The Influence of Macro and Micro Contexts on Teaching and Learning in the Classroom

This paper is based on three observations and independent thinking of the classroom teaching of the author’s colleagues.It attempts to examine how macro and micro contexts affect teaching and learning in the classroom.The author focuses the discussion on three aspects:(i)the present EFL contextual setting in China;(ii)the influence of the evaluation system on both teachers and students;(iii)his own beliefs as a teacher.Finally,he comes to the implications that teachers should often reflect on their teaching by means of observing other teachers’teachings;In order to bring more effective teaching and learning to the class,Teachers should change their class from a teacher-centered one to a students-centered one.

Numerical Simulation of Macro-and Micro-structures of Intense Convective Clouds with a Spectral Bin Microphysics Model

By use of a three-dimensional compressible non-hydrostatic convective cloud model with detailed microphysics featuring spectral bins of cloud condensation nuclei （CCN）, liquid droplets, ice crystals, snow and graupel particles, the spatial and temporal distributions of hydrometeors in a supercell observed by the （Severe Thunderstorm Electrification and Precipitation Study） STEPS triple-radar network are simulated and analyzed. The bin model is also employed to study the effect of CCN concentration on the evolution characteristics of the supercell. It is found that the CCN concentration not only affects the concentration and spectral distribution of water droplets, but also influences the characteristics of ice crystals and graupel particles. With a larger number of CCN, more water droplets and ice crystals are produced and the growth of graupel is restrained. With a small quantity of CCN the production of large size water droplets are promoted by initially small concentrations of water droplets and ice crystals, leading to earlier formation of small size graupel and restraining the recycling growth of graupel, and thus inhibiting the formation of large size graupel （or small size hail）. It can be concluded that both the macroscopic airflow and microphysical processes influence the formation and growth of large size graupel （or small size hail）. In regions with heavy pollution, a high concentration of CCN may restrain the formation of graupel and hail, and in extremely clean regions, excessively low concentrations of CCN may also limit the formation of large size graupel （hail）.

Macro-and Micro-Properties of Two Natural Marine Clays in China

In this paper,macro-and micro-properties of natural marine clay in two different and representative regions of China are investigated in detail.In addition to in-situ tests,soil samples are collected by use of Shelby tubes for laboratory examination in Shanghai and Zhuhai respectively,two coastal cities in China.In the laboratory tests,macro-properties such as consolidation characteristics and undrained shear strength are measured.Moreover,X-ray diffraction test,scanning electron microscope test,and mercury intrusion test are carried out for the investigation of their micro-properties including clay minerals and microstructure.The study shows that：（1）both clays are Holocene series formations,classified as either normal or underconsolidated soils.The initial gradient of the stress-strain curves shows their increase with increasing consolidation pressure;however,the Shanghai and the Zhuhai clays are both structural soils with the latter shown to be more structured than the former.As a result,the Zhuhai clay shows strain softening behavior at low confining pressures,but strain hardening at high pressures.In contrast,the Shanghai clay mainly manifests strain-hardening.（2）An activity ranges from 0.75 to 1.30 for the Shanghai marine clay and from 0.5 to 0.85 for the Zhuhai marine clay.The main clay mineral is illite in the Shanghai clay and kaolinite in the Zhuhai clay.The Zhuhai clay is mainly characterized by a flocculated structure,while the typical Shanghai clay shows a dispersed structure.The porous structure of the Shanghai clay is characterized mainly by large and medium-sized pores,while the Zhuhai clay porous structure is mainly featured by small and medium-sized pores.The differences in their macro-and micro-properties can be attributed to different sedimentation environments.

Recent Advances in Computational Simulation of Macro-,Meso-,and Micro-Scale Biomimetics Related Fluid Flow Problems

Over the last decade, computational methods have been intensively applied to a variety of scientific researches and engineering designs. Although the computational fluid dynamics （CFD） method has played a dominant role in studying and simulating transport phenomena involving fluid flow and heat and mass transfers, in recent years, other numerical methods for the simulations at meso- and micro-scales have also been actively applied to solve the physics of complex flow and fluid-interface interactions. This paper presents a review of recent advances in multi-scale computational simulation of biomimetics related fluid flow problems. The state-of-the-art numerical techniques, such as lattice Boltzmann method （LBM）, molecular dynamics （MD）, and conventional CFD, applied to different problems such as fish flow, electro-osmosis effect of earthworm motion, and self-cleaning hydrophobic surface, and the numerical approaches are introduced. The new challenging of modelling biomimetics problems in developing the physical conditions of self-clean hydrophobic surfaces is discussed.

Sedimentary Micro-facies and Macro Heterogeneity of Reservoir Beds in the Third Member of the Qingshankou Formation,Qian'an Area,Songliao Basin

An analysis of drill cores and well logs shows that the main micro-facies of the third member sand bodies of the Qingshankou Formation in Qian＇an are subaqueous distributary channel facies, sheet sand facies and subaqueous fan facies （olistostrome）. Maps showing the distribution of these micro-facies together with inter-channel bay and prodelta mocro-facies are presented for different time-slices （lower, middle and upper parts of the Qingshankou Formation）. These maps reveal the instability and change of sediment transport in the Baokang sedimentary system during the depositional period. Sediment transport was from the west in the early stage, from the south in the middle stage and from the northwest in the late stage. Values of thickness, porosity and permeability of the sand bodies in the third member of the Qingshankou Formation show that they have low to medium porosity and low permeability, and are characterized by serious reservoir heterogeneity. The joints between micro-facies and subaqueous fan micro-facies are characterized by the highest heterogeneity, the sheet sand and distal sand bar subfacies come next, and the heterogeneity of the subaqueous distributary channel sand bodies is relatively weak.

A Fractional Micro-Macro Model for Crowds of Pedestrians Based on Fractional Mean Field Games

Modeling a crowd of pedestrians has been considered in this paper from different aspects. Based on fractional microscopic model that may be much more close to reality, a fractional macroscopic model has been proposed using conservation law of mass. Then in order to characterize the competitive and cooperative interactions among pedestrians, fractional mean field games are utilized in the modeling problem when the number of pedestrians goes to infinity and fractional dynamic model composed of fractional backward and fractional forward equations are constructed in macro scale. Fractional micromacro model for crowds of pedestrians are obtained in the end. Simulation results are also included to illustrate the proposed fractional microscopic model and fractional macroscopic model, respectively. © 2014 Chinese Association of Automation.

Power Supply of Macro-Micro Driven Linear Piezoelectric Motor

To investigate a novel macro and micro driven linear piezoelectric motor composed of an ultrasonic motor with macro movement and a piezoelectric actuator with micro movement,a digital signal processing(DSP)based macro and micro power supply is designed,which fits the new linear piezoelectric motor.The power supply comprises a control circuit,a voltage conversion circuit,an amplifier circuit,a half-bridge module,an optical isolatorsdrive circuit,etc,where the DSP of TMS320F28335 is used as the controller.When the linear piezoelectric motor working in a macro driven state,the power supply outputs alternating currents with high frequency and high voltage,which drives the linear piezoelectric motor dynamically at an ultrasonic frequency;while working in the micro driven state,the power supply outputs direct currents with high voltage,which drives the linear piezoelectric motor in micro driven statically.Here a prototype of the macro-micro power supply is designed.After a series of experiments on the power supply with and without loads,the results show that the power supply can drive and control the macro micro driven linear piezoelectric motor,and realizes quick and seamless switch between macro and micro drive.In addition,the power supply can drive and control the ultrasonic motor or piezoelectric ceramic micro actuator individually.The power supply achieves the multiple parameters of output signals adjustable simultaneously and exhibits good control characteristics.

Macro-Micro-Anatomy of the Lingual Artery

The macro-micro-anatomy of the lingual artery of 25 adult cadavers wasstudied.The origin of the artery is rather concentrated and the greater cornu of thehyoid bone can be used as the indicator.The entrance of the artery into the hyoglossusmuscle is almost constantly along the posterior border of the muscle,where the artery issuperficially located and easily to be exposed,and has a constant relationship with thevein and hypoglossal nerve.Thus the lingual artery can be used as the artery of a recipientarea in case of tongue reconstruction.The deep lingual artery has two types ofbranches;the short ones mainly supply the muscles of tongue while the long ones mainlysupply the mucosa by forming a submucosal network.In the muscles of tongue,minutearterioles run tortuously along the muscular fibers with abundant anastomoses betweeneach other,but no anastomosis is found to cross over the rnidline of the tongue.Be-neath the mucosa,there is an arterial network spreading all over the whole tongue notlimited to one side.The relationship of the arterial architecture to the structure and thefunctions of the tongue and its clinical significance were discussed.

论新质生产力研究的经济学思维

“新质生产力”思维概念,基于历史唯物主义发展观的理论范式,将马克思主义的“生产力-生产关系”理论范式,运用于对新时代新现象的观察和研究。在新质生产力的经济学理论范式中,对于“人”的概化具有特别重要的认识论和逻辑自洽性意义。“人”的概化,不仅包含人与自然的关系,也包含人与人的关系,即马克思所说的人的本质是“社会关系的总和”。新质生产力经济学思维所概化的“人”,从“经济人”“组织人”演化产生了“智能机器人”。当新质生产力研究接受数字化人工智能的经济学思维时,主流经济学将发生颠覆性的范式变革。对生产力的“质态”关切,超越对生产力的“量态”关切,是新质生产力重要的经济学属性。经济学的范式变革,须将长期性、未来性、存量性、多元性等因素也纳入观察研究体系,这是域观经济学与新质生产力相契合的逻辑基础,可以引导现代经济学的“微观-宏观”范式体系,更科学地研究新时代、新世界所产生的新现象。

基于SBFEM的剪切型裂纹动态开裂模拟

剪切型断裂是岩土工程中常见的破坏模式,了解剪切破坏机理并准确预测剪切型裂纹的萌生、扩展过程对保障工程结构的安全性与稳定性具有重要意义.文章建立了基于比例边界有限元法(scaled boundary finite element methods,SBFEM)和非局部宏-微观损伤模型的剪切型裂纹动态开裂模拟方法,定义了基于偏应变概念的物质点对的正伸长量,可作为预测剪切型裂纹扩展行为的动态开裂准则,一点的损伤定义为该点影响域范围内连接的物质键损伤的加权平均值,而物质键的损伤则与基于偏应变概念的物质点对的正伸长量相关联,并引入能量退化函数建立结构域几何拓扑损伤与能量损失之间的关系,将拓扑损伤与应力应变联系起来,通过能量退化函数修正了SBFEM的刚度系数矩阵,得到了子域在损伤状态下的刚度矩阵,推导了考虑结构损伤的SBFEM动力控制方程,采用Newmark隐式算法对控制方程进行时间离散.最后,通过3个典型算例验证了建议的模型可较好地模拟剪切型断裂问题,能够很好地捕捉剪切型裂纹的扩展路径,并得到较为准确的载荷-位移曲线.

超薄磨耗层抗滑性能的衰变规律及其影响因素

为了精确评价沥青超薄磨耗层开放交通后抗滑性能衰变过程、机理及影响因素,首先利用弧形模具及其配套的轮碾机来制备弧形超薄磨耗层试件;然后通过驱动轮式加速加载系统对4种级配类型和3个沥青胶结料等级的沥青超薄磨耗层试件进行加速加载试验;最后借助激光纹理扫描仪对一定轮载次数作用后的试件分别进行扫描。结合试验数据分别建立了基于S型函数的沥青超薄磨耗层宏观和微观构造深度衰变模型,以及基于灰色关联分析方法来分析各空隙率和沥青胶结料对抗滑性能的独立和耦合作用。试验研究结果显示:采用驱动轮式加速加载系统结合S型函数模型可以定量地评价和预测沥青超薄磨耗层性能的演变过程;空隙率影响超薄磨耗层宏观和微观构造深度的前期衰减速率,空隙率越大,则超薄磨耗层的宏观和微观构造深度的前期衰减速率越大;宏观构造深度的中后期衰减速率受沥青胶结料等级影响更大,沥青胶结料性能等级越高,则宏观构造深度的中后期衰减速率越慢;空隙率和沥青胶结料等级对超薄磨耗层微观构造深度中后期衰减速率的影响相当。因此,在进行超薄磨耗层抗滑性能设计时,选择大空隙率的开级配超薄磨耗层混合料级配对路面抗滑耐久性是有益的,而沥青胶结料的性能等级则可以根据交通量的大小合理选择。

中国典型集体离职案例的思考与启示——基于事件理论分析改革开放40余年来的典型案例

企业员工集体离职对相关组织和员工群体影响深远。研究以1978年至2021年中国改革开放的43年为时间背景,从中国知网(CNKI)的5个子数据库中甄选出我国集体离职案例102个和典型集体离职案例16个。基于编码分析、事件分析等案例研究方法,主要发现:典型集体离职案例的事件强度在新颖度、中断度、重要度中占据其一,即具有代表性;事件空间主要受所在企业规模、行业地位、社会影响力等因素影响;事件时间主要受集体离职人员的层级、重要性、不可替代性等因素影响。分析典型集体离职案例既要考虑时代背景、法律变迁、文化冲突等宏观因素——这些因素可能诱发集体离职;更要考虑外部诱惑、股东更替、高管套现等微观因素——这些因素可能直接导致集体离职。集体离职的发生受到中国改革开放进程的影响:发生地呈现由沿海向内陆变迁的趋势;所涉行业多集中在制造业,这一点尤其在中国加入世贸组织后更加明显;离职人员所涉层级由高层向中层和基层扩展,同时涉及高层、中层和基层的连带离职对企业影响更大。研究还提炼出影响集体离职的宏观因素和微观因素的作用与特征模型,并有针对性地提出预防集体离职事件发生的意见建议。

TPU/Nano-ZnO复合改性沥青的性能研究及微观机制

为促进聚合物/纳米改性沥青在耐久性路面中的应用,在实验室将不同掺量的聚氨酯及纳米氧化锌添加到A-70#基质沥青中制备了复合改性沥青。采用传统物理性能试验、动态剪切流变试验(DSR)、弯曲梁流变试验(BBR)研究了其物理性能与流变特性,基于响应面法的优化设计来明确两种改性剂的最佳掺量。借助傅里叶红外光谱试验(FTIR)对其微观改性机理进行探讨。采用高压紫外汞灯环境箱对改性沥青进行不同时间的紫外老化,分析其抗紫外老化能力,并基于主成分分析法评价了老化性能测试指标的显著性。结果表明:聚氨酯与纳米氧化锌的共同作用提高了基质沥青的高温稳定性及低温抗裂性,两种改性剂的最佳掺量分别为5%、3%。根据FTIR结果,复合改性沥青的改性过程既存在物理共混,又有化学加成反应。聚氨酯及纳米氧化锌的加入在基质沥青紫外老化过程中能够抑制羰基、亚砜基等极性基团的生成,复数剪切模量、羰基指数、劲度模量及亚砜基指数对沥青紫外老化性能的影响最为显著。

新-旧沥青混融行为机制分析及融合程度量化表征

为促进新沥青与老化沥青(新-旧沥青)的有效融合,提升再生沥青混合料的路用性能,从新-旧沥青混融行为理论解析、老化沥青转移特性、混融程度表征等方面,系统地回顾与梳理了混融过程的理论模型、影响要素、测试手段及评价方法.新-旧沥青混融行为理论方面,归纳了Fick定律、对流传质理论、分子动力学理论的分析原理、模型构建及应用实效;老化沥青转移特性方面,凝练了老化沥青在不同拌合条件下的转移特性及变化规律,阐明了间接评价老化沥青转移程度的分析方法;新-旧沥青混融程度量化表征方面,探讨了利用微宏观性能测试指标揭示混融扩散影响区域和扩散途径的适用性,阐述了基于不同测试方法对融合程度的量化表达过程.实践表明:形成完整的新-旧沥青混融行为理论体系,揭示混融扩散全过程的演化机制,构建混融程度的多尺度表征方法,有助于强化对新-旧沥青混融行为的理解与表达,为有效提升再生沥青混合料路用性能提供理论支撑和实践依据.

基于多源资料的中天山降水云宏微观特征分析

文章基于C波段新一代多普勒天气雷达、Ka波段云雷达、微雨雷达和地基微波辐射计等观测资料对中天山地区夏季一次地形云降水的宏微观特征进行了分析。研究表明:此次降水过程受西风气流影响产生地形云降水;该降水过程的0℃层高度在4 km附近,大气层结表现为干层-湿层-干层分布;雷达反射率因子主要分布在15~30 dBZ,云体厚度6 km左右,云内粒子在强湍流作用下迅速增大;在3.5 km高度上雨滴谱存在明显增宽,小粒子数浓度不断减小,大粒子则迅速增多,结合0℃层高度信息得出在3.5 km以上多为冰相粒子,3.5 km以下则主要为液相粒子;多种不同波长的雷达分别适用于测量不同尺度的粒子,可以对降水云的发生演变进行整体全面的观测。研究有助于从地形云宏微观物理特征的视角科学评估中天山白杨沟地区地形云降水人工增雨播云潜力。

高校国家知识产权信息服务中心建设研究:宏观政策及微观机制

笔者在《高校国家知识产权信息服务中心建设研究:现状、问题及成因分析》一文中,就高校国家知识产权信息服务中心建设中的现状、存在的问题及问题成因进行了详尽的调研和分析。找到问题的根源后,采取切实有效的政策管理和运行机制,至关重要。本文将在宏观政策和微观机制建设方面进行重点研究,即宏观政策支持和建立五大微观运行机制。

基于嫦娥五号月壤粒形特征的离散元模拟方法

为满足当前中国探月任务中的“堪测、采、建”战略规划,获取更加贴近真实的月壤物理力学特性,考虑月壤颗粒形状的影响,结合嫦娥五号探月任务中的月壤颗粒图像,将月壤粒形特征与颗粒级配联系起来,提出考虑中国月壤粒形特征的离散元数值模拟方法。首先,基于嫦娥五号探月任务获取的部分月壤颗粒图像,对颗粒的形状特征及尺寸信息进行提取,依据其球度特征将月壤的颗粒形态分为6类,并同月壤颗粒的粒形特征与颗粒尺寸建立对应关系;其次,结合本团队开发的三维离散元月壤接触模型,引入形状参数用以表征月壤颗粒的抗转动能力,进而在离散元中考虑月壤颗粒的粒形特征,最终建立考虑中国月壤粒形特征的离散元数值模型;通过与已知月壤试验结果的对比表明,该方法可将月壤颗粒形状的可变性直接映射到离散元中。在此基础上,通过与不考虑粒形特征的数值样进行对比,探究考虑月壤粒形特征的优势。结果表明:含嫦娥五号月壤粒形特征的离散元数值模型可以有效捕捉月壤力学行为的主要特征,为开展月球资源勘探及开发利用研究提供基础。

磷石膏矿山充填材料研发与性能试验研究

为了研究固废磷石膏制备矿山充填材料的可行性,以磷石膏为骨料,添加电石渣、矿渣制备充填材料。采用单因素试验和正交试验法研究了电石渣质量分数、矿渣质量分数、物料质量分数,以及烘干温度对充填材料抗压强度的影响规律,并利用SEM分析了样品的微观形貌特征。试验结果表明:当磷石膏、电石渣、矿渣质量分数分别为65%、5%、30%时,物料质量分数为65%充填材料的强度及初始流动度满足充填要求。在130℃烘干8 h条件下,充填材料峰值强度最高。电石渣激发了矿渣活性,磷石膏与矿渣形成了针状钙矾石及水化铝酸钙和水化硅酸钙凝胶,增强了充填材料强度。

不同溶液及干湿循环作用下砂岩宏细观损伤效应试验与模型研究

云冈石窟在降雨的反复作用下处于干湿循环的状态,其力学性质受到不同程度的劣化,将直接影响到石窟区砂岩的强度变形。以砂岩为研究对象,设计并进行不同溶液及干湿循环试验,建立宏观损伤统计本构模型,并结合SEM扫描电镜对细观结构损伤进行研究。研究表明:砂岩在干湿循环作用下,酸性环境对砂岩的劣化作用相对于中性环境更大;干湿循环初期发生劈裂破坏,后期逐渐演变为劈裂破坏和剪切破坏的结合;微观结构上均遭到一定程度的破坏,但酸性环境更明显。此研究为不同环境干湿循环作用下砂岩类文物的保护修复指导工作提供了理论依据,对于深入认识云冈石窟劣化损伤机理具有十分重要的意义。

柔顺宏微操作系统动力学建模及振动抑制研究

针对高速大范围宏运动时柔顺微操作器的微纳振动问题,建立系统动力学模型并设计改进离散滑模控制策略对微观弹性振动进行抑制。首先以气浮宏动平台和压电纤维微操作器构成的宏微操作系统为对象,结合假设模态法、拉格朗日方程和非对称迟滞模型,建立系统综合机电动力学模型。然后,在所建模型基础上设计变速趋近律调节切换增益,从而实现非线性离散滑模控制。最终搭建宏微操作系统测控平台,并进行轨迹跟踪和振动抑制试验。在轨迹跟踪时,对于不同频率的正弦参考轨迹,所设计的控制策略均能精确跟踪给定信号且误差较小;在振动抑制时,当宏动平台沿梯形与S轨迹运动时,微操作器残余振动稳定时间比改进前分别减少26.1%和50.0%,比无控制时分别缩短53.6%和53.3%。验证了动力学模型与离散滑模控制的有效性,提高了系统控制精度与效率。