Three-dimensional forward modeling for magnetotelluric sounding by finite element method

A finite element algorithm combined with divergence condition was presented for computing three-dimensional(3D) magnetotelluric forward modeling. The finite element equation of three-dimensional magnetotelluric forward modeling was derived from Maxwell's equations using general variation principle. The divergence condition was added forcedly to the electric field boundary value problem, which made the solution correct. The system of equation of the finite element algorithm was a large sparse, banded, symmetric, ill-conditioned, non-Hermitian complex matrix equation, which can be solved using the Bi-CGSTAB method. In order to prove correctness of the three-dimensional magnetotelluric forward algorithm, the computed results and analytic results of one-dimensional geo-electrical model were compared. In addition, the three-dimensional magnetotelluric forward algorithm is given a further evaluation by computing COMMEMI model. The forward modeling results show that the algorithm is very efficient, and it has a lot of advantages, such as the high precision, the canonical process of solving problem, meeting the internal boundary condition automatically and adapting to all kinds of distribution of multi-substances.

Comparisons,processing and interpretation of the surveyed data by GMS-06 and other magnetotelluric sounding sys-tems

In recent years, the data collecting and processing of magnetotelluric sounding （MT） have progressed greatly. How to improve the quality of field surveyed data and obtain the high quality parameters such as apparent resistivity and phase is the most important link during the overall flow. It is closely related to the signal-to-noise ratio of magnetic sensors, the resolution of data collecting units and relevant processing methods as well. Produced by Germany Metronix Measurement Instruments and Electronics Ltd., the new type multi-channel geophysical measurement system GMS-06 was already adopted and used by domeslic units such as Institute of Geology and Geophysics of Chinese Academy of Sciences and Tongji University. Based on the brief introduction of GMS-06, this paper will give the comparisons and analyses of the synchronous surveyed MT data by GMS-06, MMS-03 MT system which was also produced by Metronix and V5-2000 MT system produced by Canada Phoenix Geophysics Ltd.. Then the preliminary processing and interpretation results of the long period MT data observed by GMS-06 in the area of Shanghai and Zhejiang are also discussed in the paper.

Geoelectrical structures of northern segment of Tan-Lu fault system in China and Russia areas based on magnetotelluric soundings

From China to Russia,Tan-Lu fault system stretches for thousands of kilometers,towards NE 30°.The authors have collected more than ten magnetotelluric profile that China and Russia have carried out,in the studied area of the Tan-Lu fault's northern section,and have analyzed electrical characteristics of the relevant profiles.Deriving the following conclusions:(1)Jiamusi-Bureya plots,etc.,demonstrate the high resistance of Kernel;(2)Fold belt attributed to the land showed high and low resistance stitching,associated with not only terrane accretion,but also upper mantle upwelling;below the sedimentary basin,the resistivity of the upper mantle is lower and closer to the surface comparing with the adjacent area(100-150);(3)In the system of Tan-Lu fracture,Yishu and Dunmi fracture,etc.are expressed as vertical low-resistivity zone;(4)There may exist subducted old-fashioned piece under Jiamusi and Bureya plots.

Magnetotelluric sounding study in the region of Zhongshan Station，East Antarctica

This paper deals with the results of the MT observations in the region of Zhongshan Station,Larsemann Hills area, East Antarctica and points out that the lithosphere thickness of the Larsemann Hills is 140 km and the crustal high conductivity layer is situated in 22 km.

Electrical Structure of Yarlung Zangbo Suture from Magnetotelluric Profiling of INDEPTH-MT

The INDEPTH MT results show that there are no electrical features of deep fractures along the Yarlung Zangbo River, but a large high conductivity body exists in the area between Gyangze and Rinbung. It dips northward, extends downward up to the depth of about 55 km and indicates the exposure of the possible real position of the Yarlung Zangbo suture. There are three sets of electrical gradient and distorted zones reflecting the structure of faults in the high conductivity region. These three fault belts, which dip northward and gradually converge downward to the main fault belt, and a series of south dipping faults in the north side form the exhaled structural characteristics of the Yarlung Zangbo suture. There is a close relationship between the large high conductivity body and the underground thermal state.

3D magnetotelluric inversions with unstructured finite-element and limited-memory quasi-Newton methods

Traditional 3D Magnetotelluric(MT) forward modeling and inversions are mostly based on structured meshes that have limited accuracy when modeling undulating surfaces and arbitrary structures. By contrast, unstructured-grid-based methods can model complex underground structures with high accuracy and overcome the defects of traditional methods, such as the high computational cost for improving model accuracy and the difficulty of inverting with topography. In this paper, we used the limited-memory quasi-Newton(L-BFGS) method with an unstructured finite-element grid to perform 3D MT inversions. This method avoids explicitly calculating Hessian matrices, which greatly reduces the memory requirements. After the first iteration, the approximate inverse Hessian matrix well approximates the true one, and the Newton step(set to 1) can meet the sufficient descent condition. Only one calculation of the objective function and its gradient are needed for each iteration, which greatly improves its computational efficiency. This approach is well-suited for large-scale 3D MT inversions. We have tested our algorithm on data with and without topography, and the results matched the real models well. We can recommend performing inversions based on an unstructured finite-element method and the L-BFGS method for situations with topography and complex underground structures.

Magnetotelluric signal-noise separation method based on SVM–CEEMDWT

To better retain useful weak low-frequency magnetotelluric(MT)signals with strong interference during MT data processing,we propose a SVM-CEEMDWT based MT data signal-noise separation method,which extracts the weak MT signal affected by strong interference.First,the approximate entropy,fuzzy entropy,sample entropy,and Lempel-Ziv(LZ)complexity are extracted from the magnetotelluric data.Then,four robust parameters are used as the inputs to the support vector machine(SVM)to train the sample library and build a model based on the different complexity of signals.Based on this model,we can only consider time series with strong interference when using the complementary ensemble empirical mode decomposition(CEEMD)and wavelet threshold(WT)for noise suppression.Simulation results suggest that the SVM based on the robust parameters can distinguish the time periods with strong interference well before noise suppression.Compared with the CEEMD WT,the proposed SVM-CEEMDWT method retains more low-frequency low-variability information,and the apparent resistivity curve is smoother and more continuous.Moreover,the results better reflect the deep electrical structure in the field.

Intra-continental Orogeny:Insights from Magnetotelluric Data into the Mesozoic Uplift History of the Eastern Jiangnan Orogen in South China

Despite extensive efforts to understand the tectonic evolution of the Jiangnan Orogen in South China,the orogenic process and its mechanism remain a matter of dispute.Previous geodynamic studies have mostly focused on collisional orogeny,which is commonly invoked to explain the Jiangnan Orogen.However,it is difficult for such hypotheses to reconcile all the geological and geophysical data,especially the absence of ultrahigh-pressure metamorphic rocks.Based on the magnetotelluric data,we present a group of resistivity models produced through the combination of two-dimensional and three-dimensional inversions,revealing the geo-electrical structures of Jiangnan and a typical collisional orogen.In our models,the resistive crust is separated into three parts by a prominent conductive layer with opposite dipping directions on both sides.A special thrust-nappe system,which is different from that developed in a typical collisional process,is revealed in the Jiangnan Orogen.This structure suggests a process different from the simple collisional orogeny.To interpret our observations,an'intra-continental orogeny'is proposed to address the development of the Jiangnan Orogen in the Mesozoic.Furthermore,this'reworked'process may contain at least two stages caused by the decoupling of the lithosphere,which is revealed by an extra conductive layer beneath Jiangnan.

Electrical Structure of Wulingshan and Middle Jiangnan Orogen by Three-Dimensional Magnetotelluric Data Inversion

Funded by The National Key Research and Development Program of China,China Deep Exploration(Sinoprobe)and The China Geological Suvery Project on 2009–2019,a large scale magnetotelluric sounding(MT)survey grid(Fig.1)has covered whole south China.

Application of high-frequency magnetotelluric method in porphyry copper deposit exploration：a case study of Duobaoshan deposit area

The Duobaoshan mine area in Heilongjiang is located in the northeast section of Xingmeng orogenic belt and is in the west side of Hegang Mountain-Heihe fault zone. There exist many deposits in this area,and its metallogenic conditions are superior,which has been one of the hotspots in geological prospecting and metallogenic research in Northeast China. On the basis of previous studies,the authors used the EH-4 electromagnetic imaging system to carry out the data acquisition of three survey lines in Woduhe Village,Duobaoshan Town,Nenjiang County. Through the analysis of apparent resistivity section under TE and TM polarization modes,integrating regional geological data,it is concluded that:(1) the electrical characteristics of the metal ore in this area show a relatively low resistance,and according to its resistivity difference with surrounding rocks,the geometrical structures and apparent resistivity parameters of the low resistivity bodies in the lower section of the survey line are defined,and the electrical anomalies can be identified;(2)faults F1 and F2 may have a good metallogenic environment,so they are recommended for further exploration;(3) low resistance metal ore bodies have good correlation with local small structures or faults,which may play an iconic role for the delineation of key target areas;(4) in the process of using apparent resistivity to define the geometric structures of ore bodies underground,comprehensive analysis integrating the advantages of TE and TM models should be carry out to achieve more reliable inversion results.

Groundwater resources survey of tongchuan city using the audio magnetotelluric method

The development of Tongchuan City,Shaanxi Province,located in the northwestern region of China,is restricted by water resources.The direct current resistivity and induced polarization sounding methods are typically applied in finding urban groundwater.These methods,however,are not effective due to their complicated topography and geological conditions.The application practice shows that the audio magnetotelluric(AMT)method has a large depth of exploration,high work effi ciency,and high lateral resolution.To investigate the distribution of groundwater resources,we deployed three audio-frequency magnetotelluric profiles in the city area.The impedance tensor information of AMT data is obtained using SSMT2000.AMT data dimension analysis reveals that the two-dimensional structural features of the observation area are obvious.The main structure of the observation area is about 45°northeast,as indicated by structural trend analysis.A shallow two-dimensional electrical profile of 1 km in Tongchuan City is obtained by two-dimensional nonlinear conjugate gradient inversion.Finally,combined with regional geological information,the geological structure characteristics reflected by the electrical profile were obtained along with the detailed characteristics of water-rich structures in the area.The infl uence of the structure on the groundwater distribution was analyzed,and the water-rich areas were identifi ed.This work contributes to the prospective development of Tongchuan City.

Crustal Electrical Conductivity Structure of Southern Tibet from Magnetotelluric Survey

Two superwide bands of frequency magnetotelluric (MT) profiles (Yadong-Xuegula, Jilong-Cuoqin) across the Yaluzangbu suture were deployed along the west-east direction, for the research into the electrical conductivity structure in the shallow and deep crust along the west-east and north-south directions in the southern part of Tibet plateau. The main characters of the electrical conductivity structure in this region are: (1) large-scale high resistive bodies exist near the Yaluzangbu suture surface, which extends to the maximum depth of more than 30 km. They are the reflection of the Gangdise granite; (2) small-scale conductive bodies exist in the southern part of the Yaluzangbu suture, and large-scale ones under the suture and in the northern part; (3) conductive bodies widely spread in the crust along the profiles. They are discontinuous, mainly decline to the north and become larger in scale, steeper near the suture, deeper gradually from south to north; (4) under the Yaluzangbu suture, the conductive bodies become larger in scale, more conductive gradually from west to east. These important electrical characters are caused possibly by the India plate subduction to the north. The variation in characters of the large-scale conductive bodies from west to east may be the proof that the plate collision might cause substantial movement along the west-east direction.

上海奉城--浙江湖州长周期MT剖面揭示的深部电性结构

利用GMS-06电磁观测系统对上海奉城—浙江湖州剖面进行了大地电磁数据采集,获得了超过4000s的高质量长周期观测数据,为沪浙地区深部电性结构研究提供了有利条件.通过反演处理,综合倾子解释结果和重磁资料以及最新的地震解释结果,在电性和断裂结构上获得了新的认识,对湖州—苏州、乌镇—马金、枫泾—川沙以及太仓—奉贤这几条深大断裂带的展布以及对区域构造格架的控制作用进行了新的评价,其中枫泾—川沙断裂是上海断隆和湖州—南通台拱之间推覆构造过渡带的控制断裂,太仓—奉贤断裂带的主体位置推断在亭林附近.同时,对高阻基底以上电性层进行了解释,揭示了岩石圈底界面的结构和构造形态,推断湖州—苏州断裂西侧存在壳内高导层.

光滑模型与尖锐边界结合的MT二维反演方法

如何得到快速稳定的反演结果和更清晰的地质体分界面等问题仍然是当前MT反演研究的一个重点.为了解决反演结果不能得到清晰的电性分界面的问题,本文在前人研究的基础上,基于OCCAM反演以及突出尖锐边界反演的思想,结合最小支撑梯度泛函,构建了新的反演目标函数,并利用共轭梯度法优化目标函数,实现了一种光滑模型与尖锐边界结合的MT二维反演方法.模型实验证明了该方法的准确性,通过与已发表的相关反演方法的结果进行比较,证明了该方法在光滑稳定的基础上可突出对尖锐电性边界的刻画.对广东徐闻地区的实测MT资料进行了处理,表明了该方法的适用性和效果.

利用有限单元法模拟二维MT倾子响应

在二维地电模型中,考虑到大地电磁测深(MT)倾子响应依赖于横电(TE)模式的数值模拟问题,笔者采用矩形网格单元和双二次插值对MT的倾子响应进行求解。首先,给出了二维地电条件下的边值问题和变分问题,并通过有限单元法对模型进行单元剖分、插值、积分和整体合成;其次,通过求解复系数方程组得到了每个节点的电场值;最后,采用差分方法求得电场沿横向和垂向的偏导数值,从而计算出二维MT的倾子响应。通过对2个二维地电模型的倾子响应进行数值模拟,获得了倾子响应的实部、虚部和振幅,结果很好地反映了不均匀体的横向分布情况。

MT重复测量在地震中短期预报中的应用──祁连山中段MT剖面监测研究

本文研究了青藏高原北缘第一个长约４００ｋｍ的ＭＴ监测剖面上所获得的５次５－７级地震前后的资料。着重分析了在相当于大陆多震层深度范围内壳内介质的多种ＭＴ参数（视电阻率、相位、主轴方位角、扭曲度等）．这些ＭＴ参数在大范围内的同步－同相变化和局部区域之间的超前、滞后变化、相对变化幅度随震中距增大而衰减的特征，可能分别对应着构造孕育型大震的地区性场兆和构造运动型强震的区域性场兆，形成了地震活动大背景叠加小背景的一种链式关系。运用＂ＭＴ监测优显参数＂进行择优监测，将可能为大陆地震的震源物理发展过程和中短期预报提供丰富可靠的判据。

电阻率和速度随机分布的MT与地震联合反演

在已有研究成果的基础上,为了适应物性参数剧烈变化的复杂模型并满足联合反演的要求,开发了速度和电阻率随机分布共网格单元模型的建模技术.基于这种统一的物性随机分布的网格介质模型,利用有限元方法和改进的射线追踪法分别正演计算大地电磁场和地震走时,结合改进的模拟退火算法,研究实现了电阻率和速度随机分布条件下的大地电磁与地震资料的同步联合反演.对物性界面不完全一致和物性变化剧烈的带地形复杂模型的试验,表明了该方法在精细反演复杂电阻率和速度结构方面的效果,克服了以往研究局限于简单模型的不足.对地震资料品质差的地区开展的实际资料联合反演,表明了方法的适用性,先验信息约束下的联合反演提高了反演精度.

地形对大地电磁测深(MTS)资料的影响

地形影响是山区ＭＴＳ工作的主要问题之一，对此做了理论分析并用均匀半空间表面二维地形模型进行了数值模拟。结果表明，地形影响不仅与ＭＴＳ资料的种类、极化模式、场源电磁波周期及测点位置有关，而且还依赖于不同的地形形态和尺度。此外，还根据悬崖模型计算，给出了关于地形影响范围的估计。

MT法在开封凹陷地热资源调查中的应用

在河南省开封凹陷区地热资源调查评价工作中,采用大地电磁测深法,通过对2条剖面(50个测点)的资料分析,采用有效视电阻率数据对剖面进行反演处理,继而从电性特征方面查明区内断裂构造的发育状况,划分重要地质界面,了解基底起伏及地层富水性,圈定出本区地热异常范围。

西藏高原中、北部断裂构造特征:INDEPTH(Ⅲ)-MT观测提供的依据

根据1998年和1999年INDEPTH(Ⅲ)MT在西藏中、北部所完成的德庆-龙尾错(500线)和那曲-格尔木(600线)超宽频带大地电磁深探测剖面数据研究西藏高原中北部断裂构造特征,有助于推进印度板块与亚洲板块碰撞、俯冲构造模式的研究.研究结果表明,区内发育有F1～F10一系列深断裂.其中,F2向北倾斜是早期的主断裂,F1则是后期主逆冲断裂,它们共同构成空间结构复杂的嘉黎深断裂带.班公-怒江缝合带的主断裂系由略微向南陡倾的F3、F4和F5三组超壳深断裂构成;由于受后期构造运动强烈的改造,缝合带内发育多条延深不大的上地壳断层.唐古拉断裂带由F6、F7两组主断裂和一系列次级断裂构成;主断裂产状上陡、下缓,总体向南倾斜,向下延深达下地壳.而金沙江缝合带是由F8(金沙江断裂)和F9(可可西里断裂),以及它们之间存在的一系列上地壳次级断层共同组成的,是一组很宽的地块碰撞缝合带.F10即昆中断裂是产状陡立的超壳深断裂,是昆仑山断裂带的主体构造,它构成松潘-甘孜-可可西里地块的北部边界.从剖面电性结构特征分析,昆中断裂以南属于西藏高原主体;而以北地区是否还归属西藏高原?这有待更深入的讨论.值得特别关注的事实是,研究区内2组缝合带之下都存在向上地幔延伸的壳内高导体,它们可能反映区内壳幔热交换过程的痕迹.