High temperature and high pressure rheological properties of high-density water-based drilling fluids for deep wells

To maintain tight control over rheological properties of high-density water-based drilling fluids, it is essential to understand the factors influencing the theology of water-based drilling fluids. This paper examines temperature effects on the rheological properties of two types of high-density water-based drilling fluids （fresh water-based and brine-based） under high temperature and high pressure （HTHP） with a Fann 50SL rheometer. On the basis of the water-based drilling fluid systems formulated in laboratory, this paper mainly describes the influences of different types and concentration of clay, the content of a colloid stabilizer named GHJ-1 and fluid density on the rheological parameters such as viscosity and shear stress. In addition, the effects of aging temperature and aging time of the drilling fluid on these parameters were also examined. Clay content and proportions for different densities of brine-based fluids were recommended to effectively regulate the rheological properties. Four theological models, the Bingham, power law, Casson and H-B models, were employed to fit the rheological parameters. It turns out that the H-B model was the best one to describe the rheological properties of the high-density drilling fluid under HTHP conditions and power law model produced the worst fit. In addition, a new mathematical model that describes the apparent viscosity as a function of temperature and pressure was established and has been applied on site.

Rheological properties of oil-based drilling fluids at high temperature and high pressure

The rheological properties of two kinds of oil-based drilling fluids with typically composition were studied at pressures up to 138 MPa and temperatures up to 204 ℃ using the RheoChan 7400 Rheometer.The experimental results show that the apparent viscosity,plastic viscosity and yield point decrease with the increase of temperature,and increase with the increase of pressure.The effect of pressure on the apparent viscosity,plastic viscosity and yield point is considerable at ambient temperature.However,this effect gradually reduces with the increase of temperature.The major factor influencing the rheological properties of oil-based drilling fluids is temperature instead of pressure in the deep sections of oil wells.On the basis of numerous experiments,the model for predict the apparent viscosity,plastic viscosity and yield point of oil-based drilling fluids at high temperature and pressure was established using the method of regressive analysis.It is confirmed that the calculated data are in good agreement with the measured data,and the correlation coefficients are more than 0.98.The model is convenient for use and suitable for the application in drilling operations.

Rheological property of low-damage,ideal packing,film-forming amphoteric/sulfonation polymer drilling fluids

Low-permeability dense reservoirs,including micro-fractured reservoirs,are commonly characterized by high content of clay substances,high original water saturation,high sensitivity to invasive fluids,high capillary pressure,complicated structure and anisotropic,high flow-resistance and micro pore throats etc,.Generally they also have lots of natural micro fractures,probably leading to stress sensibility.Main damaging factors in such reservoirs are water-sensibility and water-blocking caused by invasive fluids during drilling and production operations.Once damaged,formation permeability can rarely recovered.Numerous studies have shown that damaging extent of water-blocking ranges from 70% to 90%.Main damaging mechanisms and influencing factors of water-blocking were systematically analyzed.Also some feasible precaution or treating approaches of water-blocking were put forward.In a laboratory setting,a new multi-functional drilling fluid composed mainly of amphion polymer,sulfonation polymer,high effectively preventive water-blocking surfactants,ideal packing temporary bridging agents(TBA) and film-forming agents,etc.,were developed.New low-damage drilling fluids has many advantages,such as good rheological properties,excellent effectiveness of water-blocking prevention,good temporary plugging effect,low filtration and ultra-low permeability(API filtration≤5 mL,HTHP filtration≤10 mL,mud cake frictional coefficient≤0.14,permeability recovery>81%),can efficiently prevent or minimize damage,preserve natural formation and enhance comprehensive development-investment effect in TUHA Jurassic dense sandstone reservoir formation with low-permeability,the only one developing integrated condense gas field.Some references can be provided to similar reservoir formations.

Investigation of regulating rheological properties of water-based drilling fluids by ultrasound

Regulating rheological properties of water-based drilling fluids has always been a hot topic.This paper proposed a new method for regulating rheological properties of water-based drilling fluids by ultrasonic field.The experimental results showed that the ultrasound increased the viscosity and yield point of bentonite suspension by reducing the particle size of clay,destroying the network structure between clay particles,increasing the mud yield and the cation exchange capacity of bentonite,and promoting the hydration dispersion of bentonite.The change of rheological property showed a memory effect at room temperature and high temperature.Besides,the ultrasonic energy affected the network structure between clays and polymer chains,thus regulating the rheological properties of the bentonite-polymer system.For two types of drilling fluids investigated,the rheology of the poly-sulfonate drilling fluid was regulated by damaging the grid structure between additives and clays by low-power ultrasound and reducing the clay particle size by high-power ultrasound,while the rheology of the deep-water drilling fluid was mainly regulated by disentangling the spatial grid structure between additives.Additionally,ultrasound showed no effect on the lubricity,inhibition and stability of drilling fluids,which proved the feasibility of ultrasound to regulate rheological properties of water-based drilling fluids.

GENERALIZED ASYMMETRIC HYSTERESIS MODEL OF CONTROLLABLE MAGNETORHEOLOGICAL DAMPER FOR VEHICLE SUSPENSION ATTENUATION

A generalized model is synthesized to characterize the asymmetric hysteresisforce-velocity (F-v) properties of the magneto-rheological (MR) fluids damper. The model isrepresented as a function of the command current, excitation frequency, and displacement amplitude,based on the symmetric and asymmetric sigmoid functions. The symmetric hysteresis damping propertiesof the controllable MR-damper and properties of the conventional passive hydraulic damper can alsobe described by the proposed model. The validity of the model is verified by experiments, which showthat the results calculated from the model are consistent with the measured data. In addition, itis shown that the model applies to a wide vibration frequency range. The proposed model haspotential application in vehicle suspension design employing the symmetry MR-damper, and also indeveloping the asymmetry MR-damper especially for the vehicle suspension attenuation.

Novel KCl/Silicate Drilling Fluids for Alleviating Problems in Troublesome Shale Formations in Sudan

For several decades, wells drilled in Block 6, Sudan, have experienced serious hole-instability problems related to drilling fluids due to the highly reactive and dispersive shales that exist in the Aradeiba and Abu Gabra formations. These problems included washout hole sections combined with tight holes, as well as serious sloughing. Frequent wiper trips were required and logging of the wells was not usually successful. Previously, several conventional inhibitive water-based drilling fluids such as KCl/polymer, KCl/lime/polymer and KCl/PHPA （partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide） have been used in this area, but with only marginal improvements in hole stability and drilling performance. Recently, a newly formulated KCl/sodium silicate system, which is characterized by the good rheological properties and filtration control, was developed and used for providing the necessary inhibitive character. The first trial well was drilled with this kind of drilling fluid in Block 6, Sudan, and the following benefits were observed： （1） Excellent integrity exhibited by drilled cuttings for shale formations; （2） Stable borehole kept with lower mud weight; （3） Reduced wiper trips; and （4） In-gauge borehole shown from caliper logs. Later on, five more wells were drilled with the KCl/sodium silicate system in this area. It was found that the KCl/sodium silicate system can fully meet the demands of drilling operations in this area. Case studies are presented in this paper in terms of wiper trips, inhibitive character of cuttings, hole conditions and mud weight.

Hydrodynamic Properties of Fe3O4 Kerosene-Based Ferrofluids with Narrow Particle Size Distribution

We investigate the hydrodynamic properties of Fe3O4 kerosene-based ferrofluids with narrow particle size distribution. The ferrofluids are synthesized by improving chemical coprecipitation technique. A narrow distribution of 8.6-10.8nm particle sizes is obtained from the magnetization curve with the free-form model based on the Bayesian inference theory. The fitting result is consistent with average particle size obtained from x-ray diffraction. With the increase of applied magnetic field and magnetic particle concentration, apparent viscosity of ferrofluids increases. At concentration 4.04%, the type of flow for the ferrofluid transforms from Newtonian to Bingham plastic fluid as the applied magnetic field increases.

Experiments and analysis for rheological properties of MRF

The work principle of flat-plate structure under shearing mode is expounded based on a vertical type rheometer for MRF which combined data acquisition with treatment and result display.The formula to calculate shearing stress is deduced.Based on different recipe for MRF,experiments under different working gap length were done by altering the intensity of magnetic field.The rheological model for MRF was established and the relationships between shearing stress,viscosity and magnetic field intensity were deduced.Experiments indicate that MRF has the flowing characters:with an increase of the magnetic induction and the nominal shear rate,the shear stress of MRF increases.However,as the working gap decreases,the shear stress increases.MRF has shear thinning property under magnetic field.

考虑分段流变模式的深井井筒压力精确预测模型

超深井、特深井井筒温度和压力分布范围宽,钻井液流变性受超高温超高压影响显著,基于常规流变模式的井筒压力预测误差较大,文章通过开展温度为20~220℃、压力为0.1~200 MPa的水基钻井液和油基钻井液流变性测试实验,提出了不同温度和压力范围内的钻井液分段流变模式优选方法,建立了考虑多因素综合影响的钻井井筒压力精确预测模型。研究结果表明,随着温度和压力的变化,钻井液流变曲线的变化规律不一致,单一流变模式无法完全表征钻井液的流变特性;赫巴流变模式对100℃以下的水基钻井液和140℃以下的油基钻井液的流变性适用性更好,其他温度范围内罗斯流变模式的适用性更好;分段流变模式对井底压力的影响较为明显。将模型的计算结果与实测数据进行对比,发现井底压力预测误差在0.3 MPa以内,立管压力预测误差小于0.6 MPa;相对于油基钻井液,水基钻井液中的井筒压力预测误差更小。研究结果能够为超深井、特深井井筒压力精确预测奠定理论基础。

直链淀粉含量对淀粉基凝胶3D打印适应性的影响

该研究探讨了直链淀粉含量对淀粉基凝胶的三维打印适应性的影响。通过对淀粉凝胶的物理性质的探究,揭示了淀粉凝胶的打印性能、流变学性能和晶体结构之间的关系。结果表明,所有淀粉基凝胶均表现出剪切稀化和类固体特性。直链淀粉含量对淀粉基凝胶的硬度、弹性、黏附性和回复性有显著影响。直链淀粉与支链淀粉比例为2∶8的淀粉基凝胶打印效果最好,其硬度、黏附性和回复性分别为(43.5±0.6)g、(138.0±3.1)g·s和(0.102±0.003),而且其网络结构规则,热稳定性好,淀粉结晶有序。利用计算流体动力学对三维打印过程进行模拟,发现在支链淀粉中加入直链淀粉会增加凝胶的黏度,从而降低其打印速度,因此直链淀粉与支链淀粉比例为2∶8的淀粉基凝胶适于进行3D打印。该研究表明,可以通过调节凝胶中直链淀粉的比例提高淀粉基凝胶的三维打印适应性。

库区浮泥层纵向流速垂线分布特性研究

水库浮泥是存在于水库底部的一层高含沙水体,流动性较强,直接影响水库淤积形态和水库排沙,研究其运动规律对水库减淤优化调度具有重要意义。根据三峡库区实测泥沙矿物组成和级配资料,配置沙样进行流变试验,以幂律流变模型描述浮泥的本构关系。构建了浮泥运动的速度分布理论模型,通过水槽试验对模型进行了验证,计算结果与试验结果吻合较好。结果表明,浮泥运动速度随浮泥厚度、上层水流流速、床面坡度增大而增大,随浮泥密度增大而减少。沿水深方向浮泥纵向流速分布始终呈抛物线型,表层的浮泥流速要远大于底层浮泥,浮泥纵向流速沿垂向方向不断减少,最底部的浮泥几乎处于静止状态。

射孔完井近井地带等效剪切控制体物理模型

为研究地层对含聚液体的剪切降解作用,应用ANSYS软件求解了射孔完井近井地带的压力场和速度场分布,并用MATLAB对压力场和速度场数据进行后处理,划分出10段射孔孔眼控制体,计算各控制体内等压面上的平均流速和各等压面沿流线轨迹到射孔孔壁距离,得出各段孔眼控制体内渗流速度随流线轨迹上渗流距离的变化关系。通过变直径、等直径岩心组合物模实验,测试了各段孔眼控制体内沿流线轨迹不同渗流距离处聚合物溶液的流变性,用流量加权法计算出了整个射孔孔眼控制区域聚合物溶液黏度保留率,按照等效剪切原理确定了射孔孔眼等效剪切控制体的位置及参数,研制了射孔孔眼等效剪切控制体物理模型,该模型在定排量条件下即可准确模拟射孔完井近井地带的变速渗流场对含聚液体的剪切降解作用。

接闪阳极参数对雷电弧材料损伤数值分析的影响

接闪材料遭受雷电直击损伤的数值分析中尚不清楚阴极-放电电弧-阳极结构下材料参数对损伤分析的影响。为此,该文以飞机常用金属和复合蒙皮材料为研究对象,基于热等离子体电弧的磁流体动力学理论,建立雷电电弧的电-磁-热-力多场分析及其与材料的耦合模型,研究不同材料参数对雷电弧材料损伤数值分析的影响。结果表明,接闪阳极材料的电导率和热导率变化会改变电弧-材料界面的电流和能量分布及其耦合过程,影响各过程对材料致损的贡献。接闪材料表面的洛伦兹力、磁感应强度和电流密度随着电导率和热导率变化0.1~20倍时,其峰值最大可分别改变622.2%、172.5%和63.5%,峰值位置最大可分别变化-54.8%、59.4%和-53.1%。该文可为接闪材料的雷击损伤数值分析和耐受能力改进提供参考。

耐盐性PAM-AMPS/Fe_(3)O_(4)纳米减阻剂流变性

采用丙烯酰胺/2-丙烯酰胺基-2-甲基丙磺酸(AM/AMPS)共聚物接枝纳米Fe_(3)O_(4)合成了一种PAM-AMPS/Fe_(3)O_(4)纳米减阻剂,并利用动态流变仪研究了PAM-AMPS/Fe_(3)O_(4)减阻剂的剪切稀释性,分析了纳米Fe_(3)O_(4)、盐含量及剪切作用对其流变行为的影响规律。结果表明:PAM-AMPS/Fe_(3)O_(4)纳米减阻剂的粒径为100~500 nm、黏均分子质量为4.99×10^(6)g/mol;在30℃下,剪切速率大于0.3 s^(-1)时PAM-AMPS/Fe_(3)O_(4)减阻剂表现出显著的剪切稀释特征,该减阻剂具有更复杂的微观结构,其超临界质量分数为0.035%,相比空白聚合物表现出更优良的增黏性能和黏弹性;由于AMPS含有耐温耐盐基团,在NaCl和CaCl2质量分数分别为10%和5%的条件下,PAM-AMPS/Fe_(3)O_(4)减阻剂黏度保留率分别为69%和53%,表现出了较强的耐盐性;同时,该减阻剂在剪切速率1000 s^(-1)条件下剪切3600、7200 s后的黏度回复率分别为100%和94%,表现出良好的耐剪切性。

Rheological properties of low consistency TMP from thinning wood of Chinese Fir

The rheological behavior of low consistency thermomechanical pulp of Chinese fir harvested by intermediate thinning was analyzed. The results show that the apparent viscosity of pulp changed along with the beating degree, pulp consistency and shearing velocity. With the increasing of pulp consistency, the apparent viscosity of pulp increased gradually. Beating degree of pulp had an effect on microstructure of pulp. The apparent viscosity of pulp declined as beating degree of pulp increased, and the apparent viscosity of pulp fell along with the shearing velocity increasing. Based on the results, the rheological models are set up. The models showed that the fluid types of the low consistency pulp could be described as pseudoplastics fluids （non-Newtonian fluids）.

MR阻尼器控制与滞环特性相分离的F-v模型

提出了一种基于对称和不对称Sigmoid函数,描述半主动可控磁流变液(MR)阻尼器阻尼力一相对速度(F-v)数学模型。该模型准确地描述了MR阻尼器非线性饱和的直流电流控制和对称滞环F-v的工作特性,以及激励频率和幅度对阻尼力的强影响特性,具有精度高和电流控制增益与滞环算子相分离的特点。将该模型与车辆悬架动力学模型结合分析,仿真结果表明MR阻尼器对实现新一代智能车辆悬架系统设计有潜在的意义,所提出的模型对进一步推动车辆悬架减振控制器设计研究有重要作用。

长碳链脂肪族聚酰胺酰亚胺溶液的动态流变性能

为了提供半芳香族聚酰胺酰亚胺(PAI)溶液纺丝所需的基础流变性能数据,以不同二元酸酐、氨基十一酸、己二胺为原料合成了三种不同分子结构的长碳链脂肪族PAI,采用旋转流变仪研究了其溶液的动态流变特性,分析了溶液温度、浓度及分子链结构对溶液流变行为的影响。研究结果表明,三种PAI的间甲酚溶液都为假塑性流体,表现出明显的切力变稀现象。储能模量(G′)、损耗模量(G″)、复数黏度(η*)均随着温度升高而下降但随着PAI浓度上升而逐渐变大;在同一种PAI溶液温度和浓度条件下,G′与G″存在动态流变特性值(Gc)。在低频区,G′大于G″,PAI溶液主要表现出弹性,而在达到Gc值后的高频区,G′小于G″,PAI溶液主要表现出黏性;另外,随着温度升高,动态流变特性值向着高频区移动,同时G′小于G″,PAI溶液表现为黏性。

基于机器学习的钻井液流变参数智能识别方法

钻井液流变性是钻井液流动和变形的特性,对于携带与悬浮岩屑、提高钻进速度至关重要,准确掌握钻井液流变参数是保证井眼清洁与高效钻进的前提。提出一种基于卷积神经网络(Convolu-tionalNeuralNetwork,CNN)的钻井液流变参数智能识别方法,通过磁力搅拌产生稳定的钻井液流动图像,利用多种数据增强方法增加图像数量并建立数据库,增强模型的鲁棒性和泛化能力。优化AlexNet卷积神经网络算法,构建钻井液流变参数识别模型。将数据库划分为训练集:验证集:测试集=7:2:1,对训练集进行迭代训练并通过验证集调整参数获得最佳拟合模型。此外,运用混淆矩阵、卷积核可视化技术和类激活技术(Gradient-weighted Class Activation Mapping,Grad-CAM)对模型进行多方位评估。结果表明:(1)钻井液流变参数识别模型对钻井液塑性黏度测试的宏精确率为95.2%,宏召回率为94.7%,宏F1值为0.95。(2)对钻井液表观黏度测试的宏精确率为91.6%,宏召回率为91.5%,宏F1值为0.90。(3)利用卷积核可视化技术和Grad-CAM对特征提取进行可视化处理,发现钻井液波纹形状和大小会影响模型流变参数识别准确度。(4)室内测试结果表明,该模型的测试误差为±2 mPa·s,在设计允许范围以内,具有较高的识别精确度和稳定性。所提出的钻井液流变参数实时智能识别方法可为安全、快速和准确地进行钻井液流变性测试提供智能化技术思路。

磨料流加工均匀性仿真物理模型的选用与简化方法

新能源汽车齿轮磨齿加工后的精密抛光对于改善其噪声、振动和声振粗糙度性能至关重要,磨料流加工是最适用于复杂齿面高效抛光的关键技术之一,而夹具设计是实现工艺目标(减小波纹度及粗糙度,同时尽量不破坏齿面精度)的关键。结合仿真方法设计磨料流加工夹具优势突出,但物理模型的选择与仿真结果的准确性和计算成本之间存在着矛盾。采用不同黏度介质、黏度模型和流动模型进行仿真试验,分析体现加工均匀性的流体压力分布、速度矢量、壁面剪切力和流线分布云图,探究狭缝模型中磨料流稳态仿真结果,发现不同物理模型的仿真结果具有相似的分布趋势,能够实现加工区域流线的一致,证明了用简化的物理模型替代复杂的物理模型进行夹具优化仿真的可行性,而复杂模型有望用于深入分析磨料流体流动行为及材料去除机理。基于简化模型,采用最简单的牛顿流体──水作为介质,以加工区域流线分布均匀化作为优化目标,进行齿轮轴磨料流夹具设计优化,成功实现了去除齿轮鬼阶的目标。

磷素对含沙水流流体变异特性影响

[目的]为探明磷素对含沙水流流体变异特性的影响。[方法]采用自制双竖管流变仪,研究了磷素对不同浓度含沙水流流体类型、流变参数及流体发生变异的临界阈值的影响。[结果](1)磷素浓度、泥沙浓度及泥沙理化性质是影响含沙水流发生流体变异的主要因素。在25℃下,过磷酸钙浓度每增加0.1 g/cm^(3),黏滞系数和宾汉极限剪切力分别增加0.48~1.47 mPa·s和3.49~6.84 N/m^(2)。(2)随着磷素和泥沙含量的增大,含磷素的含沙水流由牛顿流体变异为宾汉流体。构建并验证了磷-泥沙水流黏滞系数和宾汉极限剪切力等流变参数的计算模型。(3)给出了磷-泥沙水流流体变异的临界浓度阈值。当磷素浓度从0增加至0.45 g/cm^(3)时,含沙水流的流体变异临界浓度阈值降低49%,说明磷素的存在加速了含沙水流的流体变异。[结论]磷素的增加使得侵蚀水流更容易由牛顿流体变异为宾汉流体,从而影响侵蚀流内部的能量耗散过程,研究结果为深入认识侵蚀污染水流的输移机制提供了新的科学基础。