Satellite Measurements of the Madden–Julian Oscillation in Wintertime Stratospheric Ozone over the Tibetan Plateau and East Asia

We investigate the Madden-Julian Oscillation （MJO） signal in wintertime stratospheric ozone over the Tibetan Plateau and East Asia using the harmonized dataset of satellite ozone profiles. Two different MJO indices -- the all-season Real-Time multivariate MJO index （RMM） and outgoing longwave radiation-based MJO index （OMI） -- are used to compare the MJO- related ozone anomalies. The results show that there are pronounced eastward-propagating MJO-related stratospheric ozone anomalies （mainly within 20-200 hPa） over the subtropics, The negative stratospheric ozone anomalies are over the Tibetan Plateau and East Asia in MJO phases 4-7, when MJO-related tropical deep convective anomalies move from the equatorial Indian Ocean towards the western Pacific Ocean. Compared with the results based on RMM, the MJO-related stratospheric column ozone anomalies based on OM1 are stronger and one phase ahead. Further analysis suggests that different sampling errors, observation principles and retrieval algorithms may be responsible for the discrepancies among different satellite measurements. The MJO-related stratospheric ozone anomalies can be attributed to the MJO-related circulation anomalies, i.e., the uplifted tropopanse and the northward shifted westerly jet in the upper troposphere. Compared to the result based on RMM, the upper tropospheric westerly jet may play a less important role in generating the stratospheric column ozone anomalies based on OMI. Our study indicates that the circulation-based MJO index （RMM） can better characterize the MJO- related anomalies in tropopause pressure and thus the MJO influence on atmospheric trace gases in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere, especially over subtropical East Asia.

Different Impacts of Madden–Julian Oscillation on Winter Rainfall over Southern China

Winter rainfall over southern China is usually enhanced when Madden–Julian oscillation(MJO) is active over the Indian Ocean, but it can be weakened under certain conditions. Here, the diversity of MJO impacts on winter rainfall and its mechanisms are explored by using scenarios of enhanced and suppressed rainfall anomalies over southern China when MJO is active over the Indian Ocean. The combined effects of low-frequency background moisture and intraseasonal winds are the major contributors to the different rainfall anomalies. Anomalous circulation in mid–high latitudes, especially on intraseasonal timescales, is almost opposite in the two scenarios, which can modulate the response of extratropical atmosphere to MJO heating and then induces the different circulations over southern China. In the enhanced scenario, mid–high latitudes of Eurasia and southern China are dominated by positive and negative sea level pressure anomalies, respectively. The southerly over southern China and the South China Sea induced by MJO heating promotes the anomalous moisture convergence and ascending motion over southern China, resulting in the enhanced rainfall. In the suppressed scenario, however, the circulation in mid–high latitudes does not favor rainfall over southern China and leads to the northerly response to MJO heating over southern China, which enhances moisture divergence and weakens rainfall over southern China.

Evaluation of the Madden–Julian Oscillation in Fengyun-3B Polar-Orbiting Satellite Reprocessed OLR Data

The present study compares the spatial and temporal characteristics of the Madden-Julian Oscillation(MJO)in Fengyun-3B(FY-3B)polar-orbiting satellite reprocessed outgoing longwave radiation(OLR)data and NOAA OLR data during 2011-2020.The spatial distributions of climatological mean and intraseasonal standard deviation of FY-3B OLR during boreal winter(November-April)and boreal summer(May-October)are highly consistent with those of NOAA OLR.The FY-3B and NOAA OLRs display highly consistent features in the wavenumber-frequency spectra,the occurrence frequency of MJO active days,the eastward propagation of MJO along the equator,and the interannual variability of MJO according to diagnoses using the all-season multivariate EOF analysis.These results indicate that the FY-3B OLR produced by the polar-orbiting satellites is of high quality and worthy of global application.

Evaluation of the Madden-Julian oscillation in HiRAM

The aim of this study was to understand the cause of Madden–Julian oscillation(MJO)bias in the High Resolution AtmosphericModel(HiRAM)driven by observed SST through process-oriented diagnosis.Wavenumber-frequency power spectrum and composite analyses indicate that HiRAM underestimates the spectral amplitude over theMJO band and mainly produces non-propagating rather than eastward-propagating intraseasonal rainfall anomalies,as observed.Column-integrated moist static energy(MSE)budget analysis is conducted to understand the MJO propagation bias in the simulation.It is found that the bias is due to the lack of a zonally asymmetric distribution of the MSE tendency anomaly in respect to the MJO convective center,which is mainly attributable to the bias in vertical MSE advection and surface turbulent flux.Further analysis suggests that it is the unrealistic simulation of MJO vertical circulation anomalies in the upper troposphere as well as overestimation of the Rossby wave response that results in the bias.

Madden–Julian Oscillation: Its Discovery, Dynamics, and Impact on East Asia

In this review article,we pay primary attention to innovative works in the Madden–Julian Oscillation(MJO)field done by Chinese scientists.The historical aspect of discovery of the MJO and earlier studies of its dynamics by Chinese scientists are first described.It is followed by the description of recent advances in MJO propagation and initiation dynamics.For MJO eastward propagation,two types of the moisture mode theory are introduced.The first one emphasizes the effect of zonal asymmetry of perturbation moisture in the atmospheric boundary layer and the second one emphasizes the zonal asymmetry of column integrated moisture static energy(MSE)tendency.The mechanisms for MJO initiation over the western Indian Ocean include three distinctive processes:lower tropospheric moistening due to horizontal advection caused by preceding suppressed-phase MJO,midlatitude Rossby wave activity flux convergence in the upper troposphere originated from the Southern Hemisphere,and a delayed sea surface temperature feedback in association with a preceding opposite-phase MJO.The impacts of MJO on low-frequency variability of precipitation and temperature and associated extreme events in East Asia are also discussed.

Impacts of Sea Surface Temperature in the Tropical Pacific on Interannual Variability of Madden-Julian Oscillation in Precipitation

The Madden-Julian Oscillation (MJO) is investigated in two sets of 11-year records of observed precipitation, the daily mean Microwave Sounding Units (MSU) oceanic rainfall (Spencer, 1993) data and the pentad Climate Prediction Center Merged Analysis of Precipitation (CMAP) data (Xie and Arkin, 1997). Obvious interannual variability is found in the MJO in the tropical Pacific. MJO is limited to the west of dateline in normal years while extends more east during the year of warm sea surface temperature (SST) appeared in the eastern Pacific (i.e., El Ni?o years of 1982–1983, 1986–1988, 1991–1992) and manifested in the central-eastern Pacific for several months. The most significant correlation between interannual variability of MJO in the central-eastern Pacific and SST was found in the vicinity of the Ni?o3 region. Forced by observed SST, CCM3 presents a realistic trend of interannual variability to MJO in the 11 years, with a smaller magnitude than that from the observation. Comparison between the two realizations of the CCM3 simulation, which are forced by weekly and monthly mean SST respectively, showed that the MJO activities resemble each other in central-eastern Pacific while there is discrepancy in the western Pacific. It is suggested that the interannual variability of MJO is controlled, to certain extent bythe powerful interannual variability of SST in the central-eastern Pacific. In the western Pacific, however, there were remarkable impacts of the intraseasonal oscillation of SST on the MJO, where there was active MJO around the year. The notable disagreement between simulated and observed MJO in the western Pacific may come from the lack of high frequency variation of SST force, or from the shortage of air sea interaction for the intraseasonal time scale. It might be of importance to the MJO which is unable to be represented in the atmospheric model. Key words Madden-Julian Oscillation - Precipitation - Sea surface temperature - Interannual variability This study was sponsored by Chinese Academy of Sciences under grant “Hundred Talents” for “Validation of Coupled Climate Models”, the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 49823002), and Project G1999043808.

Simulation of the Madden-Julian Oscillation in Wintertime Stratospheric Ozone over the Tibetan Plateau and East Asia: Results from the Specified Dynamics Version of the Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model

The authors examined the Madden-Julian Oscillation(MJO) in stratospheric ozone during boreal winter using a simulation from the Specified Dynamics version of the Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model(SD-WACCM) in 2004 and 2010. Comparison with European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts Interim Reanalysis(ERA-Interim) data suggested that the model simulation represented well the three-dimensional structure of the MJO-related ozone anomalies in the upper troposphere and stratosphere(i.e., between 200 and 20 h Pa). The negative ozone anomalies were over the Tibetan Plateau and East Asia in MJO phases 3–7, when the MJO convective anomalies travelled from the equatorial Indian Ocean towards the equatorial western Pacific Ocean. Due to the different vertical structures of the MJO-related circulation anomalies, the MJO-related stratospheric ozone anomalies showed different vertical structure over the Tibetan Plateau(25–40°N, 75–105°E) and East Asia(25–40°N, 105–135°E). As a result of the positive bias in the model-calculated ozone in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere, the amplitude of MJO-related stratospheric ozone column anomalies(10–16 Dobson Units(DU)) in the SD-WACCM simulation was slightly larger than that(8–14 DU) in the ERA-Interim reanalysis.

Madden Julian Oscillations in Total Column Ozone, Air Temperature and Surface Pressure Measured over Cochin during Summer Monsoon 2015

The intra-seasonal variability plays a major role in the inter-annual variability of weather parameters such as rainfall, temperature and pressure which lead to extreme weather events in certain years. The active (more rainy days) and break (less rainy days) periods of Indian summer monsoon heavily depend on the intra-seasonal variability of weather parameters such as wind, pressure and temperature oscillations during the monsoon season. In the present analysis daily total column ozone, surface temperature and surface pressure measured over Cochin using Microtop II Ozonometer (sun Photometer) were used to study the Intra-Seasonal Variations (ISV) of the above parameters during the monsoon season, 2015. The dominant and significant intra-seasonal oscillations (ISOs) were identified using an advanced statistical method called the Discrete Mayer’s Wavelet (DMW) analysis. Two major ISOs such as Madden Julian Oscillations (MJO, 30 - 60 days) and quasi-bi weekly (12 - 16 days) oscillations were found in TCO, surface temperature and pressure. In TCO an additional mode of ISO with quasi tri-weekly periodicity was also found (16 - 22 day). It is observed that MJO mode is the dominant among all other modes and its positive and negative phases correlate with positive and negative anomalies of the above parameters. The ISO mode in the surface pressure shows an out of phase relation with the Indian summer monsoon rainfall which indicates the active and break periods of Indian summer monsoon. The contribution of MJO mode is dominant in the tropical atmosphere, which modulates the intra-seasonal variability. It is found that for the year 2015 total column ozone, surface pressure and surface temperature show an annual range of 30 DU, 4 hPa and 1°C, respectively.

Representation of the Madden–Julian Oscillation in CAMS-CSM

The Madden–Julian Oscillation(MJO)has a significant impact on global weather and climate and can be used as a predictability resource in extended-term forecasting.We evaluate the ability of the Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences Climate System Model(CAMS-CSM)to represent the MJO by using the diagnostic method proposed by the US Climate Variability and Predictability Program(CLIVAR)MJO Working Group(MJOWG).In general,the model simulates some major characteristics of MJO well,such as the seasonality characteristics and geographical dependence,the intensity of intraseasonal variability(ISV),dominant periodicity,propagation characteristics,coherence between outgoing longwave radiation(OLR)and wind,and life cycle of MJO signals.However,there are a few biases in the model when compared with observational/reanalyzed data.These include an overestimate of precipitation in the convergence zone of the North and South Pacific,a slightly weaker eastward propagation,and a shift in the dominant periodicity toward lower frequencies with slower speeds of eastward propagation.The model gives a poor simulation of the northward propagation of MJO in summer and shows less coherence between the MJO convection and wind.The role of moistening in the planetary boundary layer(PBL)in the eastward/northward propagation of MJO was also explored.An accurate representation of the vertical titling structure of moisture anomalies in CAMS-CSM leads to moistening of the PBL ahead of convection,which accounts for the eastward/northward propagation of MJO.Poor simulation of the vertical structure of the wind and moisture anomalies in the western Pacific leads to a poor simulation of the northward propagation of MJO in this area.Budget analysis of the PBL integral moisture anomalies shows that the model gives a good simulation of the moisture charging process ahead of MJO convection and that the zonal advection of moisture convergence term has a primary role in the detour of MJO over the Maritime Continent.

海表温度异常对Madden－Julian振荡的影响

在前文［１］的基础上，进一步研究当海表温度存在经圈方向不均匀分布或偏离气候状态（距平）时，改变水分收支平衡及边界层的湿度辐合这一物理过程对Ｍａｄｄｅｎ－Ｊｕｌｉａｎ振荡的可能影响。结果表明，它对修正的Ｋｅｌｖｉｎ波和Ｒｏｓｓｂｙ波的传播性质影响不大。但当海表温度为正距平时，修正后东传Ｋｅｌｖｉｎ波振幅不稳定增长到ｅ倍的时间约减小了１４．５％，其不稳定增长率随着热源特征宽度的增加而增加，当特征宽度为２倍Ｒｏｓｓｂｙ变形半径时，不稳定增长率达极大，但当特征宽度继续增大时，其不稳定增长率又将减小。当海表温度为负距平时，修正后东传Ｋｅｌｖｉｎ波振幅不稳定增长到ｅ倍的时间约增加２０％，其不稳定增长率随着冷源特征宽度的增加而减小，当特征宽度为２倍Ｒｏｓｓｂｙ变形半径时，其不稳定增长率达极小，此后；随着特征宽度的增加其不稳定增长率随之增加，但始终小于无海表温度异常的情形。经圈尺度较小的那支修正的Ｒｏｓｓｂｙ波除波长极长的波段外，波仍是阻尼的；而经圈尺度较大的那支修正的Ｒｏｓｓｂｙ波，在短的波段内仍是不稳定增长的。

边界层动力过程在Madden－Julian振荡发展中的作用

利用包括边界层爱克曼辐合－降水加热过程在内的短期气候变化模式［１］，研究了Ｍａｄｄｅｎ－Ｊｕｌｉａｎ振荡［１１，１２］形成的机制。当经圈方向用抛物圆柱函数展开，并对赤道偶对称解取ｎ＝０，２，４三个截断模时，在长波近似下的自由波解，一为向东的Ｋｅｌｖｉｎ波，另外两支为向西的Ｒｏｓｓｂｙ波。当考虑边界层动力影响后，修正后的Ｋｅｌｖｉｎ波，其向东传播的速度约为１０ｍｓ－１，且在长波波段是不稳定的，最不稳定的波出现在纬向一波附近，不稳定增长率的量级约为Ｏ（１０ｍ－６ｓ－１），理论结果和Ｍａｄｄｅｎ－Ｊｕｌｉａｎ振荡在赤道附近主体环流东传的观测事实接近。另外两支修正后的Ｒｏｓｓｂｙ波，其中经圈尺度较小的那支波，除波长极长的波外，波是阻尼的；但另一支经圈尺度较大的波，在短的波段是不稳定增长的，这似乎可以用来解释Ｍａｄｄｅｎ－Ｊｕｌｉａｎ振荡中大尺度超级云团的西传过程。这些结果表明边界层动力过程在Ｍａｄｄｅｎ－Ｊｕｌｉａｎ振荡的形成中是一种重要的机制。

海温和MJO对2023年西南春旱的协同影响

2023年春季,我国西南地区发生了严重的气象干旱,对当地社会经济造成严重影响。为深入认识这次干旱事件的成因、并为未来西南地区春旱的预测提供科学依据,本文利用站点观测数据、美国国家环境预测中心和国家大气研究中心(National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research,NCEP/NCAR)再分析数据、美国国家海洋和大气管理局(National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration,NOAA)的海表温度等,采用T-N波作用通量和合成分析等方法,从海温和热带大气季节内振荡(Madden-Julian Oscillation,MJO)的角度深入探讨此次春旱成因。结果表明:(1)2023年我国西南春旱是高温干旱复合事件,3月干旱发生在中部,4月干旱加剧并向西扩展,5月干旱持续。(2)3月北太平洋的马蹄形海温异常导致西风急流偏南偏西,抑制了西南地区的降水。(3)4月印度洋暖海温通过Kelvin波导致孟加拉湾附近的反气旋式环流异常,西北太平洋暖海温通过Rossby波导致南海至菲律宾的气旋式环流异常,造成西南地区南部出现偏北风,导致水汽辐散,加剧干旱。(4)5月MJO长时间维持在西太平洋,通过Gill响应引发南海至菲律宾对流层低层的气旋异常,减少偏南水汽的输送,从而使得西南干旱持续。

MJO对2020年夏季中国东部持续性降水的维持作用

本文利用美国NOAA的CMORPH降水和NCEP的CFSv2再分析资料、欧洲中心ERA-5再分析数据、Wheeler和Hendon的MJO指数等资料和敏感性数值试验分析了MJO对2020年夏季中国东部持续性降水的影响机制。通过相关、回归、波源分析等方法发现:(1)与往年相比,2020年夏季风雨带在我国华南和长江中下游地区长时间维持,使得该地区季风降水具有明显的极端性特征;(2)同时,我国东部大气中高层位势高度出现负异常,伴随着水汽辐合和低层大气不稳定,均有利于2020年夏季强降水的维持;(3)2020年夏季MJO活跃于1、2位相,其振幅在10~30天具有显著的周期。MJO在非洲和印度洋产生显著的Rossby波源,该波源激发的波列沿急流传播,造成了我国东部位势高度负异常的维持,同时也有利于我国东部夏季降水的维持;(4)通过敏感性试验进一步验证,MJO的在10~30天的信号有利于在我国东部500 hPa上空形成负的位势高度异常,有利于该区域降水增加。

Recent Advance in Understanding the Dynamics of the Madden-Julian Oscillation

The Madden-Julian oscillation （MJO） is a dominant atmospheric low-frequency mode in the tropics. In this review article, recent progress in understanding the MJO dynamics is described. Firstly, the fundamental physical processes responsible for MJO eastward phase propagation are discussed. Next, a recent modeling result to address why MJO prefers a planetary zonal scale is presented. The effect of the seasonal mean state on distinctive propagation characteristics between northern winter and summer is discussed in a theoretical framework. Then, the observed precursor signals and the physical mechanism of MJO initiation in the western equatorial Indian Ocean are further discussed. Finally, scale interactions between MJO and higher- frequency eddies are delineated.

Influence of Springtime Atlantic SST on ENSO:Role of the Madden-Julian Oscillation

Increased evidence has shown the important role of Atlantic sea surface temperature(SST) in modulating the El Nio-Southern Oscillation(ENSO). Persistent anomalies of summer Madden-Julian Oscillation(MJO) act to link the Atlantic SST anomalies(SSTAs) to ENSO. The Atlantic SSTAs are strongly correlated with the persistent anomalies of summer MJO, and possibly affect MJO in two major ways. One is that an anomalous cyclonic(anticyclonic) circulation appears over the tropical Atlantic Ocean associated with positive(negative) SSTA in spring, and it intensifies(weakens) the Walker circulation. Equatorial updraft anomaly then appears over the Indian Ocean and the eastern Pacific Ocean, intensifying MJO activity over these regions. The other involves a high pressure(low pressure) anomaly associated with the North Atlantic SSTA tripole pattern that is transmitted to the mid-and low-latitudes by a circumglobal teleconnection pattern, leading to strong(weak) convective activity of MJO over the Indian Ocean. The above results offer new viewpoints about the process from springtime Atlantic SSTA signals to summertime atmospheric oscillation, and then to the MJO of tropical atmosphere affecting wintertime Pacific ENSO events, which connects different oceans.

THE ROLES OF BOUNDARY-LAYER DYNAMICS ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF MADDEN-JULIAN OSCILLATION

In this paper,a tropical atmospheric model of relevance to shorts-term climate variations(Wang and Li 1993)is util- ized for study of the development of Madden-Julian oscillation.The model contains an interactive process of boundary-layer Ekman convergence and precipitation heating.The model is solved by expanding dependent variables in terms of parabolic cylindrical functions in the meridional direction and truncating three meridional modes n=0,2,4 for equatorial symmetric solutions.The free wave solutions obtained under long-wave approximation are induced as a Kelvin wave and two Rossby waves.After considering the effect of boundary-layer dynamic process,the modified Kelvin wave becomes unstable in long-wave bands with a typical growth rate on an order of 10^(-6) s^(-1)and an eastward phase speed of 10 m s^(-1);the most unstable mode is wavenumber one.These theoretical results are consistent with the ob- served Madden-Julian oscillation in equatorial area.For the two modified Rossby waves,one with a smaller meridional scale(n=4)decays except for extra long-waves;the other with a larger meridional scale(n=2)grows in short-wave bands.This may be relevant to explaining the westward propagation of super cloud clusters in the Madden-Julian oscillation.The theory suggests that the boundary-layer dynamic process is an important mechanism in the develop- ment of the Madden-Julian oscillation.

南海夏季风爆发对广西6月暴雨的影响

利用1961—2020年广西地面气象观测站逐日降水资料、NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,研究了南海夏季风爆发对广西6月暴雨的影响。结果表明,当南海夏季风爆发偏早时,东亚大槽显著偏强,中高纬度地区经向环流增强;华南沿海西南风显著偏强,配合中高纬度偏强的经向型环流引导北风南下,南北风在广西上空交汇;印度洋到海洋性大陆热带季节内振荡(MJO)处于对流活跃位相,且向东移动明显,低频对流带在西南季风引导下向广西输送;广西上升气流显著偏强,暴雨日数偏多。反之,暴雨日数偏少。

MJO与中间层-低热层风场潮汐DE3季节内变化性的关联

本文结合TIMED-TIDI卫星与流星雷达子午链风场观测数据,分析了中间层-低热层(MLT)区域非迁移潮汐DE3的季节内变化性及其与对流层MJO的可能关联.结果揭示了DE3风场潮汐广泛存在显著的宽频带季节内变化信号,且强度存在季节依赖.纬向风DE3潮汐(DE3-U)季节内变化在北半球冬季具有较强幅值,可达季节平均的1~2倍,而在其他季节通常在20%以内.结合MJO指数进一步讨论了不同季节下DE3-U对MJO的响应.统计结果表明,在影响较大的北半球冬季,DE3-U通常在MJO第4—6位相时有更大的幅值(+10%~+40%),而在其余位相时更小(-10%~-40%).这表明对流层与MJO相关的对流活动通过潜热释放的纬向变化可影响高空大气非迁移潮汐的强度.

两类厄尔尼诺背景下MJO对太平洋阻塞频率的调节作用

本文基于1979~2019年ERA-interim逐日再分析数据和二维阻塞指数,探究了冬季两类(中部型和东部型)厄尔尼诺背景下热带季节内振荡(MJO)对太平洋地区阻塞频率的调节作用。本研究选取出现频次较高且平均振幅较强的位相3和7进行研究。结果表明,在两类厄尔尼诺背景下MJO第3位相期间,MJO激发的遥相关位置相似,均对应极地地区(白令海地区)正(负)的位势高度异常,从而使高纬度太平洋地区均出现正的阻塞频率异常。在东部型厄尔尼诺背景下MJO第7位相(EP7)期间中高纬太平洋地区存在正的阻塞频率异常。但是在中部型厄尔尼诺背景下MJO第7位相(CP7)期间没有大范围显著的异常阻塞频率。这是因为EP7期间MJO激发的异常Rossby波源位于急流核区的西北部,使得MJO的遥相关可以传至50°N以北,引起中高纬度地区有利于阻塞频率增加的位势高度异常。然而CP7期间MJO激发的异常Rossby波源位于急流核区内部,使得对应的遥相关仅在副热带急流中传播,对高纬度地区的位势高度影响较小,导致该时期内没有大范围显著的阻塞频率异常。最后本文使用ECHAM4.6气候模式验证了上述结论。

一次云南干季极端暴雨成因分析

利用NCEP再分析资料、常规及非常规气象观测资料,综合分析2015年1月9日云南干季极端暴雨天气过程.结果表明:深厚的南支槽、低空切变线及地面冷锋共同作用导致此次过程;强位相热带季节内振荡(Madden-Julian Oscillation,MJO)处于“湿窗口”期,对水汽输送及对流发展有指示作用;南支槽前西南低空急流输送充沛水汽,暴雨落区与水汽强辐合区基本一致;高低空急流耦合,云南处于高空急流次级环流上升支,受锋面抬升,锋区次级环流上升支与高空急流次级环流上升支叠加,形成极强的上升运动;西南低空急流输送不稳定能量,滇西南暴雨区以强对流天气为主,滇中暴雨区以稳定性降水为主;结合稳定度参数的综合分析,有助于判断云南干季强对流天气落区.