Stndy on Soil Magnetic Effect

A study on the effect of applied magnetic field was performed with six types of soils collected fromnortheastern China. Magnetic field was found to cause changes of soil physicc-chemical properties and soilenzyme activities. An appropriate applied magnetic field could cut down soil zeta-potential, soil specificsurface, soil water potential and soil swelling capacity; raise the charge density on soil colloids and theactivities of invertase, hydrogen peroxidase and amylase in the soils; enhance soil aggregation and improvesoil structural status and soil water-releasing capability.

Chiral Magnetic Effect and Chiral Phase Transition

We study the influence of the chiral phase transition on the chiral magnetic effect. The azimuthal charge-particle correlations as functions of the temperature are calculated. It is found that there is a pronounced cusp in the correlations as the temperature reaches its critical value for the QCD phase transition. It is predicted that there will be a drastic suppression of the charge-particle correlations as the collision energy in RHIC decreases to below a critical value. We show then the azimuthal charge-particle correlations can be the signal to identify the occurrence of the QCD phase transitions in RHIC energy scan experiments.

Magnetic Effects in the Thermodynamics of Information

The authors have shown that the process data can be modeled on the basis of chemical thermodynamics. The authors offer general information of the equation in the presence of a magnetic field. As a result, studies have shown that the magnetic effects strongly influence the thermodynamics of information.

Magnetic Effects in the Thermodynamics of the Process of Thinking

The authors have shown that the process of information and thinking can be modeled on the basis of chemical thermodynamics. The authors offer general equations to calculate the thinking of the work of judgment the L and of entropy solutions G in the presence of a magnetic field. As a result, studies have shown that the magnetic effects strongly influence the thermodynamics of the process of thinking.

Symmetry Breaking in the Strong Interaction – The Chiral Magnetic Effect

The chiral magnetic effect (CME) refers to a charge separation along a strong magnetic field due to an imbalanced chirality of quarks from interactions with the vacuum topological gluon field. This chiral anomaly is a fundamental property of quantum chromodynamics (QCD) and, therefore, an observation of the CME would have far-reaching impact on our understanding of QCD and Nature. The measurements of the CME-sensitive azimuthal correlator Δγ observable in heavy-ion collisions are contaminated by a major background induced by elliptic flow anisotropy. Several novel approaches have been carried out, including a dedicated isobar collision program, to address this flow-induced background. Further background effects, arising from nonflow correlations, have been studied. While the isobar data are consistent with zero CME signal with an upper limit of 10% of the measured Δγ, the Au+Au midcentral data suggest a positive CME signal on the order of 10% of the measured Δγ with a significance of ~2 standard deviations. Future increased statistics and improved detector capability should yield a firm conclusion on the existence (or the lack) of the CME in relativistic heavy-ion collisions.

Magnetic proximity effect in the two-dimensional ε-Fe_(2)O_(3)/NbSe_(2)heterojunction

Two-dimensional(2D)magnet/superconductor heterostructures can promote the design of artificial materials for exploring 2D physics and device applications by exotic proximity effects.However,plagued by the low Curie temperature and instability in air,it is hard to realize practical applications for the reported layered magnetic materials at present.In this paper,we developed a space-confined chemical vapor deposition method to synthesize ultrathin air-stable ε-Fe_(2)O_(3) nanosheets with Curie temperature above 350 K.The ε-Fe_(2)O_(3)/NbSe_(2) heterojunction was constructed to study the magnetic proximity effect on the superconductivity of the NbSe_(2) multilayer.The electrical transport results show that the subtle proximity effect can modulate the interfacial spin–orbit interaction while undegrading the superconducting critical parameters.Our work paves the way to construct 2D heterojunctions with ultrathin nonlayered materials and layered van der Waals(vdW)materials for exploring new physical phenomena.

Effect of Magnetic Field on Enzyme Activities in Main Soils of Northeast China

Soil enzyme activities as affected by applied magnetic field were studied with three main soils (brown soil, black soil and albic soil) collected from Northeast China. Appropriate intensities of magnetic field could obviously enhance the activities of hydrogen peroxidases, invertases, amylases and phosphatases in the three soils, although the effect varied with types and water regimes of the soils. Increasing times of magnetic treatment could multiple its good effect on the activities of hydrogen peroxidases in soils.

Estimation of the chiral magnetic effect considering the magnetic field response of the QGP medium

The magnetic field plays a major role in searching for the chiral magnetic effect in relativistic heavy-ion collisions. If the lifetime of the magnetic field is too short, as predicted by simulations of the field in vacuum, the chiral magnetic effect will be largely suppressed. However, the lifetime of the magnetic field will become longer when the QGP medium response is considered. We give an estimate of the effect, especially considering the magnetic field response of the QGP medium, and compare it with the experimental results for the background-subtracted correlator H at RHIC and LHC energies. The results show that our method explains the experimental results better at the top RHIC energy than at the LHC energy.

A systematical study of the chiral magnetic effects at the RHIC and LHC energies

Considering the magnetic field response of the QGP medium,we perform a systematical study of the chiral magnetic effect（CME）,and make a comparison with the experimental results for the background-subtracted correlator H at the energies of the RHIC Beam Energy Scan（BES） and the LHC energy.The CME signals from our computations show a centrality trend and beam energy dependence that are qualitatively consistent with the experimental measurements of the charge dependent correlations.The time evolution of the chiral electromagnetic current at the RHIC and LHC energies is systematically studied.The dependence of the time-integrated current signal on the beam energy s1/2with different centralities is investigated.Our phenomenological analysis shows that the time-integrated electromagnetic current is maximal near the collision energy s1/2≈39 GeV.The qualitative trend of the induced electromagnetic current is in agreement with the CME experimental results at the RHIC and LHC energies.

Investigation of experimental observables in search of the chiral magnetic effect in heavy-ion collisions in the STAR experiment

The chiral magnetic effect(CME)is a novel transport phenomenon,arising from the interplay between quantum anomalies and strong magnetic fields in chiral systems.In high-energy nuclear collisions,the CME may survive the expansion of the quark-gluon plasma fireball and be detected in experiments.Over the past two decades,experimental searches for the CME have attracted extensive interest at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider(RHIC)and the Large Hadron Collider(LHC).The main goal of this study is to investigate three pertinent experimental approaches:the$\gamma$correlator,the R correlator,and the signed balance functions.We exploit simple Monte Carlo simulations and a realistic event generator(EBE-AVFD)to verify the equivalence of the core components among these methods and to ascertain their sensitivities to the CME signal and the background contributions for the isobar collisions at the RHIC.

Status of the chiral magnetic effect and collisions of isobars

In this review, we examine the current theoretical and experimental status of the chiral magnetic effect.We discuss possible future strategies for resolving uncertainties in interpretation including recommendations for theoretical work, recommendations for measurements based on data collected in the past five years, and recommendations for beam use in the coming years of RHIC. We specifically investigate the case for colliding nuclear isobars（nuclei with the same mass but different charge） and find the case compelling. We recommend that a program of nuclear isobar collisions to isolate the chiral magnetic effect from background sources be placed as a high priority item in the strategy for completing the RHIC mission.

Varying the chiral magnetic effect relative to flow in a single nucleus-nucleus collision

We propose a novel method to search for the chiral magnetic effect（cme） in heavy ion collisions.We argue that the relative strength of the magnetic field（mainly from spectator protons and responsible for the cme）with respect to the reaction plane and the participant plane is opposite to that of the elliptic flow background arising from the fluctuating participant geometry.This opposite behavior in a single collision system,hence with small systematic uncertainties,can be exploited to extract the possible cme signal from the flow background.The method is applied to existing data from rhic,and the outcome discussed.

Chiral magnetic effect in isobar collisions from stochastic hydrodynamics

We studied the chiral magnetic effect in AuAu,RuRu,and ZrZr collisions at sNN−√=200GeV.The axial charge evolution was modeled with stochastic hydrodynamics,and geometrical quantities were calculated with the Monte Carlo Glauber model.By adjusting the relaxation time of the magnetic field,we found our results are in good agreement with background subtracted data for AuAu collisions at the same energy.We also made predictions for RuRu and ZrZr collisions.We found a weak centrality dependence on initial chiral imbalance,which implies that the centrality dependence of chiral magnetic effect signals results mainly from the effects of the magnetic field and volume factor.Furthermore,our results show an unexpected dependence on system size.While the AuAu system has larger chiral imbalance and magnetic field,it was observed to have a smaller signal for the chiral magnetic effect due to the larger volume suppression factor.

On the Asymptotic Behavior of Nonlinear Schrodinger Equations with Magnetic Effect

The purpose of this paper is to study the long time asymptotic behavior for a nonlinear Schrdinger equations with magnetic effect. Under certain conditions, we prove the existence and nonexistence of the non-trivial free asymptotic solutions. In addition, the decay estimates of the solutions are also obtained.

Quantifying the chiral magnetic effect from anomalous-viscous fluid dynamics

The Chiral Magnetic Effect（CME） is a macroscopic manifestation of fundamental chiral anomaly in a many-body system of chiral fermions, and emerges as an anomalous transport current in the fluid dynamics framework. Experimental observation of the CME is of great interest and has been reported in Dirac and Weyl semimetals. Significant efforts have also been made to look for the CME in heavy ion collisions. Critically needed for such a search is the theoretical prediction for the CME signal. In this paper we report a first quantitative modeling framework, Anomalous Viscous Fluid Dynamics（AVFD）, which computes the evolution of fermion currents on top of realistic bulk evolution in heavy ion collisions and simultaneously accounts for both anomalous and normal viscous transport effects. AVFD allows a quantitative understanding of the generation and evolution of CME-induced charge separation during the hydrodynamic stage, as well as its dependence on theoretical ingredients. With reasonable estimates of key parameters, the AVFD simulations provide the first phenomenologically successful explanation of the measured signal in 200 AGe V Au Au collisions.

Magnetic field effect in photodetachment from negative ion in electric field near metal surface

Based on the closed-orbit theory, the magnetic field effect in the photodetachment of negative ion in the electric field near a metal surface is studied for the first time. The results show that the magnetic field can produce a significant effect on the photodetachment of negative ion near a metal surface. Besides the closed orbits previously found by Duet al. for the H in the electric field near a metal surface （J. Phys. B 43 035002 （2010））, some additional closed orbits are produced due to the effect of magnetic field. For a given ion surface distance and an electric field strength, the cross section depends sensitively on the magnetic field strength. As the magnetic field strength is very small, its influence can be neglected. With the increase of the magnetic field strength, the number of the closed orbits increases greatly and the oscillation in the cross section becomes much more complex. Therefore we can control the photodetachment cross section of the negative ion by changing the magnetic field strength. We hope that our results may guide future experimental studies for the photodetachment process of negative ion in the presence of external fields and surfaces.

Effect of Magnetic Mirror on the Asymmetry of the Radial Profile of Near-Wall Conductivity in Hall Thrusters

Considering the actual magnetic field configuration in a Hall thruster, the effect of magnetic mirror on the radial profile of near-wall conductivity （NWC） is studied in this paper. The plasma electron dynamic process is described by the test particle method. The Monte Carlo scheme is used to solve this model. The radial profile of electron mobility is obtained and the role of magnetic mirror in NWC is analysed both theoretically and numerically. The numerical results show that the electron mobility peak due to NWC is inversely proportional to the magnetic mirror ratio and the asymmetry of electron mobility along the radial direction gets greater when the magnetic mirror is considered. This effect indicates that apart from the disparity in the magnetic field strength, the difference in the magnetic mirror ratio near the inner and outer walls would actually augment the asymmetry of the radial profile of NWC in Hall thrusters.

The magnetic properties and magnetocaloric effects in binary R-T(R = Pr,Gd,Tb,Dy,Ho,Er,Tm;T = Ga,Ni,Co,Cu)intermetallic compounds

In this paper, we review the magnetic properties and magnetocaloric effects（MCE） of binary R–T（R = Pr, Gd, Tb,Dy, Ho, Er, Tm; T = Ga, Ni, Co, Cu） intermetallic compounds（including RGa series, RNi series, R_（12）Co_7 series, R_3 Co series and RCu_2series）, which have been investigated in detail in the past several years. The R–T compounds are studied by means of magnetic measurements, heat capacity measurements, magnetoresistance measurements and neutron powder diffraction measurements. The R–T compounds show complex magnetic transitions and interesting magnetic properties.The types of magnetic transitions are investigated and confirmed in detail by multiple approaches. Especially, most of the R–T compounds undergo more than one magnetic transition, which has significant impact on the magnetocaloric effect of R–T compounds. The MCE of R–T compounds are calculated by different ways and the special shapes of MCE peaks for different compounds are investigated and discussed in detail. To improve the MCE performance of R–T compounds,atoms with large spin（S） and atoms with large total angular momentum（J） are introduced to substitute the related rare earth atoms. With the atom substitution, the maximum of magnetic entropy change（？SM）, refrigerant temperature width（Twidth）or refrigerant capacity（RC） is enlarged for some R–T compounds. In the low temperature range, binary R–T（R = Pr, Gd,Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm; T = Ga, Ni, Co, Cu） intermetallic compounds（including RGa series, RNi series,R_（12）Co_7 series, R_3 Co series and RCu_2series） show excellent performance of MCE, indicating the potential application for gas liquefaction in the future.

Controlled vapor growth of 2D magnetic Cr_(2)Se_(3)and its magnetic proximity effect in heterostructures

Two-dimensional(2D)magnetic materials have aroused tremendous interest due to the 2D confinement of magnetism and potential applications in spintronic and valleytronic devices.However,most of the currently 2D magnetic materials are achieved by the exfoliation from their bulks,of which the thickness and domain size are difficult to control,limiting the practical device applications.Here,we demonstrate the realization of thickness-tunable rhombohedral Cr_(2)Se_(3)nanosheets on different substrates via the chemical vapor deposition route.The magnetic transition temperature at about 75 K is observed.Furthermore,van der Waals heterostructures consisting of Cr_(2)Se_(3)nanosheets and monolayer WS2 are constructed.We observe the magnetic proximity effect in the heterostructures,which manifests the manipulation of the valley polarization in monolayer WS2.Our work contributes to the vapor growth and applications of 2D magnetic materials.

Effects of Magnetic Field on Photodegradation of Methylene Blue over ZnO and TiO2 Powders using UV-LED as a Light Source

The magnetic field effects （MFEs） are studied on photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue （MB） solution using ZnO and TiO2 particles. The UV-VIS-NIR spectrometer is used to monitor the MB concentrations, and the dependence of the reaction rate on the initial dye concentration and settling duration is studied under UV light irradiation. It is found that the MFEs exist on the heterogeneous reaction systems for both ZnO and TiO2 powders and that the extraordinary phenomenon is reproducible. For ZnO powder, the results are in good agreement with the second-order reaction kinetics following the Langmuir-Hinshelwood （L-H） model, while the reaction for TiO2 follows first-order kinetics. It enhances the photodegradation for ZnO, while it reduces or enhances the reaction for TiO2 depending on the initial dye concentrations. The MFEs become small or negligible when the same photodecomposition experiment is carried out after settling the MB solution for more than three hours for both ZnO and TiO2. It is suggested that the key factors of MFEs on photocatalytic degradation is the condition of the MB solution as well as the characteristics of photocatalysts. The alteration of the MFEs ascribed to the solution condition caused by variation of the settling time.