Nonlinear Reduction in Risk for Type 2 Diabetes by Magnesium Intake:An Updated Meta-Analysis of Prospective Cohort Studies

Observational studies between magnesium int- ake and risk of type 2 diabetes yielded inconsistent results. We conducted a system literature search of PubMed database through March 2015 for prospective cohort studies of magnesium intake and type 2 diabetes risk. Study-specific results were pooled in a random-effects model. Subgroup and sensitivity analysis were performed to assess the potential sources of heterogeneity and the robustness of the pooled estimation. Generalized least squares trend estimation was used to investigate the dose-response relationship. A total of 15 papers with 19 analyses were identified with 539,735 participants and 25,252 incident diabetes cases. Magnesium intake was associated with a significant lower risk of type 2 diabetes （RR： 0.77; 95% Ch 0.71-0.82） for the highest compared with lowest category. This association was not significantly modified by the pre-specified study characteristics. In the dose-response analysis, a magnesium intake increment of 100 mg/day was associated with a 16% reduction in type 2 diabetes risk （RR： 0.84; 95% Ch 0.80-0.88）. A nonlinear relationship existed between magnesium intake and type 2 diabetes （P-nonlinearity=0.003）. This meta-analysis further verified a protective effect of magnesium intake on type 2 diabetes in a nonlinear dose-response manner.

Lower serum magnesium concentration and higher 24-h urinary magnesium excretion despite higher dietary magnesium intake in athletes:a systematic review and meta-analysis

Magnesium plays a critical role in the human's life activities and energy metabolism. This study aimed to evaluate the magnesium status of athletes via a systematic review of cross-sectional studies. A comprehensive systematic search was conducted in PubMed, Web of Science, SPORTDiscus, Cochrane Library electronic databases, and other sources before April 5, 2021. Fourteen studies were included in the systematic review, involving 855 athletes and 521 control subjects. Serum magnesium concentration was significantly lower in athletes(mean difference(MD):-0.04 mmol/L;95% confidence interval(CI):-0.06 to-0.01;P = 0.02)in spite of significantly higher dietary magnesium intake(MD: 51.72 mg/day;95% CI: 14.62 to 88.83;P = 0.006). Meta-analysis showed that 24-h urinary magnesium excretion in athletes was significantly higher than that in the untrained population(MD: 0.76 mmol/day;95% CI: 0.11 to 1.41;P = 0.02). Despite higher total dietary magnesium intake, athletes generally have lower serum magnesium concentration and higher 24-h urinary magnesium excretion, demonstrating that the magnesium requirement of athletes is higher than the untrained population. It is necessary to carry out a dietary assessment and nutrition counseling to help athletes adopt proper diets to meet their nutritional needs in exercise.

Biochemical Changes in the Brain and Metabolism as Risk Factors of Neurological Disorders

This paper aims to examine theories that attempt to explain biochemical changes in the brain as well as the metabolism of individuals who experience symptoms and conditions related to neurological disorders like depression. A systematic literature search was performed on NCBI and PubMed. The search included the keywords neurological disorders, monoamine hypothesis, metabolic syndrome, oxytocin receptor, dietary health, and magnesium intake. Twenty-five research articles met the criteria for the literature review of this examination. In particular, this paper will review multiple studies that investigate the monoamine (MAO) hypothesis of depression and metabolic syndrome (MetS) as a risk factor for neurological disorders. While studies that evaluate additional risk factors for neurological disorders, such as autoimmunity and rheumatic diseases, oxytocin receptor (OXTR) DNA methylation in postpartum depression, dietary health in children and their psychological health, and dietary magnesium and cardiovascular disease, will be reviewed as well.