dynamics analysis has always been a research hotspot.The cutting conditions determined by the cutter axis,tool path,and workpiece geometry are complex and changeable,which has made dynamics research a major challenge.For this reason,this paper introduces the innovative idea of applying dimension reduction and mapping to the five-axis machining of curved surfaces,and proposes an efficient dynamics analysis model.To simplify the research object,the cutter position points along the tool path were discretized into inclined plane five-axis machining.The cutter dip angle and feed deflection angle were used to define the spatial position relationship in five-axis machining.These were then taken as the new base variables to construct an abstract two-dimensional space and establish the mapping relationship between the cutter position point and space point sets to further simplify the dimensions of the research object.Based on the in-cut cutting edge solved by the space limitation method,the dynamics of the inclined plane five-axis machining unit were studied,and the results were uniformly stored in the abstract space to produce a database.Finally,the prediction of the milling force and vibration state along the tool path became a data extraction process that significantly improved efficiency.Two experiments were also conducted which proved the accuracy and efficiency of the proposed dynamics analysis model.This study has great potential for the online synchronization of intelligent machining of large surfaces.

Assessment of Lubrication Property and Machining Performance of Nanofluid Composite Electrostatic Spraying(NCES)Using Different Types of Vegetable Oils as Base Fluids of External Fluid

The current study of minimum quantity lubrication(MQL)concentrates on its performance improvement.By contrast with nanofluid MQL and electrostatic atomization(EA),the proposed nanofluid composite electrostatic spraying(NCES)can enhance the performance of MQL more comprehensively.However,it is largely influenced by the base fluid of external fluid.In this paper,the lubrication property and machining performance of NCES with different types of vegetable oils(castor,palm,soybean,rapeseed,and LB2000 oil)as the base fluids of external fluid were compared and evaluated by friction and milling tests under different flow ratios of external and internal fluids.The spraying current and electrowetting angle were tested to analyze the influence of vegetable oil type as the base fluid of external fluid on NCES performances.The friction test results show that relative to NCES with other vegetable oils as the base fluids of external fluid,NCES with LB2000 as the base fluid of external fluid reduced the friction coefficient and wear loss by 9.4%-27.7%and 7.6%-26.5%,respectively.The milling test results display that the milling force and milling temperature for NCES with LB2000 as the base fluid of external fluid were 1.4%-13.2%and 3.6%-11.2%lower than those for NCES with other vegetable oils as the base fluids of external fluid,respectively.When LB2000/multi-walled carbon nanotube(MWCNT)water-based nanofluid was used as the external/internal fluid and the flow ratio of external and internal fluids was 2:1,NCES showed the best milling performance.This study provides theoretical and technical support for the selection of the base fluid of NCES external fluid.

Powder mixed electrochemical discharge process for micro machining of C103 niobium alloy

This work demonstrates the viability of the powder-mixed micro-electrochemical discharge machining(PMECDM) process to fabricate micro-holes on C103 niobium-based alloy for high temperature applications.Three processes are involved simultaneously i.e.spark erosion,chemical etching,and abrasive grinding for removal of material while the classical electrochemical discharge machining process involves double actions i.e.spark erosion,and chemical etching.The powder-mixed electrolyte process resulted in rapid material removal along with a better surface finish as compared to the classical microelectrochemical discharge machining(MECDM).Further,the results are optimized through a multiobjective optimization approach and study of the surface topography of the hole wall surface obtained at optimized parameters.In the selected range of experimental parameters,PMECDM shows a higher material removal rate(MRR) and lower surface roughness(R_(a))(MRR:2.8 mg/min and R_(a) of 0.61 μm) as compared to the MECDM process(MRR:2.01 mg/min and corresponding Raof 1.11 μm).A detailed analysis of the results is presented in this paper.

Failure mode change and material damage with varied machining speeds:a review

High-speed machining(HSM) has been studied for several decades and has potential application in various industries, including the automobile and aerospace industries. However,the underlying mechanisms of HSM have not been formally reviewed thus far. This article focuses on the solid mechanics framework of adiabatic shear band(ASB) onset and material metallurgical microstructural evolutions in HSM. The ASB onset is described using partial differential systems. Several factors in HSM were considered in the systems, and the ASB onset conditions were obtained by solving these systems or applying the perturbation method to the systems. With increasing machining speed, an ASB can be depressed and further eliminated by shock pressure. The damage observed in HSM exhibits common features. Equiaxed fine grains produced by dynamic recrystallization widely cause damage to ductile materials, and amorphization is the common microstructural evolution in brittle materials. Based on previous studies, potential mechanisms for the phenomena in HSM are proposed. These include the thickness variation of the white layer of ductile materials. These proposed mechanisms would be beneficial to deeply understanding the various phenomena in HSM.

Optimization of CNC Turning Machining Parameters Based on Bp-DWMOPSO Algorithm

Cutting parameters have a significant impact on the machining effect.In order to reduce the machining time and improve the machining quality,this paper proposes an optimization algorithm based on Bp neural networkImproved Multi-Objective Particle Swarm(Bp-DWMOPSO).Firstly,this paper analyzes the existing problems in the traditional multi-objective particle swarm algorithm.Secondly,the Bp neural network model and the dynamic weight multi-objective particle swarm algorithm model are established.Finally,the Bp-DWMOPSO algorithm is designed based on the established models.In order to verify the effectiveness of the algorithm,this paper obtains the required data through equal probability orthogonal experiments on a typical Computer Numerical Control(CNC)turning machining case and uses the Bp-DWMOPSO algorithm for optimization.The experimental results show that the Cutting speed is 69.4 mm/min,the Feed speed is 0.05 mm/r,and the Depth of cut is 0.5 mm.The results show that the Bp-DWMOPSO algorithm can find the cutting parameters with a higher material removal rate and lower spindle load while ensuring the machining quality.This method provides a new idea for the optimization of turning machining parameters.

Prediction of Wearing of Cutting Tools Using Real Time Machining Parameters and Temperature Using Rayleigh-Ham Method

Wear of cutting tools is a big concern for industrial manufacturers, because of their acquisition cost as well as the impact on the production lines when they are unavailable. Law of wear is very important in determining cutting tools lifespan, but most of the existing models don’t take into account the cutting temperature. In this work, the theoretical and experimental results of a dynamic study of metal machining against cutting temperature of a treated steel of grade S235JR with a high-speed steel tool are provided. This study is based on the analysis of two complementary approaches, an experimental approach with the measurement of the temperature and on the other hand, an approach using modeling. Based on unifactorial and multifactorial tests (speed of cut, feed, and depth of cut), this study allowed the highlighting of the influence of the cutting temperature on the machining time. To achieve this objective, two specific approaches have been selected. The first was to measure the temperature of the cutting tool and the second was to determine the wear law using Rayleigh-Ham dimensional analysis method. This study permitted the determination of a law that integrates the cutting temperature in the calculations of the lifespan of the tools during machining.

Experimental Study on Entropy Features in Machining Vibrations of A Thin-Walled Tubular Workpiece

In machining processes,chatter vibrations are always regarded as one of the major limitations for production quality and efficiency.Accurate and timely monitoring of chatter is helpful to maintain stable machining operations.At present,most chatter monitoring methods are based on the energy level at specified chatter frequencies or frequency bands.However,the spectral features of chatter could change during machining operations due to complexity and time-varying dynamics of the physical machining process.The purpose of this paper is to investigate the time-varying chatter features in turning of thin-walled tubular workpieces from the perspective of entropy.The airborne acoustics was selected as the source of information for machining condition monitoring.First,corresponding to the distinguishing surface topographies relevant to machining conditions,the features of the sound signal emitted during turning of the thin-walled cylindrical workpieces were extracted using the spectral analysis and wavelet packet transform,respectively.It was shown that the dominant vibration frequency as well as the energy distribution could shift with the transition of the machining status.After that,two relative entropy indicators based on the spectrum and the wavelet packet energy were constructed to identify chattering events in turning of the thin-walled tubes.The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed indicators could accurately reflect the transition of machining conditions with high sensitivity and robustness in comparison with the traditional FFT-based methods.The achievement of this study lays the foundations of the online chatter monitoring and control technique for turning of the thin-walled tubular workpieces.

Structure Improvement and Optimization of Gantry Milling System for Complex Boring and Milling Machining Center

To enhance the efficiency and machining precision of the TX1600G complex boring and milling machining center,a study was conducted on the structure of its gantry milling system.This study aimed to mitigate the influence of factors such as structural quality,natural frequency,and stiffness.The approach employed for this investigation involved mechanism topology optimization.To initiate this process,a finite element model of the gantry milling system structure was established.Subsequently,an objective function,comprising strain energy and modal eigenvalues,was synthesized.This objective function was optimized through multi-objective topology optimization,taking into account certain mass fraction constraints and considering various factors,including processing technology.The ultimate goal of this optimization was to create a gantry milling structure that exhibited high levels of dynamic and static stiffness,a superior natural frequency,and reduced mass.To validate the effectiveness of these topology optimization results,a comparison was made between the new and previous structures.The findings of this study serve as a valuable reference for optimizing the structure of other components within the machining center.

智慧学习环境中的人机协同设计

作为教育数字化转型的首要任务,智慧学习环境建设过分强调技术之于教育的能力,而忽略教育主体的价值与地位,涌现出场景割裂、数据孤岛等问题。人机协同旨在充分发挥人与机器的优势,弥补彼此的劣势,成为指导智慧学习环境创设与优化的最优解。研究将人机协同视为智慧学习环境设计的基线思维,构建了由数据模型层、技术支撑层和场景应用层三个层级,包含场景、数据、模型、资源、工具与服务等六个要素的智慧学习环境概念模型。基于普瑞斯的人机功能分配决策矩阵理论,提出了AI讲师、执行型AI+人类助手、伙伴型AI+人类同侪、助教型AI+人类教练、人类导师等五种人机协同模式。在此基础上,研究制定了智慧学习环境各层级的设计原则,分析了数据模型层的决策协同设计、技术支撑层的交互协同设计和场景应用层的流程协同设计,讨论了人机协同模式中人机互信和价值对齐的建构策略,以期指导智慧学习环境中的人机协同设计。

机器学习方法在盾构隧道工程中的应用研究现状与展望

随着盾构隧道工程信息化水平的提升,隧道掘进设备作业过程监测技术日益完善,记录的工程数据蕴含了掘进设备内部信息及其与外部地层的相互作用关系。机器学习因其数据分析能力强,无需先验的理论公式和专家知识,相较于传统的建模统计分析方法具有更大的应用空间。通过机器学习方法对收集的信息与数据进行深度挖掘并分析其内在联系,有助于提升盾构隧道工程建设的效率和安全保障水平。简述机器学习方法的基本原理,总结和分析机器学习方法在盾构工程中的应用研究状况,综述基于机器学习的盾构设备状态分析、盾构设备性能预测、围岩参数反演、地表变形预测和隧道病害诊断等5个方面的进展,并分析当前研究的不足。最后,分析盾构隧道工程向智能化方向发展需重点攻克的难题。

可解释人工智能在电力系统中的应用综述与展望

可解释人工智能(XAI)作为新型人工智能(AI)技术,具有呈现AI过程逻辑、揭示AI黑箱知识、提高AI结果可信程度的能力。XAI与电力系统的深度耦合将加速AI技术在电力系统的落地应用,在人机交互的过程中为电力系统的安全、稳定提供助力。文中梳理了电力系统XAI的历史脉络、发展需求及热点技术,总结了XAI在源荷预测、运行控制、故障诊断、电力市场等方面的电力应用,并围绕解释含义、迭代框架、数模融合等方面展望了电力系统XAI的应用前景,可为推动电力系统智能化转型与人机交互迭代提供理论参考与实践思路。

改进YOLOv7算法的钢材表面缺陷检测研究

当前,基于深度学习的智能检测技术逐步应用于钢材表面缺陷检测领域,针对钢材表面缺陷检测精度低的问题,提出一种高精度实时的缺陷检测算法CDN-YOLOv7。加入CARAFE轻量化上采样算子来改善网络特征融合能力,融合级联注意力机制和解耦头重新设计YOLOv7检测头网络,旨在解决原始头网络特征利用效率不高的问题,使其充分利用各尺度、通道、空间的多维度信息,提升复杂场景下模型表征能力。引入归一化Wasserstein距离重新设计Focal-EIoU损失函数,提出NF-EIoU替换CIoU损失,平衡各尺度缺陷样本对Loss的贡献,降低各尺度缺陷的漏检率。实验结果表明,CDN-YOLOv7的检测精度可达80.3%,较于原YOLOv7精度提升了6.0个百分点,模型推理速度可达60.8帧/s,满足实时性需求,CDN-YOLOv7在提升各尺度缺陷检测精度的同时显著降低了缺陷的漏检率。

日光温室薄膜全自动清洗机研制与试验

针对日光温室薄膜人工清洗劳动强度大、自动化清洗设备缺乏的现状,该研究设计了一种日光温室薄膜全自动清洗机。为减小整机质量并降低成本,采用双蜗轮蜗杆电机分别驱动清洗主机的毛刷与爬升轴;设计地面移位换行装置,用以承载清洗主机沿温室长度方向移动;为实现自动换行清洗,设计棚顶移位换行装置,调整棚顶吊绳安装高度,避免吊绳在换行作业时与棚面产生干涉而影响换行质量或损伤薄膜。基于多传感器融合与数据校验技术,保证清洗主机、棚顶与地面移位装置间的协作实时性、一致性及可靠性。为验证设计方案的合理性与可行性,以参照日光温室跨度、脊高、肩高参数10:1制作模型温室,按外形尺寸5:1加工清洗样机,并进行对齐、倾斜偏移及清洗效果验证试验。结果表明,清洗主机升降时的水平偏移量在±3°以内,左右偏移量在±7 mm以内(换行操作时各偏移量无累积);地面与棚顶移位换行装置的单次换行误差与多次换行累计误差均在1 mm左右;毛刷材料选型与关键参数设计合理,可对薄膜表面灰尘进行有效清洗,洗净率为95.4%,清洗效果明显。该清洗机在丰富国内日光温室清洗装备类型的同时,有效解决了团队前期研发清洗机质量大、易伤膜、自动化水平低等问题,为温室大棚薄膜相关清洗设备的设计研发提供了参考。

人工智能创造力探究

目前,国内外大语言模型如雨后春笋般涌现,加速了通用人工智能时代的到来。人工智能在科学、艺术等领域展现出的卓越创造力,大大推动了人类科技进步,但也给人类传统创造力带来了巨大挑战,需要对人工智能创造力的本质特征进行审视,并预测其未来应用方向。基于此,文章聚焦于人工智能创造力,首先阐释了人工智能创造力的基本内涵;接着,文章从通用领域创造力表现和专业领域创造力表现两个维度,介绍了人工智能创造力的外在表现;然后,文章从产生机制和调控机制两个方面,深入剖析了人工智能创造力的内在机制,并结合人类创造力评价经验提出了人工智能创造力的评价原则和评价方法;最后,文章分析了人工智能创造力未来的应用模式、应用前景并给出应用建议。文章的研究既可促进人工智能创造力的发展和人工智能技术的进步,也能为人类创造力的培养和提升提供一定的借鉴。

我国土壤消毒机械的研发与应用

土壤处理机械是土壤消毒的核心技术。综述了在国家重点研发计划等项目的资助下,我国突破了一系列技术瓶颈,研发了固态、液态和火焰消毒技术。土壤消毒秸杆还田一体机采用偏心结构和反旋土壤提升技术,作业深度可至40 cm土层,在相同用量下,相比手撒棉隆,草莓增产60.4%,生姜增产26.9%~53.1%。采用土壤消毒秸杆还田一体机相同构造的土壤提升技术,研发了以天然气或丁烷作为燃料的火焰消毒机,箱体温度400~600℃,持留2~3 s,处理后对土壤根结线虫防效可达到100%,对杂草的防效在86.6%以上。火焰消毒对土壤病原真菌的防效为63.2%~80.8%,研发的小型广角电喷式注射消毒机,具有左右摇摆结构,使土壤消毒机械转弯时仍能均匀施药。我国独创的这3种施药机械在山东、安徽、河北、云南等地得到了广泛的应用,取得了良好的经济效益和社会效益。

面向交叉创新人才培养的“人工智能+仪器分析”课程教学探索

人工智能与仪器分析技术的交叉创新与应用,对培养创新型人才提出了新的挑战。通过分析“人工智能+仪器分析”现有教学方式的不足,探索针对人工智能与仪器分析交叉领域的课程教学的解决方案,提高仪器分析专业学生掌握人工智能技术交叉创新的能力,为培养应用型和研究型创新人才提供参考。