Acute liver failure (ALF) is a devastating clinical syndrome characterised by progressive encephalopathy, coagulopathy, and circulatory dysfunction, which commonly leads to multiorgan failure and death. Central to the...Acute liver failure (ALF) is a devastating clinical syndrome characterised by progressive encephalopathy, coagulopathy, and circulatory dysfunction, which commonly leads to multiorgan failure and death. Central to the pathogenesis of ALF is activation of the immune system with mobilisation of cellular effectors and massive production of cytokines. As key components of the innate immune system, monocytes and macrophages are postulated to play a central role in the initiation, progression and resolution of ALF. ALF in humans follows a rapidly progressive clinical course that poses inherent difficulties in delineating the role of these pivotal immune cells. Therefore, a number of experimental models have been used to study the pathogenesis of ALF. Here we consider the evidence from experimental and human studies of ALF on the role of monocytes and macrophages in acute hepatic injury and the ensuing extrahepatic manifestations, including functional monocyte deactivation and multiple organ failure.展开更多
The aim of this review is to explore the role of mitochondria in regulating macrophage sterol homeostasis and inflammatory responses within the aetiology of atherosclerosis.Macrophage generation of oxysterol activator...The aim of this review is to explore the role of mitochondria in regulating macrophage sterol homeostasis and inflammatory responses within the aetiology of atherosclerosis.Macrophage generation of oxysterol activators of liver X receptors(LXRs),via sterol 27-hydroxylase,is regulated by the rate of flux of cholesterolto the inner mitochondrial membrane,via a complex of cholesterol trafficking proteins.Oxysterols are key signalling molecules,regulating the transcriptional activity of LXRs which coordinate macrophage sterol metabolism and cytokine production,key features influencing the impact of these cells within atherosclerotic lesions.The precise identity of the complex of proteins mediating mitochondrial cholesterol trafficking in macrophages remains a matter of debate,but may include steroidogenic acute regulatory protein and translocator protein.There is clear evidence that targeting either of these proteins enhances removal of cholesterol via LXRα-dependent induction of ATP binding cassette transporters(ABCA1,ABCG1) and limits the production of inflammatory cytokines; interventions which influence mitochondrial structure and bioenergetics also impact on removal of cholesterol from macrophages.Thus,molecules which can sustain or improve mitochondrial structure,the function of the electron transport chain,or increase the activity of components of the protein complex involved in cholesterol transfer,may therefore have utility in limiting or regressing atheroma development,reducing the incidence of coronary heart disease and myocardial infarction.展开更多
目的:探讨吡格列酮对THP-1源性巨噬细胞ATP结合盒转运蛋白A1(ABCA1)、ATP结合盒转运蛋白G1(ABCG1)及B族Ⅰ型清道夫受体(SR-BⅠ)表达的影响及可能作用机制。方法:Real time PCR及Western-blot检测不同浓度吡格列酮(1,10,20,30μmol/L)作...目的:探讨吡格列酮对THP-1源性巨噬细胞ATP结合盒转运蛋白A1(ABCA1)、ATP结合盒转运蛋白G1(ABCG1)及B族Ⅰ型清道夫受体(SR-BⅠ)表达的影响及可能作用机制。方法:Real time PCR及Western-blot检测不同浓度吡格列酮(1,10,20,30μmol/L)作用24h,THP-1源性巨噬细胞ABCA1,ABCG1及SR-BⅠmRNA和蛋白的表达。使用过氧化物酶体增殖物激活型受体γ(PPARγ)特异性拮抗剂GW9662(2μmol/L)阻断吡格列酮(10μmol/L),24h后检测THP-1源性巨噬细胞ABCA1,ABCG1及SR-BⅠmRNA和蛋白的表达。结果:吡格列酮可浓度依赖性增高24hTHP-1源性巨噬细胞ABCA1,ABCG1及SR-BⅠmRNA和蛋白的表达,GW9662可显著抑制吡格列酮诱导的THP-1源性巨噬细胞ABCA1,ABCG1及SR-BⅠmRNA和蛋白表达的增高(P<0.05)。结论:吡格列酮激动PPARγ上调THP-1源性巨噬细胞胆固醇流出调节蛋白ABCA1,ABCG1及SR-BⅠ基因的表达。展开更多
文摘Acute liver failure (ALF) is a devastating clinical syndrome characterised by progressive encephalopathy, coagulopathy, and circulatory dysfunction, which commonly leads to multiorgan failure and death. Central to the pathogenesis of ALF is activation of the immune system with mobilisation of cellular effectors and massive production of cytokines. As key components of the innate immune system, monocytes and macrophages are postulated to play a central role in the initiation, progression and resolution of ALF. ALF in humans follows a rapidly progressive clinical course that poses inherent difficulties in delineating the role of these pivotal immune cells. Therefore, a number of experimental models have been used to study the pathogenesis of ALF. Here we consider the evidence from experimental and human studies of ALF on the role of monocytes and macrophages in acute hepatic injury and the ensuing extrahepatic manifestations, including functional monocyte deactivation and multiple organ failure.
文摘The aim of this review is to explore the role of mitochondria in regulating macrophage sterol homeostasis and inflammatory responses within the aetiology of atherosclerosis.Macrophage generation of oxysterol activators of liver X receptors(LXRs),via sterol 27-hydroxylase,is regulated by the rate of flux of cholesterolto the inner mitochondrial membrane,via a complex of cholesterol trafficking proteins.Oxysterols are key signalling molecules,regulating the transcriptional activity of LXRs which coordinate macrophage sterol metabolism and cytokine production,key features influencing the impact of these cells within atherosclerotic lesions.The precise identity of the complex of proteins mediating mitochondrial cholesterol trafficking in macrophages remains a matter of debate,but may include steroidogenic acute regulatory protein and translocator protein.There is clear evidence that targeting either of these proteins enhances removal of cholesterol via LXRα-dependent induction of ATP binding cassette transporters(ABCA1,ABCG1) and limits the production of inflammatory cytokines; interventions which influence mitochondrial structure and bioenergetics also impact on removal of cholesterol from macrophages.Thus,molecules which can sustain or improve mitochondrial structure,the function of the electron transport chain,or increase the activity of components of the protein complex involved in cholesterol transfer,may therefore have utility in limiting or regressing atheroma development,reducing the incidence of coronary heart disease and myocardial infarction.
文摘目的探讨腹腔巨噬细胞功能平衡对小鼠腹腔微环境和腹腔异位子宫内膜细胞清除的影响。方法给小鼠、裸鼠腹腔注射子宫内膜上皮和间质细胞,不同时间观察腹腔募集巨噬细胞数,D iI-Ac-LDL鉴定分化巨噬细胞吞噬功能的清道夫受体(SR-A1)。同步反转录-聚合酶链技术(Real-Tim e RT-PCR)检测巨噬细胞的MCP-1/JE和IL-1αmRNA表达。结果腹腔注射子宫内膜细胞后的小鼠、裸鼠募集巨噬细胞增多,上皮细胞的刺激作用强于间质细胞。24 h点为腹腔巨噬细胞募集高峰、MCP-1/JE和IL-1α的基因表达高峰,免疫正常小鼠表达反应吞噬功能的巨噬细胞清道夫受体(SR-A1)强于免疫缺陷裸鼠。结论子宫内膜细胞募集腹腔巨噬细胞为一独立免疫防御反应,募集巨噬细胞的清道夫功能和细胞因子分泌功能的平衡可能对维持正常腹腔微环境和有效清除异位子宫内膜细胞起重要作用,这在内异症的发病机制中具有重要意义。
文摘目的:探讨吡格列酮对THP-1源性巨噬细胞ATP结合盒转运蛋白A1(ABCA1)、ATP结合盒转运蛋白G1(ABCG1)及B族Ⅰ型清道夫受体(SR-BⅠ)表达的影响及可能作用机制。方法:Real time PCR及Western-blot检测不同浓度吡格列酮(1,10,20,30μmol/L)作用24h,THP-1源性巨噬细胞ABCA1,ABCG1及SR-BⅠmRNA和蛋白的表达。使用过氧化物酶体增殖物激活型受体γ(PPARγ)特异性拮抗剂GW9662(2μmol/L)阻断吡格列酮(10μmol/L),24h后检测THP-1源性巨噬细胞ABCA1,ABCG1及SR-BⅠmRNA和蛋白的表达。结果:吡格列酮可浓度依赖性增高24hTHP-1源性巨噬细胞ABCA1,ABCG1及SR-BⅠmRNA和蛋白的表达,GW9662可显著抑制吡格列酮诱导的THP-1源性巨噬细胞ABCA1,ABCG1及SR-BⅠmRNA和蛋白表达的增高(P<0.05)。结论:吡格列酮激动PPARγ上调THP-1源性巨噬细胞胆固醇流出调节蛋白ABCA1,ABCG1及SR-BⅠ基因的表达。
