Three-dimensional forward modeling for magnetotelluric sounding by finite element method

A finite element algorithm combined with divergence condition was presented for computing three-dimensional(3D) magnetotelluric forward modeling. The finite element equation of three-dimensional magnetotelluric forward modeling was derived from Maxwell's equations using general variation principle. The divergence condition was added forcedly to the electric field boundary value problem, which made the solution correct. The system of equation of the finite element algorithm was a large sparse, banded, symmetric, ill-conditioned, non-Hermitian complex matrix equation, which can be solved using the Bi-CGSTAB method. In order to prove correctness of the three-dimensional magnetotelluric forward algorithm, the computed results and analytic results of one-dimensional geo-electrical model were compared. In addition, the three-dimensional magnetotelluric forward algorithm is given a further evaluation by computing COMMEMI model. The forward modeling results show that the algorithm is very efficient, and it has a lot of advantages, such as the high precision, the canonical process of solving problem, meeting the internal boundary condition automatically and adapting to all kinds of distribution of multi-substances.

3D magnetotelluric inversions with unstructured finite-element and limited-memory quasi-Newton methods

Traditional 3D Magnetotelluric(MT) forward modeling and inversions are mostly based on structured meshes that have limited accuracy when modeling undulating surfaces and arbitrary structures. By contrast, unstructured-grid-based methods can model complex underground structures with high accuracy and overcome the defects of traditional methods, such as the high computational cost for improving model accuracy and the difficulty of inverting with topography. In this paper, we used the limited-memory quasi-Newton(L-BFGS) method with an unstructured finite-element grid to perform 3D MT inversions. This method avoids explicitly calculating Hessian matrices, which greatly reduces the memory requirements. After the first iteration, the approximate inverse Hessian matrix well approximates the true one, and the Newton step(set to 1) can meet the sufficient descent condition. Only one calculation of the objective function and its gradient are needed for each iteration, which greatly improves its computational efficiency. This approach is well-suited for large-scale 3D MT inversions. We have tested our algorithm on data with and without topography, and the results matched the real models well. We can recommend performing inversions based on an unstructured finite-element method and the L-BFGS method for situations with topography and complex underground structures.

Comparisons,processing and interpretation of the surveyed data by GMS-06 and other magnetotelluric sounding sys-tems

In recent years, the data collecting and processing of magnetotelluric sounding （MT） have progressed greatly. How to improve the quality of field surveyed data and obtain the high quality parameters such as apparent resistivity and phase is the most important link during the overall flow. It is closely related to the signal-to-noise ratio of magnetic sensors, the resolution of data collecting units and relevant processing methods as well. Produced by Germany Metronix Measurement Instruments and Electronics Ltd., the new type multi-channel geophysical measurement system GMS-06 was already adopted and used by domeslic units such as Institute of Geology and Geophysics of Chinese Academy of Sciences and Tongji University. Based on the brief introduction of GMS-06, this paper will give the comparisons and analyses of the synchronous surveyed MT data by GMS-06, MMS-03 MT system which was also produced by Metronix and V5-2000 MT system produced by Canada Phoenix Geophysics Ltd.. Then the preliminary processing and interpretation results of the long period MT data observed by GMS-06 in the area of Shanghai and Zhejiang are also discussed in the paper.

Application of high-frequency magnetotelluric method in porphyry copper deposit exploration：a case study of Duobaoshan deposit area

The Duobaoshan mine area in Heilongjiang is located in the northeast section of Xingmeng orogenic belt and is in the west side of Hegang Mountain-Heihe fault zone. There exist many deposits in this area,and its metallogenic conditions are superior,which has been one of the hotspots in geological prospecting and metallogenic research in Northeast China. On the basis of previous studies,the authors used the EH-4 electromagnetic imaging system to carry out the data acquisition of three survey lines in Woduhe Village,Duobaoshan Town,Nenjiang County. Through the analysis of apparent resistivity section under TE and TM polarization modes,integrating regional geological data,it is concluded that:(1) the electrical characteristics of the metal ore in this area show a relatively low resistance,and according to its resistivity difference with surrounding rocks,the geometrical structures and apparent resistivity parameters of the low resistivity bodies in the lower section of the survey line are defined,and the electrical anomalies can be identified;(2)faults F1 and F2 may have a good metallogenic environment,so they are recommended for further exploration;(3) low resistance metal ore bodies have good correlation with local small structures or faults,which may play an iconic role for the delineation of key target areas;(4) in the process of using apparent resistivity to define the geometric structures of ore bodies underground,comprehensive analysis integrating the advantages of TE and TM models should be carry out to achieve more reliable inversion results.

Groundwater resources survey of tongchuan city using the audio magnetotelluric method

The development of Tongchuan City,Shaanxi Province,located in the northwestern region of China,is restricted by water resources.The direct current resistivity and induced polarization sounding methods are typically applied in finding urban groundwater.These methods,however,are not effective due to their complicated topography and geological conditions.The application practice shows that the audio magnetotelluric(AMT)method has a large depth of exploration,high work effi ciency,and high lateral resolution.To investigate the distribution of groundwater resources,we deployed three audio-frequency magnetotelluric profiles in the city area.The impedance tensor information of AMT data is obtained using SSMT2000.AMT data dimension analysis reveals that the two-dimensional structural features of the observation area are obvious.The main structure of the observation area is about 45°northeast,as indicated by structural trend analysis.A shallow two-dimensional electrical profile of 1 km in Tongchuan City is obtained by two-dimensional nonlinear conjugate gradient inversion.Finally,combined with regional geological information,the geological structure characteristics reflected by the electrical profile were obtained along with the detailed characteristics of water-rich structures in the area.The infl uence of the structure on the groundwater distribution was analyzed,and the water-rich areas were identifi ed.This work contributes to the prospective development of Tongchuan City.

MT法在鄂尔多斯盆地北部地热资源勘查中的应用

鄂尔多斯盆地北部地热资源埋藏深、温度高、储量大、开发潜力大,合理地选择物探方法可以很好地确定靶区,圈定热储构造,更精准地为钻探提供依据.由于MT法探测深度的优势,其反演电阻率特征能很清晰地反映出地热田导水导热构造的分布、产状等特征.本研究利用前期ER01、ER02地热井测井成果,重新标定ER03地热井物探解释参数,划分出4000 m深度范围内的热储层在水平和纵向上的分布规律,圈定地热异常范围和空间分布特点,确定地下热水的富水部位及有利的勘探井位,提出下一步工作的建议.

综合物探方法在碎屑岩地区找水中的应用——以云南宣威大路边村为例

为探索地球物理方法在碎屑地区找水应用的有效性,文章以云南宣威大路边村为研究对象,选取高密度电阻率法、联合剖面法、音频大地电磁法对碎屑岩层进行找水研究。结果表明:三叠系上统飞仙关组(T1f)碎屑岩富水性中等,含水性较均匀;受地面场地狭窄限制,高密度电法及联合剖面法测线长度有限,探测深度较浅,受碎屑岩电阻率小的影响,其找水应用效果不佳,在可探测的深度范围内较难识别基岩裂隙等找水有效异常,需结合其他物探方法甄别异常;音频大地电磁法找水应用效果相对较好,具有较高的横向分辨率,可有效识别碎屑岩中的断裂破碎带及构造裂隙带,表现为相对低阻异常特征;视电阻率单支测深曲线能有效分辨不同深度的岩土层结构,具有较高的纵向分辨率,对裂隙破碎带有较好指示意义。在地面场地较为狭窄的碎屑岩地区开展找水工作,音频大地电磁法结合视电阻单支测深曲线能取得较好效果,以音频大地电磁法确定碎屑岩地区中的裂隙发育带位置,以视电阻单支测深曲线确定裂隙发育带的深度。

非均匀网格有限差分法大地电磁测深法正演模拟

为解决有限差分法大地电磁正演模拟中模拟精度与计算效率之间的矛盾,采用非均匀网格有限差分进行了大地电磁响应计算。基于二维大地电磁方程,推导出非均匀网格剖分下的TM极化模式的大地电磁方程的差分格式。通过均匀半空间模型和低阻异常体模型的正演模拟,验证了非均匀网格差分法的正确性,非均匀网格差分法可以准确反映出复杂模型的大地电磁响应特征,识别异常体分布范围。

大地电磁测深数据处理方法技术进展

大地电磁测深法以其探测深度大、不受高阻层屏蔽、设备轻便、成本低等优势,被广泛用于地球动力学、成矿系统等研究以及深部资源和(清洁)能源探测、灾害调查等领域。然而,该方法在观测天然电磁场信号方面信号较弱,容易受到噪声干扰,一般需长时间观测和多次叠加方式来获取电性信息,且需同时开展相应的数据处理和分析,以获得更为可靠的地下电性结构。其中,数据处理一般包括时频转换、去噪、阻抗张量和倾子矢量估计,数据分析主要包括电性主轴和介质维度分析。基于前人关于大地电磁测深探测方法的研究成果,针对探测体系中处理、分析的关键环节,总结目前普遍使用的方法,并基于数据处理中的去噪、数据分析中的阻抗和相位张量,介绍探测体系中重要环节的前沿研究方向和成果,分析现有方法各自的特点和优点及其在不同环境和背景下大地电磁场观测数据的适用性,为大地电磁测深的有效、高效应用提供理论信息和基础保障。

高干扰矿集区大地电磁噪声抑制技术探索

大地电磁测深(MT)在矿产资源勘探方面应用广泛,但强人文电磁干扰严重制约了高质量的原始MT数据的获取。本文详细总结了国内常见电磁噪声源的类型,对其产生的电磁噪声特征进行分类分析;对国内外MT电磁噪声去噪方法进行对比,结合实际生产需求,总结了一套适用于高干扰矿集区快速有效的MT数据去噪施工与处理工艺。研究表明:Robust处理、远参考道技术和人工挑选是提高MT数据采集质量的有效和必要的手段,而通过理论计算,远参考站设置距离不小于3.56倍趋肤深度即可;在江苏洪泽盐盆矿集区开展的MT试验工作验证了该设定。

上海奉城--浙江湖州长周期MT剖面揭示的深部电性结构

利用GMS-06电磁观测系统对上海奉城—浙江湖州剖面进行了大地电磁数据采集,获得了超过4000s的高质量长周期观测数据,为沪浙地区深部电性结构研究提供了有利条件.通过反演处理,综合倾子解释结果和重磁资料以及最新的地震解释结果,在电性和断裂结构上获得了新的认识,对湖州—苏州、乌镇—马金、枫泾—川沙以及太仓—奉贤这几条深大断裂带的展布以及对区域构造格架的控制作用进行了新的评价,其中枫泾—川沙断裂是上海断隆和湖州—南通台拱之间推覆构造过渡带的控制断裂,太仓—奉贤断裂带的主体位置推断在亭林附近.同时,对高阻基底以上电性层进行了解释,揭示了岩石圈底界面的结构和构造形态,推断湖州—苏州断裂西侧存在壳内高导层.

利用有限单元法模拟二维MT倾子响应

在二维地电模型中,考虑到大地电磁测深(MT)倾子响应依赖于横电(TE)模式的数值模拟问题,笔者采用矩形网格单元和双二次插值对MT的倾子响应进行求解。首先,给出了二维地电条件下的边值问题和变分问题,并通过有限单元法对模型进行单元剖分、插值、积分和整体合成;其次,通过求解复系数方程组得到了每个节点的电场值;最后,采用差分方法求得电场沿横向和垂向的偏导数值,从而计算出二维MT的倾子响应。通过对2个二维地电模型的倾子响应进行数值模拟,获得了倾子响应的实部、虚部和振幅,结果很好地反映了不均匀体的横向分布情况。

MT法在开封凹陷地热资源调查中的应用

在河南省开封凹陷区地热资源调查评价工作中,采用大地电磁测深法,通过对2条剖面(50个测点)的资料分析,采用有效视电阻率数据对剖面进行反演处理,继而从电性特征方面查明区内断裂构造的发育状况,划分重要地质界面,了解基底起伏及地层富水性,圈定出本区地热异常范围。

板状体MT倾子响应的二维有限元模拟与定性分析

在二维地电模型中,大地电磁测深倾子资料可以很好地反映地电构造的水平非均匀性,特别是在解释垂直或者倾斜板状体的空间分布情况时,可以起到十分重要的作用,在实际应用中可以用来寻找断裂,判断其走向、倾向、埋深和规模。应用有限单元法分别对水平、垂直和倾斜的板状模型进行正演模拟,该算法采用矩形网格内进一步三角形细化的方式剖分模型,通过三角形网格提高了对倾斜接触面的近似程度,同时增加计算量不明显,然后计算出倾子的实部、虚部和振幅的资料。研究结果表明:倾子响应对介质电性水平不均匀反映十分灵敏,特别是对横向低阻异常体,同时对异常体的位置和埋深也有清楚的显示。

MT重复测量在地震中短期预报中的应用──祁连山中段MT剖面监测研究

本文研究了青藏高原北缘第一个长约４００ｋｍ的ＭＴ监测剖面上所获得的５次５－７级地震前后的资料。着重分析了在相当于大陆多震层深度范围内壳内介质的多种ＭＴ参数（视电阻率、相位、主轴方位角、扭曲度等）．这些ＭＴ参数在大范围内的同步－同相变化和局部区域之间的超前、滞后变化、相对变化幅度随震中距增大而衰减的特征，可能分别对应着构造孕育型大震的地区性场兆和构造运动型强震的区域性场兆，形成了地震活动大背景叠加小背景的一种链式关系。运用＂ＭＴ监测优显参数＂进行择优监测，将可能为大陆地震的震源物理发展过程和中短期预报提供丰富可靠的判据。

MT资料反演的一种实数编码混合遗传算法

设计了一种求解一维大地电磁测深反演问题的实数编码混合遗传算法,它是通过单纯形搜索与遗传算法结合而成。针对传统的遗传算法在优化应用中存在局部搜索能力弱、计算量大、对较大空间适应能力弱和早熟收敛,而基于局部线性化的单纯形法易使解陷入局部极小值,严重依赖初始模型的选择等问题,在遗传算法中加入一个改进的单纯形搜索算子,并采用最优群体保留策略。该新算法既具有遗传算法的全局收敛性,又具有单纯形法的快速收敛性。对各种类型的大地电磁测深理论曲线进行计算,结果表明:采用实数编码混合遗传算法进行反演具有收敛速度快、解的精度高和避免出现早熟等优点,可用于大地电磁资料解释。

MT成果数据管理系统在岩石圈电性结构研究中的应用——以东北地区为例

中国东北地区位于古亚洲洋构造域与滨太平洋构造域的叠置部位,受多期次的构造活动与岩浆作用的共同影响,其岩石圈结构复杂,为获得该区域的岩石圈的电性结构特征,以MT成果数据管理系统为技术手段,开展岩石圈尺度范围内的壳—幔电性结构的研究。笔者基于MT成果数据管理系统的查询、检索等功能,提取出研究区的壳—幔电性信息,对这些信息进行加工处理,得到了研究区的壳内低阻层分布特点与岩石圈厚度分布特征。研究表明,东北地区的岩石圈的电性结构特征为:1岩石圈的厚度呈现"西厚东薄"的变化特征;2不同盆、山结构表现出不同的岩石圈隆凹特征;3镜泊湖火山岩分布区对应软流圈的隆起区,其隆起可能与岩浆上涌有关。这些信息的获取为区域构造演化及动力学研究提供支撑。

MT有限元模拟中截断边界的影响

利用有限元方法进行大地电磁正演数值模拟时,由于是在有限网格区域上的数值计算,模拟计算时的网格边界为截断边界,而有限元数值模拟时的大地电磁场边界条件需要在足够远处才能够满足,所以截断边界的存在可能会使大地电磁正演模拟的边界条件无法满足,致使对计算结果和计算精度产生影响。利用有限元二维正演程序,在网格边界处加载一维情况下的大地电磁场,然后固定研究区域的网格剖分,并对一维地电模型和二维地电模型在改变有限元网格边界大小的情况下进行计算。在对一维模型进行模拟计算时,截断边界对边界条件没有影响,边界条件自然满足。而对二维模型进行模拟计算时,截断边界的存在对计算结果有较大影响。利用趋肤深度作为有限元网格边界变化的量度,通过改变网格边界大小,对不同的二维地电模型进行计算比较,总结出适合大地电磁有限元正演模拟的参考网格边界。

基于MapGIS组件二次开发MT成果数据的查询及应用

为了方便快捷地利用大地电磁测深来研究深部地壳和上地幔岩石圈层的信息,这里以首次建立的大地电磁测深成果Microsoft SQL Sever数据库为基础,结合Visual Basic语言与MapGIS组件二次开发技术,实现了大地电磁测深成果的空间数据和属性数据信息的查询等功能,其可为不同研究区的岩石圈壳幔电性结构特征的研究提供便捷的技术支持。同时以长江中下游重要成矿区带为例,利用大地电磁测深成果数据的查询功能,开展了岩石圈电性结构的初步研究,并取得了一定的应用效果。

隐伏构造的MT二维联合正演与分析

由于隐伏断层构造模型的地电结构比较复杂,其大地电磁法的视电阻率收敛于地下真实电阻率的速度会直接影响正演结果的精度。运用大地电磁阻抗相位和视电阻率对隐伏断层构造进行正演模拟研究,采用有限单元法对常见的隐伏断层构造模型进行大地电磁正演模拟与分析,除模拟计算出各个模型的视电阻率外,还利用阻抗值获得各频点下的相位值,再对TE和TM极化模式下阻抗相位和视电阻率的正演结果进行分析。模拟结果表明,当地层电阻率由上到下变小时,阻抗相位表现为小于45°,电阻率变大时,表现为大于45°;阻抗相位也可以表征地下电性的变化特征,其敏感度比视电阻率高,从阻抗相位拟断面图可以分辨出隐伏构造体的类型。