Magnetic Charge Theory Part 4: Fermion Angular Momentum

The magnetic charge concept is further developed to define the vibrational motion of a charged particle moving in the ether/dark matter. The angular momentum of the resulting motion is derived to be ħ/2 at all velocities. The vibrational motion also provides additional justification for the Coulomb and gravitational forces not having a singularity. Additional insights into antimatter composition and annihilation are also developed.

The Experiments Detecting of Real Magnetic Charges in Structures of Atoms and Substance

Magnetic neutron scattering in Y-type hexagonal ferrite crystals, studied by the author in 1968-1971 and presented in the article showed that the entire density of the so-called magnetic moments of Fe3+ ions can significantly shift from the position of their nuclei. As result of these shift the structure in form of the chain magnetic spiral is realized in ferrite lattice. The noted shifts of the “magnetic moments” served as the basis for the author’s assumption that these “moments” are “fig sheets” behind which the magnetic poles (magnetic charges) real existing in the shells of atoms are hidden. In this case, the scattering of neutrons is carried out by magnetic charges, and not theoretical surrogates in the form of magnetic moments. In addition to participating in atomic structures, magnetic charges populate potential conduction zones in conductors, where they are exist in compositions of magnetic dipoles. Under the influence of an external magnetic field, a polarization of magnetic dipoles is realized in the conductor, the field strengths of which are directed against the external magnetic field. It is these dipole magnetic fields that are responsible for such a well-known physical phenomenon as diamagnetism. Under the conditions of noted polarization of magnetic dipoles the author managed to perform mechanical separation of magnetic charges in pairs ±g and to charge experienced bodies (metal plates) by the magnetic charges of one sign. The fact of such a charging was detected through magnetostatic interaction between magnetic charges on the plates using highly sensitive torsion balances. This experiment is presented in detail in this article. The results of these experiments, as well as subsequent experimental and theoretical studies of the author, which, in general composition, were carried out from 1968 to the present, showed that magnetic charges are real structural components of the atoms and substance. So, for example, the atomic shells are not electronic but electromagnetic. The main reason that real magnetic charges were “buried alive” in the existing physical theories is the physics of their confinement in substance forces of which, in its rigidity, is many times greater than the electron confinement forces.

Magnetic Charge Theory. Part 3: Neutron Structure and Dark Matter Source

The concept of magnetic charge is further developed to explain the electron/proton magnetic bonding that forms the neutron. The derivation leads to a minimum range for the Coulomb force of 2.35 fm that explains the lack of the Coulomb force in the nucleus. Further investigation into the nature of gravity leads to the possibility that dark matter is a byproduct of stars.

The Gravito-Chemical Bond and Structures of Hydrocarbons and Water Molecules with Real Magnetic Charges

Experimental and theoretical studies of the author (period: 1968-present) have shown that true sources of the magnetic field are magnetic fundamental particles (magnetic charges), and not moving electrons. The main reason for ignoring real magnetic charges, as well as true antielectrons in physical science is the hard conditions for confinement of these particles in atoms and substances, which is radically different from the confinement of electrons. Magnetic charges together with electric charges form the shells atoms which are electromagnetic, and not electronic. Namely, electromagnetic shells are sources of gravitational field which is a vortex electromagnetic field and described by the vortex rot [E - H]. Depending on the state polarization of vortex vectors rot [E - H] in compositions of atomic gravitational fields it is subdivided into paragravitational (PGF) and ferrogravitational fields (FGF). The overwhelming number of atoms emits PGF. Between the masses (bodies, atoms, nucleons and others) emitting PGF areas of negative gravitational “Dark Energy” are realized the forces of which press the masses towards each other. Namely, the compression of atoms by the forces of paragravitational “Dark Energy” underlies the chemical bond. The exception here is the ionic bond in ionic crystals. However, all ions have electromagnetic shells that generate the gravitational field. Consequently, ionic bonding is a relatively rare addition to gravito-chemical bond processes. The direct gravito-chemical bond of carbon atoms with hydrogen (1H) is physically forbidden due to the manifestation of the effect of ferrogravitational levitation between them and the repulsion of atoms from each other. Paradoxically, but all existing ideas about the structural device of hydrocarbons are based on such physically forbidden bonds which, moreover, must be realized through ionic bonds which in reality do not exist. Chemical bonding of carbon and hydrogen atoms to form hydrocarbons molecules is possible only if the hydrogen atoms are in the molecular form (1H2). In the composition of water, within the framework of the chemical formula H2O, two stable isomorphic molecular structures are formed. The chemical bond in the first structure is similar to the hydrocarbon scenario described above, i.e. in the process of combining paragravitational oxygen with a hydrogen molecule 1H2. The second molecular structure in water is formed under conditions of ferropolarization of the gravitational field of oxygen atoms under the influence of FGF of neighboring 1H atoms. In this case, the chemical bond is realized under the conditions of ferropolarization of the vortex vectors rot [E - H] of the gravitational fields of all atoms in the molecule and the co-directionality of them vectors Pfp ferropolarization. The gravito-physical properties of the presented molecular structures in the composition of water make it possible to name them, respectively, as heavy and light clusters.

Gravitational and electromagnetic radiation from binary black holes with electric and magnetic charges:hyperbolic orbits on a cone

We derive the hyperbolic orbit of binary black holes with electric and magnetic charges.In the low-velocity and weak-field regime,by using the Newtonian method,we calculate the total emission rate of energy due to gravitational and electromagnetic radiation from binary black holes with electric and magnetic charges in hyperbolic orbits.Moreover,we develop a formalism to derive the merger rate of binary black holes with electric and magnetic charges from the twobody dynamical capture.We apply the formalism to investigate the effects of the charges on the merger rate for the near-extremal case and find that the effects cannot be ignored.

Accretion onto the Magnetically Charged Regular Black Hole

We investigate the accretion process for static spherically symmetric geometry, i.e., magnetically charged regular black hole with isotropic fluid. W＇e obtain generalized expressions for the velocity （u（r））, speed of sound （cs2）, energy density （ρ（r） ） and accretion rate （M） at the critical point near the regular black hole during the accretion process. We also plot these physical parameters against fixed values of charge, mass and different values of equation of state parameter to study the process of accretion. We find that radial velocity and energy density of the fluid remain positive and negative as well as rate of change of mass is increased and decreased for dust, stiff, quintessence fluid and phantom-like fluid, respectively.

Interaction forces between soft magnetic particles in uniform and non-uniform magnetic fields

The influence of the magnetization of a soft magnetic sphere on the surrounding magnetic field is measured and characterized.The interaction force between two soft magnetic particles is directly measured using an ultra precision load sensor in uniform and non-uniform magnetic fields. The interaction force largely follows an inverse fourth power law as a function of separation distance between particle centers. At small distances,the effect of magnetization of one particle on the magnetization of its adjacent particle causes the attractive（repulsive） force to be larger（smaller） than that predicted by the inverse fourth power law.The theoretical prediction based on a modified dipole model,that takes into account the coupling effect of the magnetization among soft magnetic particles,gives excellent agreement with the measured force in a uniform magnetic field.The interaction force under a non-uniform applied magnetic field can be reasonably predicted using the dipole-dipole interaction model when the local magnetic field is used to determine the magnetization.

RESEARCH ON AMAGNETIC FIELD IN ELECTROLYTIC LAPPING

Taking electrolytic lapping stainless steel for example, the principle of electrolytic lapping with a magnetic field is described, the movement of charged particles in the magnetic field is analyzed in tems of theory. Using a computer, the motion loci of the charged particles in the magnetic field are simulated. The theory and the experiment show that the magnetic field can accelerate the diffusion and mobility of the charged particles, accelerate the electrochemical reaction and reduce the surface roughness of the work more quickly, which improves the lapping efficiency.

Complex Maxwell's equations

A unified complex model of Maxwell＇s equations is presented.The wave nature of the electromagnetic field vector is related to the temporal and spatial distributions and the circulation of charge and current densities.A new vacuum solution is obtained,and a new transformation under which Maxwell＇s equations are invariant is proposed.This transformation extends ordinary gauge transformation to include charge-current as well as scalar-vector potential.An electric dipole moment is found to be related to the magnetic charges,and Dirac＇s quantization is found to determine an uncertainty relation expressing the indeterminacy of electric and magnetic charges.We generalize Maxwell＇s equations to include longitudinal waves.A formal analogy between this formulation and Dirac＇s equation is also discussed.

Experimental Ferrogravitational Field around Untwisting Closed Superconductor

The study by the author of magnetic scattering neutrons in the structures of ferrimagnets, as well as his experiments with the separation of magnetic charges in dipole pairs ±g in magnetic field, showed that fundamental magnetic particles (magnetic charges) are real structural components of atoms and substance. It is the magnetic poles, and not the moving electric charges are the direct sources of all magnetic fields and magnetic manifestations in Nature. Basic reasons of ignoring the magnetic fundamental particles by world physical theory, for almost 150 years, are the ultra-harsh confinement of these particles in substance which radically is different from the confinement electrons, as well as the vicious concept of the electric magnetism Maxwell. Rotating magnetic dipoles in conductors which are untwisted by electric current, are direct sources of the vortex magnetic field rotH. One should also expect the formation of a vortex electric field rotE forming by rotating electric dipoles which are untwisted by the current of magnetic charges. This article provides an experimental answer to the question: what field is formed around a conductor if joint direct currents of electric Je and magnetic Jg charges are passed through it? The author’s experiments have shown that in this case the vortex electromagnetic current is realized which manifests itself as the vortex electromagnetic (gravitational) field. It is possible to implement such a process, according to the results of the author’s research, exclusively in superconductors. The vector character of the gravitational field is in many respects similar to the vortex magnetic field which makes it possible to introduce such it states as paragravitation and ferrogravitation into representations. To create joint currents of electric and magnetic charges, the author used the inertial forces of these particles under conditions of acceleration and deceleration of the rotational motion of the closed lead superconductor. The result of this experiment was the gravitational, as it turned out later, the ferrogravitational field, which was detected by effect repulsion of trial cargos from the coil with a superconducting winding at the stage of its untwist. The latter process is defined by the author as an effect of the gravitational (ferrogravitational) levitation. The values of ferrogravitational (levitational) forces noted in this experiment were: 120 mg for a tungsten trial cargo and 50 and 25 mg for a lead cargo with an error of ±15 mg. The values of ferrogravitational (levitational) forces noted in this experiment are: 120 mg for from tungsten trial cargo and 50 and 25 mg for a cargo from lead, with an error of ±15 mg. The “anomaly” noted by the author in this study was in the absence of any absence of a gravitational effect on stage a braking of the coil. Probable cause of the noted “anomaly” is discussed in the Discussion of Results chapter.

Shadows of magnetically charged rotating black holes surrounded by quintessence

In this work,we study the optical properties of a class of magnetically charged rotating black hole spacetimes.The black holes in question are assumed to be immersed in the quintessence field,and subsequently,the resulting black hole shadows are expected to be modified by the presence of dark energy.We investigate the photon region and the black hole shadow,especially their dependence on the relevant physical conditions,such as the quintessence state parameter,angular momentum,and magnetic charge magnitude.The photon regions depend sensitively on the horizon structure and possess intricate features.Moreover,from the viewpoint of a static observer,we explore a few observables,especially those associated with the distortion of the observed black hole shadows.

Positively charged graphene/Fe3O4/polyethylenimine with enhanced drug loading and cellular uptake for magnetic resonance imaging and magnet-responsive cancer therapy

Enhanced cellular uptake efficiency of nanoparticles is important for their biomedical applications, including photothermal therapy （PTT） for cancer. In this study, a one-pot method was used to construct a positively charged and magnet-responsive nanocomposite comprising reduced graphene oxide anchoring iron oxide （RGI） with a polyethylenimine （PEI） modification, to improve the efficiency of cell internalization. The surface charge can be finely tuned using PEIs of different molecular weights. The obtained RGIlsk composite （RGI modified by 1.8 kDa PEI） could load indocyanine green （ICG） at a high mass ratio of 10：3 and ablate cancer cells using low-density laser irradiation because of its positively charged surface. In addition, the hybrids of RGI1.8k and ICG could kill most cancer cells at a laser density of 0.7 W/cm2 in vitro and 0.3 W/cm2 in vivo. At the same time, cell viability could be controlled by converting the external magnetic-field direction because of the enrichment of the magnet-responsive composite in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, RGIr8k-ICGs could be used as T2-weighted magnetic resonance and infrared thermal imaging agents. Coupled with the magnetic target effect, the imaging signal could be improved significantly. Therefore, RGII^sk-ICGs represent a new highly efficient PTT and imaging agent with great potential for cancer treatment.

Survival of charged ρ condensation at high temperature and density

The charged vector ρ mesons in the presence of external magnetic fields at finite temperature T and chemical potential μ have been investigated in the framework of the Nambu-Jona-Lasinio model.We compute the masses of charged ρ mesons numerically as a function of the magnetic field for different values of temperature and chemical potential.The self-energy of the ρ meson contains the quark-loop contribution,i.e.the leading order contribution in 1/NC expansion.The charged ρ meson mass decreases with the magnetic field and drops to zero at a critical magnetic field eBc,which indicates that the charged vector meson condensation,i.e.the electromagnetic superconductor can be induced above the critical magnetic field.Surprisingly,it is found that the charged ρ condensation can even survive at high temperature and density.At zero temperature,the critical magnetic field just increases slightly with the chemical potential,which indicates that charged ρ condensation might occur inside compact stars.At zero density,in the temperature range 0.2 — 0.5 GeV,the critical magnetic field for charged ρ condensation is in the range of 0.2 — 0.6 GeV^2,which indicates that a high temperature electromagnetic superconductor might be created at LHC.