Determination of contents of eight alkaloids in fruits of Macleaya cordata (Willd) R. Br. from different habitats and antioxidant activities of extracts

A reliable ultrasound-assisted extraction （UAE） method combined with HPLC-UV for quantification of eight active alkaloids in fruits of Macleaya cordata （Willd） R. Br. was developed. The optimization conditions of UAE were obtained by using Box-Behnken design of response surface methodology. Chromatography was carried out using a Kromasil C18 column by gradient elution with 0.1% phosphoric acid aqueous solution for HPLC-UV. All calibration curves showed good linear correlation coefficients （R^2〉0.999 6） and recoveries （from 97.3% to 104.9%） were acceptable. 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl （DPPH） method was employed to test the antioxidant activity of the extract from the samples. The proposed method was successfully applied to quantifying eight components in nine samples of M.cordata, and significant variations of alkaloid contents and antioxidant aetivity of the samples from different habitats were demonstrated. It presents a powerful proof for the selection of the best sources to extract eight kinds of alkaloids.

Dietary Macleaya cordata extract supplementation improves the growth performance and gut health of broiler chickens with necrotic enteritis

Background The poultry industry needs effective antibiotic alternatives to control outbreaks of necrotic enteritis(NE)caused by Clostridium perfringens.Methods The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of dietary supplementation with Macleaya cordata extract(MCE)on the immune function and gut microbiota of broilers with NE.A total of 2881-day-old broiler chicks were randomly assigned to a 2×2 factorial arrangement with two concentrations of dietary MCE supplementation(0 or 350 mg/kg of diet)and two disease challenge statuses(control or NE).Results The results revealed that NE significantly increased the feed conversion rate(FCR),mortality,intestinal lesion score,the levels of IL-1β,IL-17 and IFN-γ/IL-4 in serum and IL-17/IL-10 in the jejunal mucosa,m RNA levels of TLR2,IFN-γand p Ig R in the jejunum,and Clostridium perfringens concentrations in the cecum.NE significantly decreased the body weight(BW),body weight gain(BWG),jejunal villus height,V/C,m RNA level of AMPK-α1 in jejunum,IL-4 level in the jejunal mucosa and lactic acid bacteria abundance in the cecum.MCE significantly increased BW,BWG,jejunal villus height,V/C,m RNA levels of occludin,ZO-1 and AMPK-α1 in the jejunum,the levels of Ig A and Ig G in serum and IL-10 in the jejunal mucosa and m RNA levels of NF-κB,IL-10 and MHC-II in the jejunum.Additionally,MCE significantly decreased the FCR,mortality,intestinal lesion score,jejunal crypt depth,the levels of IFN-γand IL-17 in serum and IL-17/IL-10 in the jejunal mucosa,Clostridium perfringens concentrations in the cecum,and m RNA levels of IL-17/IL-10 in the jejunum.Moreover,NE significantly increased the abundance of bacteria that are associated with inflammation,obesity and depression(Alistipes,Barnesiella,Intestinimonas,RF39 and UCG-005)and significantly decreased the abundance of short-chain fatty acid(SCFA)-producing bacteria(Anaerotruncus,Butyricicoccus and Bacteroides)in the cecum.MCE significantly increased the abundance of SCFA-producing bacteria(Streptococcus,Ruminococcus_torques_group and Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136_group)and significantly reduced the abundance of bacteria that are associated with inflammation and obesity(Alistipes,Barnesiella and UCG-010)in the cecum.In the cecum of broilers with NE,the relative abundance of Barnesiella and Alistipes was higher and that of Lachnoclostridium and Shuttleworthia was lower.Interestingly,these trends were reversed by the addition of MCE to the diet.Spearman correlation analysis showed that Barnesiella and Alistipes were associated with enhanced intestinal inflammation and inhibited growth performance,whereas Lachnoclostridium and Shuttleworthia were associated with anti-inflammatory effects.Conclusions MCE ameliorated the loss of growth performance in broiler chickens with NE,probably by regulating the intestinal barrier,immune function,and gut microbiota.

Safety Evaluation of a Standardized <i>Macleaya cordata</i>Extract in a Ninety Day Feeding Study in Weaned Piglets

The aim of this study was to assess the effects of Sangrovit?, a standardized preparation of Macleaya cordata extract (MCE), on the health status and performance in weaned piglets. A total of 128 weaned piglets were randomly divided into four groups (n = 32, 16/sex/group) and fed either a control feed (T1) or the control feed supplemented with 100 mg/kg (T2), 500 mg/kg (T3), or 1000 mg/kg (T4) Sangrovit? (resulting in 0, 3.5, 17.5, 35 mg MCE/kg feed, respectively) for ninety days. The parameters for growth and health status were evaluated during the trial and blood was collected on Day 0 and Day 91 for hematology and biochemistry analysis. After the animals were sacrificed, the weight of the major organs and tissues was measured and histopathological examination on the organs from 8 animals in each group (4/sex/group) was performed. The results showed no statistically significant differences in live weight, feed intake, and average daily weight gain between the treatment and control groups. The feed containing 100, 500, or 1000 mg/kg Sangrovit? was well tolerated by piglets, with no adverse effects noted during the feeding period or in the histopathological results. The majority of the hematological and blood biochemistry parameters displayed no significant changes between the control and treatment groups. Compared to the control group, some hematological parameters including MCV, platelets concentration, and APTT were modified in some but not all treatment groups. Some significant changes in the blood biochemistry parameters were found in the treatment groups including levels in bile acid, haptoglobin, total serum protein, and GTT, as well as creatine kinase activity, but those changes were not toxicologically significant because no observed changes were seen in other similar biomarkers. In sum, this study demonstrated that the addition of Sangrovit? to swine feed at up to 1000 mg/kg does not result in any toxicological effects to the health status and growth of weaned piglets.

Tolerance Study for Standardized <i>Macleaya cordata</i>Extract Added to Chicken Layer Diet

The objective of this study was to assess the effects of Sangrovit?, a standardized preparation of Macleaya cordata extract (MCE), on the health status and egg laying parameters of layer chickens. Layer chickens (N = 360) were randomly divided into four groups (90 birds/treatment, 10 birds/pen) and fed either a standard basal feed (T1) or a basal diet that was supplemented with 100 mg/kg (T2), 500 mg/kg (T3) or 1000 mg/kg (T4) Sangrovit? (providing 0, 3.7, 18.5, and 37.0 mg MCE/kg feed, respectively) for 56 consecutive days. Live Weight (LW), Average Daily Feed Intake (ADFI) and the Feed Conversion Ratios (FCR) were calculated during the study, and biochemical and hematological endpoints were obtained at the end of the study (Day 56). Eggs were analyzed for the isoquinoline alkaloids sanguinarine and chelerythrine. No statistically significant (P > 0.05) differences were found between control and treatment groups for LW, ADFI and FCR. There was a significant increase in the % laying in groups T3 and T4 for the study overall, but no significant differences in egg size during the study. Blood biochemical analyses showed a near-significant trend for decreased bilirubin in the T2 and T4 groups, but this was not dose-dependent and not considered treatment-related. The percent hemoglobin was significantly decreased in the high dose group, but was not considered treatment-related as it was not a dose-dependent effect. No treatment-related changes were found after necropsy of the selected organs. No quantifiable sanguinarine or chelerythrine was found in the eggs after 56 days administration of the MCE preparation to the hens. The results of this study show that consumption of a standardized MCE preparation at up to 1000 mg/kg feed in laying hens had no adverse effect on the hen or eggs, and no residual sanguinarine or chelerythrine was transferred to the eggs.

Dietary supplementation of Macleaya cordata extract and Bacillus in combination improve laying performance by regulating reproductive hormones,intestinal microbiota and barrier function of laying hens

Background:This study aimed to investigate whether the combination of Macleaya cordata extract(MCE)and Bacil-lus could improve the laying performance and health of laying hens better.Methods:A total of 36029-week-old Jingbai laying hens were randomly divided into 4 treatments:control group(basal diet),MCE group(basal diet+MCE),Probiotics Bacillus Compound(PBC)group(basal diet+compound Bacil-lus),MCE+PBC group(basal diet+MCE+compound Bacillus).The feeding experiment lasted for 42 d.Results:The results showed that the laying rate and the average daily egg mass in the MCE+PBC group were significantly higher than those in the control group(P<0.05)and better than the MCE and PBC group.Combina-tion of MCE and Bacillus significantly increased the content of follicle-stimulating hormone(FSH)in the serum and up-regulated the expression of related hormone receptor gene(estrogen receptor-β,FSHR and luteinizing hormone/choriogonadotropin receptor)in the ovary of laying hens(P<0.05).In the MCE+PBC group,the mRNA expressions of zonula occluden-1,Occludin and mucin-2 in jejunum was increased and the intestinal epithelial barrier detected by transmission electron microscopy was enhanced compared with the control group(P<0.05).In addition,compared with the control group,combination of MCE and Bacillus significantly increased the total antioxidant capacity and catalase activity(P<0.05),and down-regulated the mRNA expressions of inflammation-related genes(interleukin-1βand tumor necrosis factor-α)as well as apoptosis-related genes(Caspase 3,Caspase 8 and P53)(P<0.05).The concen-tration of acetic acid and butyric acid in the cecum content of laying hens in the MCE+PBC group was significantly increased compared with the control group(P<0.05).Conclusions:Collectively,dietary supplementation of 600μg/kg MCE and 5×108 CFU/kg compound Bacillus can improve laying performance by improving microbiota to enhance antioxidant capacity and intestinal barrier,regulate reproductive hormones and the concentration of cecal short-chain fatty acids of laying hens,and the combined effect of MCE and Bacillus is better than that of single supplementation.

Residue Study for a Standardized <i>Macleaya cordata</i>Extract in Growing-Finishing Swine

The aim of this study was to assess the effects of Sangrovit&reg;, a standardized preparation of Macleaya cordata extract (MCE), on the health status and retained residues in growing-finishing swine. A total of twelve growing-finishing swine (n = 6 for each group) were randomly divided into two groups and fed either a control feed or the control feed supplemented with 100 mg/kg Sangrovit&reg;(3.5 mg/kg MCE) for 28 days. The parameters for growth and health status were evaluated during the trial and after which the animals were slaughtered. Residual levels of MCE in swine organs and tissues were determined by measuring sanguinarine and chelerythrine levels by LC-MS/MS. The results showed no statistically significant differences in live weight, feed intake and average daily gain between the treatment and control groups. The feed supplemented with 100 mg/kg Sangrovit&reg;was well tolerated by the swine, with no adverse effects noted during the feeding period or in the necropsy results. Residue analysis indicated that levels of sanguinarine or chelerythrine were under the limit of detection in all the examined tissues and organs from the treated swine. This study demonstrates that Sangrovit&reg;, a standardized preparation of MCE when fed to growing-finishing swine for 28 days, at the level of 100 mg/kg in feed, does not result in sanguinarine or chelerythrine residues in the organs or tissues.

Stability of Sanguinarine and Chelerythrine in Macleaya cordata (Willd.) R. Br.

[Objectives]To explore the stability of sanguinarine and chelerythrine in Macleaya cordata(Willd.)R.Br.[Methods]The solubility and stability of sanguinarine and chelerythrine in seven solvents were measured by HPLC.Besides,the effects of water quality,light source,oxidant,temperature,and pH on stability were investigated.[Results]The solubility and stability of sanguinarine and chelerythrine in methanol and ethanol are good;the stability of sanguinarine and chelerythrine in distilled water and rainwater is not affected by light and is very stable,but they are unstable in tap water whether they are protected from light or not;oxidants have a great influence on the stability of sanguinarine and chelerythrine;sanguinarine and chelerythrine are stable at room temperature lower than 54℃;sanguinarine is stable in pH 2.5-7.0,while chelerythrine is stable in pH 2.5-8.0.[Conclusions]The good stability of sanguinarine and chelerythrine under specific conditions shows that they have broad development prospects and value.

Effects of the Consumption of Macleaya cordata Extract Preparation by Sows

Consistent feed intake during the stress of gestation and lactation in the sow may help maintain the wellbeing of the sow and resulting litter. The effects of the consumption of the appetizing ingredient M. cordata extract preparation (MCEP;trade name Sangrovit&reg;) added to the feed at 50 and 100 ppm on the wellbeing and growth in the late gestation and lactation phases of sows and the resulting piglets prior to weaning was evaluated in preliminary and confirmatory feeding trials. Small increases in sow feed intake and piglet body weights were found in the preliminary trials. In the confirmatory field trial, low increases in sow feed intake with Sangrovit&reg;resulted in decreased sow backfat loss and increased (P < 0.05) sow body condition scores. There was a positive effect on piglet growth, with significantly (P < 0.05) increased litter weight gain and litter weight at weaning. The results of these field trials show that the addition of Sangrovit&reg;to sow feed during late gestation and lactation has positive effects on both the sows and the resulting litters.

Effects of Macleaya cordata Extracts on Growth Performance and Immune Function of Immunosuppressed Laying Chicks

[Objective] The paper was to study the effects of Macleaya cordata extracts on growth performance and immune function of immunosuppressed laying chicks. [Method] A total of 120 1-day-old laying chicks with the body weight of (38.76±1.12) g were randomly divided into 3 groups with 40 replicates per treatment and 1 chick per replicate according to the principle of consistent body weight and half male and half female,namely control group, cyclophosphamide (CTX) group and M. cordata group. The trial lasted 21 d. The chicks in control group and CTX group were fed with basal diet, and those in M. cordata group were fed with the basal diet supplemented with 40 mg/kg M. cordata extract. On the 8^(th), 9^(th), 10^(th) and 17^(th) day of the trial, the chicks in CTX group and M. cordata group were intraperitoneally injected with 80 mg/kg BW CTX, and those in control group were intraperitoneally injected with equal dose of normal saline. [Result] (1) Compared with control group, the average daily gain (ADG) and average daily feed intake (ADFI) of chicks in CTX group reduced significantly;the feed gain ratio (F/G) increased significantly;the white blood cell count (WBC) decreased significantly;the alanine transaminase (ALT) and aspertate aminotransferase (AST) levels in the blood increased significant -ly;the total protein (TP) and globulin (GLOB) content in the blood decreased significantly;the serum malondialdehyde (MDA) content increased significantly;and the contents of immunoglobulin G (IgG), immunoglobulin M (IgM), interleukin-1 β (IL-1β) and interleukin-10 (IL-10) in the serum decreased significantly. (2)Compared with CTX group, the ADG and ADFI of chicks in M. cordata group increased significantly;the F/G decreased significantly;the WBC, red blood cell count (RBC), hemoglobin (HGB), hematokrit (HCT) and mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) increased sig -nificantly;the contents of ALT, AST and MDA in the serum decreased significantly;the contents of TP, GLOB, IgG, Ig M, IL -1β, interleukin-6(IL-6) and IL-10 in the serum increased significantly;and the bursa of fabricius index increased significantly. (3) Compared with control group, the ADG and ADFI of chicks in M. cordata group increased significantly, and the contents of HGB and HCT in the blood increased significantly. [Conclusion] CTX injection will reduce the growth performance, antioxidant and immune function of laying chicks. The addition of M. cordata extract could restore the growth performance, immune function and antioxidant function impaired by CTX.

茶皂素和博落回生物碱复配对4种病原菌的联合毒力

为了明确博落回生物碱与茶皂素混配对棉花立枯病菌、棉花枯萎病菌、苹果轮纹病菌和柑橘炭疽病菌的联合毒力,采用生长速率法测定了博落回生物碱、茶皂素及其不同配比混剂对4种病菌的毒力,通过交互测定法测定了茶皂素和博落回生物碱的毒性比例和增效系数。结果表明:博落回生物碱与茶皂素复配对棉花枯萎病的联合毒力主要为拮抗或相加作用,博落回生物碱与茶皂素复配对苹果轮纹病的联合毒力主要为相加作用,博落回生物碱与茶皂素质量比为1∶48.7的混剂对棉花立枯病表现为增效作用,增效系数为1.536;博落回生物碱与茶皂素质量比为1∶20.2的混剂对柑橘炭疽病菌表现出较好的增效作用,增效系数为1.537。

茶皂素和博落回对三种粮食作物病原菌的联合毒力

为了明确博落回(Macleaya cordata)生物碱与茶皂素复配对小麦赤霉病菌(Fusarium graminearum)、稻瘟病菌(Magnaporthe grisea)和玉米大斑病菌[Exserohilum turcicum(Pass)Leonard et Suggs]3种粮食作物病原菌的联合毒力,采用生长速率法测定了博落回生物碱、茶皂素及其不同配比混剂对3种粮食作物病原菌的半数有效浓度(EC_(50))、毒性比率以及最佳配比的联合毒力。结果表明,博落回生物碱对小麦赤霉病菌、稻瘟病菌和玉米大斑病菌的EC_(50)分别为60.626、24.933、83.152μg/mL;茶皂素对小麦赤霉病菌、稻瘟病菌和玉米大斑病菌的EC_(50)分别为194.978、565.427、440.656μg/mL。最佳配比的联合毒力筛选表明,博落回生物碱与茶皂素质量比为1∶3.2的混剂对小麦赤霉病病菌表现为增效作用,增效系数为2.517;质量比为1∶9.7和1∶15.1的混剂对稻瘟病病菌表现为增效作用,增效系数分别为2.650和1.656;质量比为1∶3.5和1∶5.3的混剂对玉米大斑病病菌表现为增效作用,增效系数分别为2.522和2.440。表明博落回生物碱与茶皂素复配对小麦赤霉病菌、稻瘟病菌和玉米大斑病菌具有明显的协同增效作用。

博落回生物碱和茶皂素对4种蔬菜病原菌的室内联合毒力

为明确博落回生物碱与茶皂素混配对辣椒疫霉病菌、瓜果腐霉病菌、番茄晚疫病菌和番茄灰霉病菌的联合毒力,以期为博落回生物碱与茶皂素复配型植物源农药的开发提供依据,采用生长速率法测定博落回生物碱和茶皂素单剂及其混剂对上述4种病原菌的EC_(50)、毒力比率以及最佳配比的联合毒力。结果表明,博落回生物碱对辣椒疫霉病菌、瓜果腐霉病菌、番茄晚疫病菌和番茄灰霉病菌的EC_(50)值分别为29.3、89.0、24.8、29.6μg/mL;茶皂素对4种病原菌的EC_(50)值分别为90.0、90.3、55.2、83.0μg/mL。毒力比率筛选结果表明,博落回生物碱和茶皂素EC_(50)剂量百分比为90∶10、80∶20、70∶30、60∶40、50∶50和40∶60时,对辣椒疫霉病菌的毒力比率分别为1.30、1.38、1.45、1.33、1.29和1.28,表现为增效作用;EC_(50)剂量百分比为40∶60和10∶90时,对瓜果腐霉病菌的毒力比率分别为1.26和1.28,表现为增效作用;EC_(50)剂量百分比为80∶20和50∶50时,对番茄晚疫病菌的毒力比率分别为1.27和1.25,表现为增效作用;博落回生物碱和茶皂素复配对番茄灰霉病菌表现为相加作用。最佳配比的联合毒力筛选结果表明,博落回生物碱与茶皂素质量比为1.0∶3.1和1.0∶4.6的混剂对辣椒疫霉病菌表现为增效作用,增效系数分别为2.30和1.54;质量比为1.0∶1.5和1.0∶9.1的混剂对瓜果腐霉病菌表现出较好的增效作用,增效系数分别为1.67和2.12;博落回生物碱与茶皂素混剂对番茄灰霉病菌的联合毒力主要表现为相加作用;博落回生物碱与茶皂素质量比为1.8∶1.0的混剂对番茄晚疫病菌表现出较好的增效作用,增效系数为1.52。综上,博落回生物碱与茶皂素复配对辣椒疫霉病菌、瓜果腐霉病菌和番茄晚疫病菌具有明显的协同增效作用,对番茄灰霉病菌表现为相加作用。

博落回提取物对脂多糖刺激的肉仔鸡抗氧化功能、免疫功能及肠道紧密连接蛋白表达的影响

试验旨在研究日粮中添加博落回提取物对脂多糖(LPS)刺激的肉仔鸡血浆抗氧化功能、免疫功能和肠道紧密连接蛋白基因表达量的影响。选用1日龄雄性AA肉仔鸡256只,采用2×2双因素试验设计,主因子分别为博落回添加水平(0、400 mg/kg)和免疫处理(注射生理盐水或LPS)。每个处理8个重复,每个重复8只鸡,试验期为21 d。结果显示:(1)LPS刺激使血浆总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)、总超氧化物歧化酶(T-SOD)活性显著降低(P<0.05);而饲粮添加博落回提取物可显著提高血浆中GSH-Px和T-SOD的活性(P<0.05)。(2)博落回提取物可显著提高血浆中免疫球蛋白IgG水平,降低血浆中诱导性一氧化氮合酶(iNOS)活性(P<0.05)。(3)LPS刺激显著降低空肠紧密连接蛋白Occludin、ZO-1和ZO-2的mRNA表达量(P<0.05);而博落回提取物添加显著提高Claudin-3、Occludin和ZO-2的mRNA表达量(P<0.05)。综上,日粮添加400 mg/kg博落回提取物能够提高LPS刺激下肉仔鸡的抗氧化功能、免疫功能以及肠道屏障功能。

博落回生物碱的提取工艺及其在动物养殖中的研究进展

博落回生物碱是中兽药博落回的功能性成分,其提取工艺多种多样,利用传统的酸提碱沉法即可得到粗提物,工艺简单易于工业化生产,而液膜法、内部沸腾法、超声波提取技术、超临界流体萃取技术、亚临界流体萃取技术等新方法、新技术结合萃取法、结晶法、色谱法等分离纯化技术的应用,对提高中药提取率、活性成分提取率及获取高纯度有效成分等具有显著作用和优势。以血根碱和白屈菜红碱为主要成分开发的新中兽药和药物饲料添加剂产品在改善消化道健康、增强机体免疫力、促进生长、提高生产性能及替代抗生素改善动物健康等方面效果显著。文章综述了博落回生物碱的提取、分离纯化、生物活性及其在动物养殖中的应用进展,以期为博落回生物碱的深层次开发及进一步应用提供参考。

三维电场强化博落回修复铀污染土壤试验研究

通过盆栽试验研究了三维电场对博落回修复铀污染土壤性能的强化作用。结果表明:与二维电场相比,三维电场与博落回耦合可使博落回地上和地下部分铀质量分数分别提高17.14%和43.3%,干生物量分别提高40.4%和37.6%,土壤中可交换态铀石比提高10百分点,改变了博落回体内铀的亚细胞分布,增加了铀在博落回体内的积累,促进铀向博落回细胞器内转移,其中茎部铀的转移更为明显。三维电场可进一步强化博落回对铀污染土壤的修复作用,是一种具有潜在应用前景的强化植物修复方法。

博落回提取物的生物活性及其在畜禽生产中的应用

随着国家“限抗禁抗”政策的全面实施,找寻安全、健康的抗生素替代物成为畜牧业未来发展的关键.中草药作为绿色健康的饲料添加剂现已成为研究的热点.博落回作为一种特殊的中草药,因其具有抗菌抗炎、抗氧化、增强免疫力、防病、促生长等作用,被作为饲料添加剂可替代抗生素药物用于动物生产,促进动物生长及减少动物疾病,因此关于博落回的研究空间巨大.论文对博落回及其活性成分的提取分离、药理作用进行了综述,并对其应用于动物生产中的效果进行讨论,以期为博落回活性成分的提取加工、进一步研究与应用提供参考.

The Genome of Medicinal Plant Macleaya cordata Provides New Insights into Benzylisoquinoline Alkaloids Metabolism

The overuse of antibiotics in animal agriculture and medicine has caused a series of potential threats to public health. Macleaya cordata is a medicinal plant species from the Papaveraceae family, providing a safe resource for the manufacture of antimicrobial feed additive for livestock. The active constituents from M. cordata are known to include benzylisoquinoline alkaloids （BIAs） such as sanguinarine （SAN） and chelerythrine （CHE）, but their metabolic pathways have yet to be studied in this non-model plant. The active biosynthesis of SAN and CHE in M. cordata was first examined and confirmed by feeding ^13C-labeled tyrosine. To gain further insights, we de novo sequenced the whole genome of M. cordata, the first to be sequenced from the Papaveraceae family. The M. cordata genome covering 378 Mb encodes 22,328 predicted protein-coding genes with 43.5% being transposable elements. As a member of basal eudicot, M. cordata genome lacks the paleohexaploidy event that occurred in almost all eudicots. From the genomics data, a complete set of 16 metabolic genes for SAN and CHE biosynthesis was retrieved, and 14 of their biochemical activities were validated. These genomics and metabolic data show the conserved BIA metabolic pathways in M. cordata and provide the knowledge foundation for future productions of SAN and CHE by crop improvement or microbial pathway reconstruction.

煤矿复垦区博落回生物量及其分配特征对氮的响应

为探究博落回(Macleaya cordata)在不同施氮梯度下各生育期生物量及总生物量分配的动态变化规律,设置5个施氮水平:CK(0 kg·hm^(−2))、N_(1)(75 kg·hm^(−2))、N_(2)(150 kg·hm^(−2))、N_(3)(225 kg·hm^(−2))、N_(4)(300 kg·hm^(−2)),从2020年起开展为期两年的连续施氮试验,揭示博落回在贫瘠土壤中的生长适应特征。结果表明:1)N_(3)、N_(4)各时期博落回的冠生物量、根系生物量和总生物量均显著高于CK、N_(1)和N_(2)(P<0.05)。2)博落回的根冠比在不同年份有差异,第1年所有处理的根冠比在6月最低,分别为0.04、0.12、0.09、0.15和0.16,第2年在8月最低,分别为0.20、0.18、0.08、0.06和0.10;2021年6月和8月,CK的根冠比都高于其他处理。3)2020年10月N_(3)的茎叶比显著高于其他处理(P<0.05),其他处理的茎叶比各月份间差异不大;2021年各处理间茎叶比随恢复时间逐渐增加,在11月达到最大,分别为2.82、1.19、1.23、1.89和2.05。综上所述,建议对煤矿复垦区博落回施加225~300 kg·hm^(−2)的氮,以此来促进博落回在贫瘠土壤中的快速定植,本研究可以为缺氮土壤中博落回的生长适应性研究提供理论依据。

Macleaya cordata extract exhibits some potential as a surrogate antibiotic by improving gastrointestinal epithelial status and humoral response in goats

Macleaya cordata extract(MCE)is a potential replacement for antibiotics.In the current study,effects of MCE on the gastrointestinal health and humoral responses of host animals were explored.A total of 30 weanling goats with similar body weight of 9.15±1.36 kg were randomly allocated into three groups(n=10 per group):control group(CON group,fed with a basal diet),antibiotic group(Abx group,fed with the basal diet supplemented with 0.18 g/d vancomycin and 0.36 g/d neomycin),and MCE group(fed with the basal diet supplemented with 5 g/d MCE),for three weeks.Results showed that antibiotic addition decreased the height and area of rumen papillae,ruminal mucosa Toll-like receptor 8(TLR8),interleukin-8(IL-8)and interleukin-1β(IL-1β)gene relative expression levels and microbial diversity,altered the volatile fatty acid(VFA)profile in the rumen,and increased monocytes amount and CD4^(+)T cells percentage in the peripheral blood(P<0.05)compared to CON group.MCE addition increased the average daily gain,ileal villus height,villus height/crypt depth,and immunoglobulin M(IgM)content in the peripheral blood(P<0.05)compared to the CON.Additionally,MCE addition decreased the proportion of isobutyric acid in the chyme of the ileum(P=0.005)compared to the CON group.These results suggest that antibiotic supplementation may suppress the epithelial state and microbial diversity and fermentation in goats,but stimulate cellular response to maintain the growth performance of goats.MCE administration improved the epithelial state and humoral response to promote the growth performance in goats.

基于碳稳定同位素比值和矿物元素区分贵州不同产地的博落回花

探讨碳同位素比值和矿物元素在博落回花的产地推断中的可行性,为毒蜂蜜来源判别以及博落回原材料地理推断提供技术支撑。采集贵州省12个地域的博落回样本,采用元素分析-稳定同位素质谱仪(EA-IRMS)和电感耦合等离子体质谱仪(ICP-MS)测定博落回花的碳同位素比值(δ^(13)C)和19种矿物元素含量,结合主成分分析、偏最小二乘判别分析和正交偏最小二乘判别分析,建立了博落回花产地推断模型。根据矿物元素主成分分析,五个主成分代表了总指标88.289%的信息,Cs、Ba、Al、V、Mn、Fe、Ni和Li可做因子分析。基于正交-偏最小二乘法判别分析方法建立的判别模型确定了As、Rb、Pb、δ^(13)C、Cs、Cu、Sr共7个指标,可进一步建立博落回花的指纹图谱。基于碳同位素比值和矿物元素可用于区分博落回花的生产地域。