Preparation and Performance of Chitosan/Citric Acid Modified Magnesium Oxychloride Cement

Citric acid(CA)and chitosan(CS)were employed to modify magnesium oxychloride cement(MOC).Multiscale measurements were implemented to study the properties of the modified MOC pastes.Results show that the addition of CA/CS significantly changes the content of each phase and the microstructure of phase 5.The single addition of CA can effectively increase the compressive strength of MOC after 7 d curing,while CS exerts no obvious effect on the compressive strength.As to the simultaneous addition of CA and CS,the compressive strength of MOC gradually decreases with the increasing content of CS.Interestingly,mixing CA and CS significantly enhances the water resistance of MOC and decreases the degradation rate of MOC in phosphate buffered solution,which can be ascribed to the low specific surface area of the plate-like crystals in the modified MOC and the reduction of pores in the structure.

Long-term Properties of Aeolian Sand-magnesium Oxychloride Cement Composites and Its Engineering Application

In order to prepare a new material with long-term stable performance,low cost,easy construction,and ecological environmental protection,the influence of aeolian sand on the compressive and flexural strength as well as micro morphology and phase composition of magnesium oxychloride cement(MOC)was studied.The experimental results indicate that,with the increase of content of doping sand,the compressive strength and flexural strength of MOC decrease significantly.However,when the quality ratio of aeolian sand and light burned magnesia powder is 1:8,the performance meets the actual engineering needs.Namely,the compressive strength of MOC is not less than 18 MPa,and flexural strength is not less than 4 MPa.Meanwhile,within 12 months of age,the compressive strength and flexural strength are stable.There is no obvious change in phase composition,and its main phase is still 5·1·8 phase.Microscopic appearance changes from needle-like to gel-like shape.Based on engineering applications,it is found that when the novel sand-fixing material is used in the field for one year,its macroscopic feature is not damaged,compressive strength and flexural strength are also more stable,phase composition negligibly changes,and micro morphology has also been turned into be gellike shape.These further confirm the long-term stability and weather resistance of MOC doping aeolian sand,providing theoretical and technical support for the widely application of MOC in the field of sand fixation in the future.

Influence of MgO/MgCl_2 Molar Ratio on Phase Stability of Magnesium Oxychloride Cement

Formation, solution and phase change of hydration products in MgO-MgCl2-H2O system was studied with thermodynamics method, and resistance to water immersion and phase change of magnesium oxychloride cement with different MgO/MgCl2 molar ratio was experimented. The results show that pH value of immersion solution of cement paste has a remarkable influence on phase stability of hydration products. A higher pH value leads to a lower solubility and a better phase stability of hydration products. When the solution pH value is higher than 10.37, the precipitation of much Mg（OH）2 crystal induces a worse phase stability of hydration products. With the increasing MgO/MgCl2 molar ratio （lower than 6）, the more amount of MgO in the hydration products enhances the alkalinity of solution and the phase stability is improved. However, when the MgO/MgCl2 molar ratio is higher than 6 and the excessive MgO exsits in the hydration products, the cement paste may be damaged by the excessive crystallization stress of a great deal of Mg（OH）2 formation.

Effects of Citric Acid on Hydration Process and Mechanical Properties of Thermal Decomposed Magnesium Oxychloride Cement

In order to make full use of salt lake magnesium resources and improve the strength of the thermal decomposed magnesium oxychloride cement （TDMOC）, the effects of citric acid on the hydration process and mechanical properties of TDMOC was studied. The hydration heat release at initial 24 h and strengths at 3, 7, and 28 days of TDMOC specimens were conducted. The hydration products and paste microstructure were analyzed by XRD, FT-IR and SEM, respectively. The results showed that citric acid can not only reduce the 24 h hydration heat release and delay the occurring time of second peak of TDMOC, but also produce more 5Mg（OH）z.MgC12.SH20 and less Mg（OH）2 in hydration process of TDMOC. More perfect and slender crystals were observed in the microstructure of the TDMOC pastes with citric acid. The results demonstrated that citric acid as an additive of TDMOC can decrease the hydration heat release and increase the compressive strength and flexural strength of TDMOC. The possible mechanism for the strength enhancement was discussed.

Influence of Fly Ash and Silica Fume on Water-resistant Property of Magnesium Oxychloride Cement

By incorporation of fly ash or silica fume into magnesium oxychloride （MOC） cement, a high water resistance material can be formed for successful industrial applications. The influences of fly ash and silica fume on water-resistant property were investigated by SEM and EDS. It is found that the incorporation of fly ash or silica fume can improve the water-resistance of the MOC. The improvement of the water resistance of the MOC incorporated with fly ash or silica fume may be attributed to the alumino-silicate 5·1·8 gel or silicate 5·1·8 gel.

THE PROPERTIES OF SILICA FUME-MAGNESIUM OXYCHLORIDE CEMENT MATERIALS

The properties of a new magnesium Oxychloride cement (MOC) material formed by silica fume uniformly mix in MOC paste was presents. The influence of silica fume on the water resistance and compressive strength of MOC paste was invesigated in this study. It is shown that when 30 weight percent of silica fume is added to the MOC paste, a high strength and water resisting new material with 112MPa compressive strength and 1 00 water resisting coefficient could by obtained.

The Salt Attack Performance of Magnesium Oxychloride Cement Exposure to Three Kinds of Brines

Salt attack performance of magnesium oxychloride cement(MOC) in brine was investigated from the viewpoints of strength development and strength coefficient. Microstructure was studied using quantitative X-ray diffraction(QXRD), thermogravimetry(TG) and scanning electron microscopy(SEM). The results show that MOC mortars have outstanding salt attack performance after aging brine and raw brine immersion. The salt attack coefficients of MOC mortars are higher than 0.8, which is qualified for application in saline soil and salt lake area. The reason is that salt brine solution enters into the voids of MOC and plays a role of toughening and strengthening in the MOC.

Effects of H_3PO_4 and Ca(H_2PO_4)_2 on mechanical properties and water resistance of thermally decomposed magnesium oxychloride cement

The effects of H3PO4 and Ca（H2PO4）2 on compressive strength, water resistance, hydration process of thermally decomposed magnesium oxychloride cement （TDMOC） pastes were studied. The mineral composition, hydration products and hydration heat release were analyzed by XRD, FT-IR, SEM and TAM air isothermal calorimeter, etc. After being modified by H3PO4 and Ca（HzPO4）2, the properties of the TDMOC are improved obviously. The compressive strength increases from 14.8 MPa to 48.1 MPa and 37.1 MPa, respectively. The strength retention coefficient （Kn） increases from 0.38 to 0.99 and 0.94, respectively. The 24 h hydration heat release decreases by 10% and 4% and the time of hydration peak appearing is delayed from 1 h to about 10 h. The XRD, FT-IR and SEM results show that the main composition is 5Mg（OH）z＇MgCIz＇8H20 in the modified TDMOC pastes. The possible mechanism for the strength enhancement was discussed. The purposes are to extend the potential applications of the salt lake magnesium resources and to improve the mechanical properties of TDMOC.

Characterizing properties of magnesium oxychloride cement concrete pavement

The performance of magnesium oxychloride cement concrete(MOCC)in road engineering in the arid region in northwest China was investigated over a two-year period.Two categories of MOCC pavement,light-burnt magnesia concrete road(Road-L)and dolomite concrete road(Road-D),were prepared with light-burnt magnesia and a mixture of light-burnt magnesia and caustic dolomite(1:3 by mass),respectively.Variations in the properties of the MOCC pavement,such as compressive and flexural strength,mineralogical phase,and microstructure,after being exposed to two rainy seasons in the field were monitored.The compressive strength of the cored samples were conducted after being aged for 28 d,and the compressive and flexural strength were tested at ages of 1,2,3,28,90,180,270,360 and 720 d.The mineralogical phase and microstructure of the pavement were also analyzed by X-ray diffraction(XRD)and scanning electron microscopy(SEM).The results demonstrate that MOCC pavement obtained desirable compressive and flexural strengths after curing for 3 d for Road-L and 28 d for Road-D.Both of the compressive and flexural strength of Road-L and Road-D decreased slightly after experiencing two rainy seasons,with the major hydration products being 5Mg(OH)2 MgCl28H2O(Phase 5)and 3Mg(OH)2 MgCl28H2O(Phase 3).The decomposition of Phase 5 is mainly responsible for reducing the mechanical strength of the MOCC pavement.

Effects of EVA Latex on the Properties of Glass-fiber/Magnesium-oxychloride Cement Composites

The effects of Ethylene-Vinyl Acetate copolymer （EVA） latex as an additive or a glass fiber surface modifier on the properties of Glass-Fiber （ GF ）/ Magnesium Oxychloride Cement （MOC） composites was studied. The mechanical properties, water resistance aud aging resistance of the cured GF/ MOC composites were estimated and chemical ingredients analysis and morphological study of the GF/ MOC composites were also performed. It is found that EVA added to the MOC matrix could substantially improve the interfacial adhesion, water resistance aud aging resistance of GF/ MOC composites. EVA treatment on glass fibers resulted in decreasing initial flexural strength of GF/ MOC composites while enhancing the soft coefficients. In addition, the drying time and dilution of the EVA treatment on glass fibers also had an otwioas effect on the properties of GF/ MOC composites. However, excessive EVA interfered with the growth of the 5 Mg（ OH）2· MgCl2 ·8H2O crystal and the properties of GF / MOC composites.

Microstructure and Properties of Cement Foams Prepared by Magnesium Oxychloride Cement

Microstructural features including pore size distribution, cell walls and phase compositions of magnesium oxychloride cement foams（MOCF） with various MgO powders and water mixture ratios were studied. Their infl uences on compressive strength, water absorption and resistance of MOCF were also discussed in detail. The experimental results indicated that moderate and slight excess MgO powders（MgO/MgCl2 molar ratios from 5.1 to 7） were beneficial to the formation of excellent microstructure of MOCF, but increasing water contents（H2O/MgO mass ratios from 0.9 to 1.29） might result in opposite conclusions. The microstructure of MOCF produced with moderate and slight excess MgO powders could enhance the compressive strength, while serious excess MgO powders addition（MgO/MgCl2 molar ratios = 9） would destroy the cell wall structures, and therefore decrease the strength of the system. Although MOCF produced with excess MgO powders could decrease the water absorption, its softening coefficient was lower than that of the material produced with moderate MgO powders. This might be due to the instability of phase 5, the volume expansion and cracking of cell walls as immersed the sample into water.

RESEARCH ON THE RHEOLOGY OF MAGNESIUM OXYCHLORIDE CEMENT Ⅱ—STUDY OF INFLUENTI AL FACTORS ON RHEOLOGICAL PROPERTIES

The influences of solution cement ratio (Wn/C), MgO content of the magnesia, specific gravity of the MgCl 2 solutions and mixing regime on the rheological properties of magnesium oxychloride cement (MOC) pastes were studied with a rotating viscometer. It was found that different influential factors cause difference rheological properties of the MOC pastes.

RESEARCH ON THE RHEOLOGY OF MAGNESIUM OXYCHLORIDE CEMENT Ⅰ—RHEOLOGICAL BEHAVIOR

The rheology of magnesium oxychloride cement (MOC) was presented. The rheological properties and thixotropic behaviors of the MOC pastes were determined with a rotating viscometer. The results have showed significant difference between the MOC and portland cement in terms of their rheological behaviors. The yield stress and plastic viscosity of the MOC pastes are much larger than those of portland cement pastes. Therefore, the MOC has a better cohesive property.

Frost Resistance of Magnesium Oxychloride Cement Mortar Added with Highland Barley Straw Ash

In order to study the influence of highland barley straw ash (HBSA) prepared under certain conditions on the durability of magnesium oxychloride cement mortar (MOCM) under freeze-thaw damage,rapid freeze-thaw cycle tests were carried out firstly.The relative mass evaluation parameters and the relative compressive strength evaluation parameters,which represent the degradation of freeze-thaw resistance,were used as the indices to study the degradation rule of MOCM.Secondly,nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) tests were carried out on MOCM under different freeze-thaw cycles to analyze the pore diameter changes in the freeze-thaw process.The microstructure of MOCM was tested by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR),X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM),and then the effect mechanism of HBSA on the anti-freezing performance of MOCM was revealed.Finally,the two-parameter Weibull distribution function was used to analyze the reliability of durability degradation of MOCM added with HBSA under freeze-thaw cycles.The specific conclusions are as follows:With the increase of HBSA's addition,the freeze-thaw resistance of MOCM increase firstly and then decrease.When the addition of HBSA is 10%,the decay rate of relative mass evaluation parameters and relative compressive strength evaluation parameters is the slowest,and the frost resistance is the best.The proportion of harmful pores and more harmful pores in MOCM added with 10% HBSA decreases by 25.11% and 21.34%,compared with that without HBSA before and after freeze-thaw cycles.A lot of magnesium silicate hydrate (M-S-H) gels are generated in MOCM with HBSA content of 10%,which fills part of the pores,so that the proportion of harmful pores and more harmful pores is the lowest.The Weibull function can be effectively applied to the reliability analysis of the freeze-thaw cycle of MOCM added with HBSA,and the theoretical results are in good agreement with the experimental results.

Effect of the Proportion of Bamboo Scraps on the Properties of Bamboo Scraps/Magnesium Oxychloride Composites

This study was designed to solve the problem of large waste volume from bamboo processing residues in recent years.Using magnesium oxychloride(MO)cementitious material as the main material and bamboo residue(BR)as the reinforcing material,a BR/MO composite material was prepared.The effects of BR amount on the molding properties,mechanical strength,and water resistance of BR/MO composites were examined and discussed.Scanning electron microscopy(SEM),X-ray diffractometry(XRD),and thermogravimetric analysis were used to characterize composite microscopic morphology,crystalline structure,and heat resistance.The results showed that,when the BR content was 1.00%(by wt),the flowability of MO paste was beneficial to composite molding.Composite mechanical properties and water resistance were greatly affected by BR addition.When the BR content was 1.00%,composite compressive and bending strengths and softening coefficient all reached maximum values.Meanwhile,increases in water absorption by 24 h and decreases of contact angle were small.These results suggested that,when the BR content was 1.00%,composite mechanical properties and water resistance were the best and the mechanical strength also improved with extended composite storage time.SEM analysis indicated that BR played the role of a reinforcing phase in MO matrices.However,when the BR content exceeded 1.00%,interfacial bonding between BR and MO became less.XRD analysis showed that,with 1.00%BR content,composites showed more 5-phase crystals with high strength.This further explained the reason why this composite’s mechanical properties were the best and the heat resistance not deteriorated due to BR,which was easily decomposed.

氯氧镁水泥涂层钢筋混凝土长期耐久性及退化规律分析

针对氯氧镁涂层钢筋混凝土(coated reinforced magnesium oxychloride cement concrete,CRMOCC)长期耐久性尚无研究的问题,结合西部盐湖、盐渍土环境,对CRMOCC进行溶液浸泡试验研究其长期耐久性退化规律。采用电化学试验、超声波试验、质量检测试验和微观试验对不同浸泡的试件进行耐久性研究;以相对锈蚀评价参数(ω1)、相对动弹性模量评价参数(ω2)和相对质量评价参数(ω3)评价CRMOCC长期耐久性。结果表明:经过2160 d的溶液浸泡试验后,以ω1为耐久性评价指标,裸钢已达到锈蚀状态,涂层钢筋仍处于未锈蚀状态,以ω2、ω3为耐久性评价指标,涂层钢筋和裸钢试件均处于出现损伤未达破坏状态,涂层钢筋试件耐久性退化低于裸钢试件,表明涂层对钢筋具有良好的保护效果;以ω1、ω2、ω3作为退化参数,CRMOCC可靠度曲线分别在25000、20000和15650 d时为零。

浸水环境下改性氯氧镁砂浆黏结强度变化规律

为了研究经青稞秸秆灰(HBSA)改性的氯氧镁水泥砂浆(MOCM)作为西部盐湖地区普通混凝土的外防护层,抵御盐湖区卤水侵蚀从而延长混凝土服役寿命的可行性,开展了浸水环境下掺入HBSA的MOCM的黏结强度等试验研究.采用普通混凝土作为黏结基层,以混凝土基层涂刷界面剂、MOCM中掺入HBSA以及砂浆层厚度等影响因素为变量,通过黏结拉拔试验分析各因素对MOCM黏结强度的影响规律,确定最优的设计参数,通过多项式模拟以及MATLAB中网格化处理等数值模拟方法,建立氯氧镁水泥黏结强度时变模型,进一步分析了浸水环境下改性MOCM黏结强度的损伤退化规律.采用微观测试技术分析了MOCM的物相组成、官能团结构、微观形貌、元素映射等特征,揭示了HBSA对MOCM黏结性能的影响机理.结果表明,HBSA中有较多的活性SiO2,能够与MOCM中的水化产物发生二次水化反应,生成水化硅酸镁(M―S―H)凝胶,填充MOCM内部孔隙,增强密实性,提高黏结性能.厚度为18 mm、掺入HBSA,且涂刷界面剂的MOCM黏结强度最高,其在浸水环境下的黏结强度退化速率最慢,基于三次多项式的数值模型能较好地反映其黏结强度的退化规律,最优组YY-18的相关性系数R2达到0.98.

氯氧镁水泥混凝土中涂层钢筋的锈蚀劣化模型研究

为了推进钢筋氯氧镁水泥混凝土(magnesium oxychloride cement reinforced concrete,MOCRC)在西部地区的深度应用,设计模拟西部地区盐渍土环境、气候环境的室内加速破坏试验,研究涂层在多因素破坏试验环境下对钢筋的保护效果。利用电化学工作站测试试件的极化曲线和腐蚀电流密度,选用腐蚀电流密度作为Wiener随机退化过程的退化指标,建立随机退化过程的可靠度函数预测模型。结果表明:涂层在多因素试验环境下对钢筋的保护效果弱于纯浸泡试验环境下对钢筋的保护效果;通过可靠度函数寿命预测模型能够确定,MOCRC在不同浓度2%、4%、6%、8%氯化钠盐溶液室内多因素加速破坏试验环境下达到中等腐蚀破坏的时间分别为4000、3500、1400、400d。

氯氧镁水泥耐水性能的改性研究进展

本文分析了氯氧镁水泥(MOC)耐水性能差的原因,介绍了国内外对MOC耐水性能的改性研究现状,综合整理了有机、无机与掺合料三类改性剂对MOC耐水性能的改善作用与改性机理。提出后续的研究重点应集中于MOC及其混凝土的耐水性能,并应以绿色、环保、科学的方式提高MOC性能。

基于PSO‑BPNN模型的氯氧镁水泥混凝土耐水性预测

为快速准确地获得具有优异耐水性氯氧镁水泥混凝土(MOCC)的配合比,设计了拓扑结构为4‑10‑2的粒子群优化(PSO)算法-反向传播(BP)神经网络(PSO‑BPNN)模型.该模型的输入层参数为n(MgO)/n(MgCl_(2))、粉煤灰掺量、磷酸掺量和磷肥掺量,输出层参数为MOCC的抗压强度和软化系数;模型数据集为144组,其中训练集数据为100组,验证集数据为22组,测试集数据为22组.结果表明:PSO‑BPNN模型在MOCC抗压强度预测中的评价参数——决定系数R^(2)=0.99、平均绝对误差S_(MAE)=0.52、平均绝对误差百分比S_(MAPE)=1.11、均方根误差S_(RMSE)=0.73;其在软化系数预测中的评价参数——R^(2)=0.99、S_(MAE)=0.44、S_(MAPE)=1.29、S_(RMSE)=0.62;与BP神经网络(BPNN)模型相比,PSO‑BPNN模型具有更强的双参数预测能力,可用于MOCC配合比的正向设计和反向指导.