Maxwell Equations and Magnetic Monopoles

The manuscript introduces an “ab initio” quantum model to deduce the Maxwell equations. After general considerations and laying out the model’s theoretical framework, these equations can be derived alongside a broad variety of other results. Specifically, a corollary of the present model proposes a possible mechanism underlying the formation of magnetic monopoles and allows estimating their formation energy in order of magnitude.

Proton Decay Reaction in Massive White Dwarfs

Two magnetic monopole models (i.e., model (I, II)) are presented to discuss the energy resources problem based on magnetic monopole catalytic nuclear decay in massive white dwarfs. We find that the luminosities for most of massive white dwarfs increase as the temperature increases. The luminosities of model (II) are agreed well with those of the observations at relativistic high temperature (e.g., T6=1,10), However, the luminosities of the observations can be five orders of magnitude larger than those of model (I).

On the Possible Structures of Electron and Proton

In this work, the possible structures of electron and proton have been explored. Based on the potential expressions of electron and proton, we found that the electron and proton share the similar structure inside re and rn. And within re and rn, the conventional charge concept stops working, the same charge repelling force doesn’t exist anymore and as a result, the requirement of charge conservation is automatically removed. Whereas beyond re and rn, the potential expressions of electron and proton obey the point charge potentials as we normally understand. Therefore, the conventional charge concept can be applied and the requirement of charge conservation takes effect. Furthermore, a possible mechanism for the creations of electric monopole and magnetic monopole is discussed. In addition, to compare the particle size in micro-world, the balloon criterion is proposed. By this balloon criterion, the proton is determined about 10 times bigger than electron. From the physical picture about electron and proton described above, the stabilities of electron and proton can be explained quite well.

Branch Processes of Regular Magnetic Monopole

In this paper, by making use of Duan＇s topological current theory, the branch process of regular magnetic monopoles is discussed in detail. Regular magnetic monopoles are found generating or annihilating at the limit point and encountering, splitting, or merging at the bifurcation point and the degenerate point systematically of the vector order parameter field φ（x）. Furthermore, it is also shown that when regular magnetic monopoles split or merge at the degenerate point of field function φ, the total topological charges of the regular magnetic monopoles are stilI unchanged.

Magnetic Charge Theory. Part 3: Neutron Structure and Dark Matter Source

The concept of magnetic charge is further developed to explain the electron/proton magnetic bonding that forms the neutron. The derivation leads to a minimum range for the Coulomb force of 2.35 fm that explains the lack of the Coulomb force in the nucleus. Further investigation into the nature of gravity leads to the possibility that dark matter is a byproduct of stars.

Why Don’t Cold White Dwarfs Exist?

Why no late type M and much later type N white dwarfs with surface temperatures less than 3000 K had ever been observed? What are the heat sources of these later type white dwarfs? In this paper, we find that the energy source of white dwarfs is the nucleons decay catalyzed by magnetic monopoles.

How to Achieve a Warp Drive

In this paper, we delve into the intrinsic nature of mass and gravity, as per the amplitude modulation interpretation of the quantum theory. We explore the idea that the elementary constituent is an electromagnetic configuration that interacts with the quantum field, leading to the emergence of inertia and gravity as a reaction to the exchange with the quantum field. While these two phenomena have a common origin, they are distinct. Our proposal suggests manipulating the connection between the quantum field and the particle using high-frequency electromagnetic fields, thereby making a warp drive possible.

A Summary of the Homogeneous 5D Universe Creation Model: Expressed in the Dirac Second-Order Quantization Representation

A summary of the homogeneous 5D universe model is expressed in the Dirac second-order quantized representation for the magnetic monopoles, identified in terms of the Higgs Bosons, and through systematic ordered excitations of the Higgs vacuum obtained the non-homogeneous 4D Lorentz manifolds filled with masses, corresponding to making space dimension reduction projections, and thus realization of Newtonian gravity, followed by the 3D space symmetry breaking into 2D × 1D that produces the Perelmann-entropy and Ricci-Flow mappings, resulting in the realization of Poincare spheres, represented by nucleus such as Carbon 12, all the way to stars, and matter filled discs, such as stars in galaxies and 2D carbon-based molecular structures like nitrogenous bases. Finally, the forming of RNAs and DNAs, then life forms.

Towards the Unification, Part 2: Simplified Equations, Covariant Derivative, Photons

We continue the study of the Standard Model of Quantum Physics in the Clifford algebra of space. We get simplified mass terms for the fermion part of the wave. We insert the simplified equations in the frame of General Relativity. We construct the electromagnetic field of the photon, alone boson without proper mass. We explain how the Pauli principle comes from the equivalence principle of General Relativity. We transpose in the frame of the algebra of space the second quantification of the electromagnetic field. We discuss the changes introduced here.

Complex Maxwell's equations

A unified complex model of Maxwell＇s equations is presented.The wave nature of the electromagnetic field vector is related to the temporal and spatial distributions and the circulation of charge and current densities.A new vacuum solution is obtained,and a new transformation under which Maxwell＇s equations are invariant is proposed.This transformation extends ordinary gauge transformation to include charge-current as well as scalar-vector potential.An electric dipole moment is found to be related to the magnetic charges,and Dirac＇s quantization is found to determine an uncertainty relation expressing the indeterminacy of electric and magnetic charges.We generalize Maxwell＇s equations to include longitudinal waves.A formal analogy between this formulation and Dirac＇s equation is also discussed.

Theoretical Maxwell's Equations, Gauge Field and Their Universality Based on One Conservation Law

The notion of the inner product of vectors is extended to tensors of different orders, which may replace the vector product usually. The essences of the differential and the codiffcrential forms are pointed out： they represent the tangent surface and the normal surface fluxes of a tensor, reslpetivcly. The definitions of the divergence and the curl of a 2D surface flux of a tensor arc obtained. Maxwell＇s equations, namely, the constraction law of field, which were usually established based on two conservation laws of electric charge and imaginary magnetic charge, are derived by the author only by using one conservation law （ mass or fluid flux quantity and so on） and the feature of central field （or its composition）. By the feature of central field （or its composition）, the curl of 2D flux is zero. Both universality of gauge field and the difficulty of magnetic monopole theory （ a magnetic monopole has no effect on electric current just like a couple hasing no effect on the sum of forces） axe presented： magnetic monopole has no the feature of magnet. Finally it is pointed out that the base of relation of mass and energy is already involved in Maxwell＇s equations.

Scientific Community and Remaining Errors, Physics Examples

The scientific community controls the possible errors by a rigorous process using referees. Consequently the only possible errors are very few, they come from what anyone considers obviously true. Three of these errors are pointed here: the main one is the belief that any quantum state follows a Schrödinger equation. This induces two secondary errors: the impossibility of magnetic charges and the identification between the Lorentz group and SL (2, C).

Dark Matter: The Source of Space and Time

A simple assumption for dark matter leads to magnetic-monopole-like terms to Maxwell’s Equations, a photon model with wave-particle duality, nuclear stability, a decelerating expansion of the universe, and a dark-matter relativity that defines the origin of space and time.

Towards the Unification of All Interactions (The First Part: The Spinor Wave)

For the unification of gravitation with electromagnetism, weak and strong interactions, we use a unique and very simple framework, the Clifford algebra of space . We enlarge our previous wave equation to the general case, including all leptons, quarks and antiparticles of the first generation. The wave equation is a generalization of the Dirac equation with a compulsory non-linear mass term. This equation is form invariant under the group of the invertible elements in the space algebra. The form invariance is fully compatible with the gauge invariance of the standard model. The wave equations of the different particles come by Lagrange equations from a Lagrangian density and this Lagrangian density is the sum of the real parts of the wave equations. Both form invariance and gauge invariance are exact symmetries, not only partial or broken symmetries. Inertia is already present in the part of the gauge group and the inertial chiral potential vector simplifies weak interactions. Relativistic quantum physics is then a naturally yet unified theory, including all interactions.

The electroweak monopole–antimonopole pair in the standard model

We present the first numerical solution that corresponds to a pair of Cho–Maison monopoles and antimonopoles(MAPs) in the SU(2) × U(1) Weinberg–Salam(WS) theory.The monopoles are finitely separated,while each pole carries a magnetic charge ±4π/e.The positive pole is situated in the upper hemisphere,whereas the negative pole is in the lower hemisphere.The Cho–Maison MAP is investigated for a range of Weinberg angles,0.4675≤ tan θ_(W)≤10,and Higgs self-coupling,0 ≤ β ≤ 1.7704.The magnetic dipole moment(μm) and pole separation(d_(z)) of the numerical solutions are calculated and analyzed.The total energy of the system,however,is infinite due to point singularities at the locations of monopoles.