Comprehensive reutilization of herbal waste:Coproduction of magnolol,honokiol,and β-amyrin from Magnolia officinalis residue

Herbal extraction residues(HERs)cause serious environmental pollution and resource waste.In this study,a novel green route was designed for the comprehensive reutilization of all components in HERs,taking Magnolia officinalis residues(MOR)as an example.The reluctant structure of MOR was first destroyed by alkali pretreatment to release the functional ingredients(magnolol and honokiol)originally remaining in MOR and to make MOR more accessible for hydrolysis.A metal–organic frame material MIL-101(Cr)with a maximum absorption capacity of 255.64 mg g^(-1)was synthesized to absorb the released honokiol and magnolol from the pretreated MOR solutions,and 40 g L^(-1)reducing sugars were obtained with 81.8%enzymatic hydrolysis rate at 10%MOR solid loading.Finally,382 mg L-1β-amyrin was produced from MOR hydrolysates by an engineered yeast strain.In total,1 kg honokiol,8 kg magnolol,and 7.64 kg β-amyrin could produce from 1 ton MOR by this cleaner process with a total economic output of 170,700 RMB.

Antibacterial Activity and Mechanisms of Ethanol Extracts from Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi and Magnolia officinalis against Phytophthora nicotianae

Phytophthora nicotianae causes substantial economic losses in most countries where tobacco is produced.At present,the control of P.nicotianae mainly depends on chemical methods,with considerable environmental and health issues.We investigated the effects of ethanol extracts from Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi(SBG)and Magnolia officinalis(MO).On mycelial growth,sporangium formation,and zoospore release of P.nicotianae.Both extracts inhibited the growth of P.nicotianae,with mycelial growth inhibition rates of 88.92%and 93.92%,respectively,at 40 mg/mL,and EC50 values of 5.39 and 5.74 mg/mL,respectively.The underlying mechanisms were the inhibition of sporangium formation,the reduction of zoospore number,and the destruction of the mycelium structure.At an SBG extract concentration of 16.17 mg/mL,the inhibition rates for sporangia and zoospores were 98.66%and 99.39%,respectively.At an MO extract concentration of 2.87 mg/mL,the production of sporangia and zoospores was completely inhibited.The hyphae treated with the two plant extracts showed different degrees of deformation and damage.Hyphae treated with SBG extract showed adhesion and local swelling,whereas treatment with MO extract resulted in broken hyphae.Mixture of the extracts resulted in a good synergistic effect.

Research on Algistatic Activities of Allelochemicals in Magnolia Grandiflora Leaves and GC-MS Analysis

[Objective]In order to investigate the antialgal activities and species of the allelochemicals in Magnolia grandiflora leaves.[Method]The antialgal substances against Microcystic aeruginosa from the extracts of Magnolia grandiflora leaves were separated,purified and identified based on the activity test,using silica gel column chromatography,gel column chromatography and GC-MS method and combining the algae inhibition experiment.[Result]The maximum inhibition rate of the extracts of Magnolia grandiflora leaves on Microcystic aeruginosa growth was 97.4% with the concentration of 8 g/L.A large amount of antialgal substances were found in the n-butanol extracts of Magnolia grandiflora and had very good inhibition effects on Microcystic aeruginosa,which were mainly small molecule substances such as alcohols,ketones and esters.[Conclusion]A new idea on developing new algal inhibitors had been provided.

A Benzofuranoid Neolignan from Magnolia biondii Pamp

Aim Isolation and structural elucidation of the constituents from the dried flower buds of Magnolia biondii Pamp. Methods Column chromatography and TLC were used to isolate chemical constituents. Spectroscopic methods were employed for structural elucidation. Results One benzo furanoid neolignan （licarin B） and two bisepoxy lignans （magnolin, fargesin） were isolated and identified. Conclusion Licarin B is the first reported benzofuranoid lignan from the family Magnoliaceae.

A New Sesquiterpenoid from Magnolia delavayi

A new sesquiterpenoid was obstained from the leaves of Magnolia delavayi. Its structure was determined as 8β-acetoxy-10α-ethyloxy-guaia-4α, 11-diol on the basis of spectral evidence.

Drought Resistance of Slope Pioneer Plant Magnolia multiflora

[Objective] This study aimed to reveal responses of Magnolia multiflora to soil drought stress. [Method] Pot experiment was employed to simulate drought stress, and photosynthetic and physiological indices of M. multiflora were determined. [Result] The net photosynthetic rate （Pn） of M. multiflora did not change significantly under mild drought stress, and reduced significantly under moderate and severe drought stress. Drought stress reduced stomatal conductance （Gs）, transpiration rate （Tr） and intercellular CO2 concentration （Ci）, and compared with those in the control group, the Pn, Gs, Tr and Ci under severe drought stress declined by 61.04%, 86.27%, 87.77% and 42.63%, respectively. The malondialdehyde （MDA） content in M. multiflora leaves did not increase significantly under mild drought stress, and increased significantly under moderate and severe drought stress. The MDA content in M. multiflora leaves under severe drought stress was 1.63 times as high as that in the control group. The proline （Pro） and soluble sugar contents of M. multiflora increased significantly with the aggravation of drought stress, and those under severe drought stress were 8.06 times and 3.16 times respectively higher than those in the control group. [Conclusion] M. multiflora has a strong drought tolerance, and is suitable for growing in relatively arid environment. It can be used as candidate for vegetation restoration in hydropower engineering slope.

珍稀濒危植物天目木兰(Magnolia amoena)遗传多样性的RAPD分析

运用随机扩增多态DNA(RAPD)技术 ,对天目木兰 (Magnoliaamoena)居群的遗传多样性进行了研究 .从 4 0个 10 mer随机引物中筛选出 14个能得到清晰、稳定扩增带的引物进行扩增 ,14个引物共检测了 94个位点 ,其中多态性位点为 2 3,占 2 4 4 % .计算了 12个居群之间的遗传相似度和遗传距离 ,并运用UPGMA法进行了聚类分析 ,结果显示相同产地个体间 (居群内 )的遗传距离较小 ,遗传多样性水平很低 ;不同产地个体间 (居群间 )遗传距离较大 ,遗传多样性水平较前者高 ,即天目木兰个体间遗传多样性水平与它的地理分布有关 .天目木兰总体较低的遗传多样性是导致它濒危的原因之一 .

Reproductive biology of Magnolia sinica(Magnoliaecea),a threatened species with extremely small populations in Yunnan,China

Magnolia sinica is one of the most threatened trees endemic to Southeast Yunnan.Based on our investigations,only 52 individuals and eight populations are found in the wild.M.sinica has been categorized as Critically Endangered on the IUCN Red List and identified as a "Plant Species with Extremely Small Populations(PSESP)".Its fruit/seed set is very low and seedlings are rarely found in the wild.It is hypothesized that it may encounter obstacles to reproductive success.This study,therefore,focuses on its reproductive biology,knowledge of which is essential for effective conservation.Flowers of this species are protogynous and nocturnal,and possess a two-day rhythm of sexual presentation.For the first night of anthesis,the flowers are in the pistillate stage during which tepals open at dusk and close approx.1 h later(except for the open outer ones).They remain closed until the next afternoon,when flowers,now in the staminate stage,re-open and remain so until the tepals drop.Nocturnal beetles enter into the flowers and remain trapped throughout the night as the flower closes,during which time they feed on tepals.Pollen-gathering bees are found to visit the re-opened flowers and the beetles are released during this stage.Two species of Pleocomidae and Curculionidae beetles appear to be effective pollinators.M.sinica is a self-compatible,pollinator-dependent species,and its fruit/seed set can be significantly increased by hand-pollination.No functional seed dispersers have been found in its extant natural habitats.These findings suggest that it may face both pollination and seed disperser insufficiencies in its current fragmented habitats,which may account for its low regeneration.Here we propose conservation strategies based on our findings.

木兰属(Magnolia L.)植物花粉亚微形态特征研究

利用扫描电镜观察了木兰属(MagnoliaL.)4种植物花粉的亚微形态结构,对其特征进行了比较分析。结果表明:4种植物花粉外部形态均为肾脏形,具单萌发沟;外壁纹饰为覆盖层穿孔。但花粉大小和外壁纹饰的微细结构种间有明显的差异。因此,研究花粉的亚微形态结构特征,可为植物种类的鉴别和细致分类提供必要的形态学依据。

紫玉兰(Magnolia liliiflora)叶绿素荧光特性研究

运用Li-6400光和仪对紫玉兰的叶绿素荧光动力学曲线、淬灭分析、荧光光曲线以及荧光ACI曲线等生理特性进行测定和对比分析,结果表明:随光照时间的加长,紫玉兰的荧光参数电子传递速率(ETR)、光化学猝灭系数(qP)和非光化学猝灭系数(NPQ)逐渐上升并在30 min左右达到稳定。最大荧光产量Fm′在叶片转入黑暗后逐渐上升,NPQ则开始下降,两者约在52 min趋于稳定。光照下PS II实际的光化学量子效率(PhiPS2)和CO2同化速率相对应的量子产量(PhiCO2)呈线性正相关(p<0.01),并随着光照强度的增加而减小。紫玉兰对CO2浓度变化比较敏感,在50-300μmol.mol-1浓度范围内,增加CO2浓度能显著提高紫玉兰的PhiPS2和PhiCO2值。

木兰属(Magnolia)系统发育探讨

在传统的形态解剖基础上 ,结合木兰科 (Magnoliaceae)种子内种皮合点区呈孔状或管状的新的分类依据 ,探讨了木兰属 (Magnolia)的系统发育 ,并提出了木兰属内可能的演化途径。

A new isoquinoline derivative from the leaves of Magnolia sieboldii K.Koch

Magnoline（1）,a new isoquinoline derivative,was isolated from the leaves of Magnolia sieboldii K.Koch（Magnoliaceae）.Its structure was elucidated on the basis of spectral analysis including 1D,2D NMR and HR-TOF-MS.

紫玉兰(Magnolia liliflora)的繁育系统研究

从花部形态、花粉活力、柱头可授性、花粉-胚珠比(P/O)、杂交系数(OCI)、套袋实验、传粉观察等方面,对紫玉兰的繁育系统进行了研究。结果表明:(1)紫玉兰是两性花,花期为15 d左右。(2)紫玉兰散粉后9 h内花粉活力达到最高,24 h后花粉活力明显下降,56 h后花粉基本丧失活力;柱头可授性在开花后3 d内最强,4 d～6 d可授性开始降低,第7 d基本失去可授性。(3)传粉方式以虫媒传粉为主,是虫媒植物。(4)繁育系统检测结果为部分自交亲和、异交,需要传粉者的活动才能完成授粉过程。

An assessment of population structure and regeneration status of Magnolia punduana Hk. f. & Th.(Magnoliaceae) in fragmented forests of northeast India

The population structure and regeneration status of Magnolia punduana Hk. f. & Th., an endemic tree species of northeast India were investigated in fragmented forests in the Jarain Hills and in adjoining areas of Meghalaya state. The population structure was discontinuous in all the fragments with the absence of individuals in higher diameter classes. The number of individuals increased with the size of the fragment patches(p < 0.004). The density of mature trees(≥5 cm dbh) was high(24–30 individuals ha-1) in the largest fragment(>105 ha). The number of seedlings and saplings were also higher in the larger fragments. Human-related disturbances had a negative impact on the species population(p<0.002). Variation in the population density in different forest patches has been attributed to fragment size, site characteristics and ongoing human disturbances. The restricted distribution of the species coupled withexploitation and habitat destruction underlines the need for its conservation.

A novel quality evaluation method for magnolia bark using electronic nose and colorimeter data with multiple statistical algorithms

Background:Magnolia bark(Magnolia Officinalis REHD.&WILS.and Magnolia officinalis REHD.&WILS.VAR.biloba REHD.&WILS,Hou Po in Chinese),is widely applied in clinical prescriptions and Chinese patent medicines.Origin place is a crucial factor affecting the quality of Hou Po,and chemical composition is an important index for evaluating its quality,which is closely related to its clinical efficacy.This study aims to develop a novel method for rapidly,accurately and comprehensively identifying the origin places of Hou Po and predicting the contents of its important chemical components.Methods:High performance liquid chromatography was used to analyze the contents of magnolol and honokiol and ultra-performance liquid chromatography the contents of magnocurarine and magnoflorine.The cold soak method was used to determine the contents of water-soluble extracts.The E-nose and colorimeter were used to determine the odor and color characteristics,respectively,of the collected Hou Po samples.Results:Using several statistical algorithms,different discriminant models based on the E-nose and colorimeter data were established to distinguish the origin place of Hou-Po and predict the chemical components of honokiol,magnolol,magnocurarine,magnoflorine and water-soluble extracts.The results showed that the Random Forest classifier combined with the ten-fold cross-validation method provided the highest classification accuracy for origin place,accounting for 99.53%among these models.The correlation coefficients between predicted and experimental values of the five chemical components were all higher than 0.96.Conclusion:This study has indicated that the electronic nose and colorimeter are promising methods for evaluating the quality of Chinese herbal medicines both qualitatively and quantitatively.

木兰属(Magnolia)的地理分布及起源

分析了现代木兰属 (Magnolia)植物的地理分布及其散布途径 ,认为华夏植物区系区域不仅是现代木兰属的分布中心 ,同时也是木兰属的分化中心及原始类群保存中心 ,并结合地史资料 ,推断全球木兰属植物应共同起源于华夏植物区系。

Autecology and conservation status of Magnolia sargentiana Rehder & Wilson(Magnoliaceae) in the Dafengding region,southern Sichuan Province,China

This paper reports the first population ecology study of the endangered Magnolia sargentiana Rehder ＆ Wilson （Magnoliaceae）. Magnolia sargentiana is a protected species in China, but little is known about its present status in the field. In 2007 and 2008, we surveyed the population and conservation status ofM. sargentiana in the Provincial Mamize Nature Reserve and the National Meigu Dafengding Nature Reserve, Sichuan Province, southwestern China. Natural regeneration is poor because of unfavorable environmental conditions and anthropogenic disturbances. Flower buds and bark ofM. sargentiana are used in traditional Chinese medicine and their collection by local people over the period 1983-1994 has led to marked population declines. The collection of flower buds and bark is now banned, but hewing branches for firewood and grazing continues to have a negative impact on the recovery of M. sargentiana populations. To protect the species, we require a ban on hewing branches, closure of primary forests to reduce the impact of humans and ungulates, better education of local people, and increased awareness of wildlife conservation.

Seed dormancy,germination and storage behavior of Magnolia sinica,a plant species with extremely small populations of Magnoliaceae

Magnolia sinica is one of the most endangered Magnoliaceae species in China.Seed biology information concerning its long-term ex situ conservation and utilization is insufficient.This study investigated dormancy status,germination requirements and storage behavior of M.sinica.Freshly matured seeds germinated to ca.86.5%at 25/15℃but poorly at 30℃;GA3 and moist chilling promoted germination significantly at 20℃.Embryos grew at temperatures(alternating or constant)between 20℃and 25℃,but not at 5℃or 30℃.Our results indicate that M.sinica seeds possibly have non-deep simple mor-phophysiological dormancy(MPD).Seeds survived desiccation to 9.27%and 4.85%moisture content(MC)as well as a further 6-month storage at-20℃and in liquid nitrogen,including recovery in vitro as excised embryos.The established protocol ensured that at least 58%of seedlings were obtained after both cold storage and cryopreservation.These results indicate that both conventional seed banking and cryopreservation have potential as long-term ex situ conservation methods,although further optimized approaches are recommended for this critically endangered magnolia species.

TWO NEW CINNAMIC ACID DERIVATIVES FROM MAGNOLIA BIONDII PAMP

Two new cinnamic acid derivatives named biondinin C and biondinin D were isolated from the flower buds of Magnolia biondii pamp. The structures were elucidated by the spectral data including ~1H, ~1H COSY, ~1H-^(13)C COSY spectra.

Naturalization of Landscaping Woody Plant, Magnolia obovata Potentially Invasive Species

Magnolia obovata, a tree species native to Japan, is a traditional landscaping tree that has also been introduced to various countries. M. obovata individuals have recently emerged in non-planting areas in Korea, prompting us to investigate its distribution by establishing Dosolsan in an urban forest of Daejeon City as the target site. In order to determine its naturalization, the study explored the status of population growth by examining the diameter at breast height of the individuals, and diameter diminution quotient was calculated. Cores of the trees were collected, and the age distribution was estimated by regression analysis. Reproduction possibility was analyzed by verifying the flowerblooming and fruit-bearing. Spontaneous colonization was investigated in the other potential sites which have different location and environment, respectively.The diameter distribution showed a reverse J-shaped curve, and the diminution quotient was ≥ 1.8. The population was composed of different generations,thus confirming the growth of the population. The distributed M. obovata grew and flowered normally,and followed a normal life cycle. The same phenomenon was observed in other planting areas,residual forests in urban or rural areas, alluvial islands, and mountain forests. The continuous spread of M. obovata in new ecosystems may be attributable to its long-term distribution by birds, relatively fast growth, and maturity time. Investigations on the naturalization and spread of M. obovata in Korea, as well as in various countries, are warranted.