Multiple enrichment mechanisms of organic matter in the Fengcheng Formation of Mahu Sag,Junggar Basin,NW China

Based on core and thin section data,the source rock samples from the Fengcheng Formation in the Mahu Sag of the Junggar Basin were analyzed in terms of zircon SIMS U-Pb geochronology,organic carbon isotopic composition,major and trace element contents,as well as petrology.Two zircon U-Pb ages of(306.0±5.2)Ma and(303.5±3.7)Ma were obtained from the first member of the Fengcheng Formation.Combined with carbon isotopic stratigraphy,it is inferred that the depositional age of the Fengcheng Formation is about 297-306 Ma,spanning the Carboniferous-Permian boundary and corresponding to the interglacial period between C4 and P1 glacial events.Multiple increases in Hg/TOC ratios and altered volcanic ash were found in the shale rocks of the Fengcheng Formation,indicating that multiple phases of volcanic activity occurred during its deposition.An interval with a high B/Ga ratio was found in the middle of the second member of the Fengcheng Formation,associated with the occurrence of evaporite minerals and reedmergnerite,indicating that the high salinity of the water mass was related to hydrothermal activity.Comprehensive analysis suggests that the warm and humid climate during the deposition of Fengcheng Formation is conducive to the growth of organic matter such as algae and bacteria in the lake,and accelerates the continental weathering,driving the input of nutrients.Volcanic activities supply a large amount of nutrients and stimulate primary productivity.The warm climate and high salinity are conducive to water stratification,leading to water anoxia that benefits organic matter preservation.The above factors interact and jointly control the enrichment of organic matter in the Fengcheng Formation of Mahu Sag.

Controlling factors and models of shale oil enrichment in Lower Permian Fengcheng Formation,Mahu Sag,Junggar Basin,NW China

Based on the combination of core observation,experimental analysis and testingand geological analysis,the main controlling factors of shale oil enrichment in the Lower Permian Fengcheng Formation in the Mahu Sag of the Junggar Basin are clarified,and a shale oil enrichment model is established.The results show that the enrichment of shale oil in the Fengcheng Formation in the Mahu Sag is controlled by the organic abundance,organic type,reservoir capacity and the amount of migration hydrocarbon in shale.The abundance of organic matter provides the material basis for shale oil enrichment,and the shales containing typesⅠandⅡorganic matters have good oil content.The reservoir capacity controls shale oil enrichment.Macropores are the main space for shale oil enrichment in the Fengcheng Formation,and pore size and fracture scale directly control the degree of shale oil enrichment.The migration of hydrocarbons in shale affects shale oil enrichment.The shale that has expelled hydrocarbons has poor oil content,while the shale that has received hydrocarbons migrated from other strata has good oil content.Lithofacies reflect the hydrocarbon generation and storage capacity comprehensively.The laminated felsic shale,laminated lime-dolomitic shale and thick-layered felsic shale have good oil content,and they are favorable lithofacies for shale oil enrichment.Under the control of these factors,relative migration of hydrocarbons occurred within the Fengcheng shale,which leads to the the difference in the enrichment process of shale oil.Accordingly,the enrichment mode of shale oil in Fengcheng Formation is established as"in-situ enrichment"and"migration enrichment".By superimposing favorable lithofacies and main controlling factors of enrichment,the sweet spot of shale oil in the Fengcheng Formation can be selected which has great significance for the exploration and development of shale oil.

Genesis and distribution of oils in Mahu Sag,Junggar Basin,NW China

Based on the geological and geochemical analysis of potential source rocks in different formations and the classification of crude oil types,combined with the hydrocarbon generation thermal simulation experiments,the source,genesis,and distribution of different types of oils in the Mahu large oil province of the Junggar Basin are investigated.Four sets of potential source rocks are developed in the Mahu Sag.Specifically,the source rocks of the Permian Fengcheng Formation have the highest hydrocarbon generation potential and contain mainly TypesⅡandⅠorganic matters,with a high oil generation capacity.In contrast,the source rocks in other formations exhibit lower hydrocarbon generation potential and contain mainly TypeⅢorganic matter,with dominant gas generation.Oils in the Mahu Sag can be classified as three types:A,B and C,which display ascending,mountainous and descending C_(20)-C_(21)-C_(23)tricyclic terpenes abundance patterns in sequence,and gradually increasing relative content of tricyclic terpenes and sterane isomerization parameters,indicating an increasing oil maturity.Different types of oils are distributed spatially in an obviously orderly manner:Type A oil is close to the edge of the sag,Type C oil is concentrated in the center of the sag,and Type B oil lies in the slope area between Type A and Type C.The results of oil-source correlation and thermal simulation experiments show that the three types of oils come from the source rocks of the Fengcheng Formation at different thermal evolution stages.This new understanding of the differential genesis of oils in the Mahu Sag reasonably explains the source,distribution,and genetic mechanism of the three types of oils.The study results are of important guidance for the comprehensive and three-dimensional oil exploration,the identification of oil distribution in the total petroleum system,and the prediction of favorable exploration areas in the Mahu Sag.

Origin of dolomites in the Permian dolomitic reservoirs of Fengcheng Formation in Mahu Sag,Junggar Basin, NW China

Origin of authigenic dolomites in the dolomitic reservoir of the Permian Fengcheng Formation in the Mahu Sag of Junggar Basin is unclear.Occurrence and genetic evolution of the authigenic dolomites in dolomitic rock reservoir of the Fengcheng Formation in the Mahu Sag were analyzed by polarized and fluorescence thin sections,scanning electron microscope(SEM),electron microprobe(EMP),C,O and Sr isotopes analysis,and other techniques.(1)Dolomites were mainly precipitated in three stages:penecontemporaneous-shallow burial stage(early stage of the Middle Permian),middle burial stage(middle stage of the Middle Permian),and middle-deep burial stage,with the former two stages in dominance.(2)Dolomitization fluid was high-salinity brine originating from alkaline lake.In the penecontemporaneous-shallow burial stage,Mg^(2+)was mainly supplied by alkaline-lake fluid and devitrification of volcanic glass.In the middle burial stage,Mg^(2+)mainly came from the transformation of clay minerals,devitrification of volcanic glass and dissolution of aluminosilicates such as feldspar.(3)Regular changes of Mg,Mn,Fe,Sr,Si and other elements during the growth of dolomite were mainly related to the alkaline-lake fluid,and to different influences of devitrification and diagenetic alteration of volcanic materials during the burial.(4)In the penecontemporaneous stage,induced by alkaline-lake microorganisms,the micritic-microcrystalline dolomites were formed by primary precipitation,replacement of aragonite and high-Mg calcite,and other processes;in the shallow burial stage,the silt-sized dolomites were formed by continuous growth of micritic-microcrystalline dolomite and replacement of calcites,tuffs and other substances;in the middle burial stage,the dolomites,mainly silt-and fine-sized,were formed by replacement of volcanic materials.The research results are referential for investigating the formation mechanism and distribution patterns of tight dolomitic reservoirs in the Mahu Sag and other similar oil and gas bearing areas.

Overpressure origin and its effects on petroleum accumulation in the conglomerate oil province in Mahu Sag, Junggar Basin, NW China

The origin of overpressure and its effect on petroleum accumulation in the large Permian/Triassic conglomerate oil province in the Mahu Sag,Junggar Basin have been investigated based on comprehensive analysis of log curve combinations,loading-unloading curves,sonic velocity-density cross-plot,and porosity comparison data.The study results show that there are two kinds of normal compaction models in the study area,namely,two-stage linear model and exponent model;overpressure in the large conglomerate reservoirs including Lower Triassic Baikouquan Formation and Permian Upper and Lower Wu’erhe Formations is the result of pressure transfer,and the source of overpressure is the overpressure caused by hydrocarbon generation of Permian Fengcheng Formation major source rock.The petroleum migrated through faults under the driving of hydrocarbon generation overpressure into the reservoirs to accumulate,forming the Permian and Triassic overpressure oil and gas reservoirs.The occurrence and distribution of overpressure are controlled by the source rock maturity and strike-slip faults connecting the source rock and conglomerate reservoirs formed from Indosinian Movement to Himalayan Movement.As overpressure is the driving force for petroleum migration in the large Mahu oil province,the formation and distribution of petroleum reservoirs above the source rock in this area may have a close relationship with the occurrence of overpressure.

Genesis of calcite vein in basalt and its effect on reservoir quality: A case study of the Carboniferous in the east slope of Mahu sag, Junggar Basin, NW China

The characteristics and genesis of the calcite veins in Carboniferous basalt in the east slope of Mahu Sag,Junggar Basin are investigated based on observation of cores and thin sections;analyses of X-ray fluorescence,in situ major,trace and rare earth elements(REE),carbon,oxygen and strontium isotopes,fluid inclusions,as well as basin modeling.There are three periods of calcite fillings.The Period I calcite is characterized by low Mn content,flat REE pattern,strong negative cerium(Ce)anomaly,weak to moderate negative Eu anomaly,and light carbon isotopic composition,indicating the formation of the calcite was affected by meteoric water.The Period II calcite shows higher Mn and light REE contents,weak positive Ce anomaly and slight positive europium(Eu)anomaly,and a little heavier carbon isotopic composition and slightly lower strontium isotope ratio than the Period I calcite,suggesting that deep diagenetic fluids affected the formation of the Period II calcite to some extent.The Period III calcite is rich in iron and manganese and has REE pattern similar to that of the Period II calcite,but the cerium and europium enomalies vary significantly.The Period I and II calcites were formed in shallow diagenetic environment at approximately 250–260 Ma,corresponding to Late Hercynian orogeny at Late Permian.The PeriodⅢcalcite was probably formed in the Indo-China movement during Late Triassic.It is believed that the precipitation of calcite in basalt fractures near unconformity was related to leaching and dissolution of carbonates in the overlying Lower Permian Fengcheng Formation by meteoric water,which destructed the Carboniferous weathering crust reservoirs in early stage.Relatively high quality reservoirs could be developed in positions with weak filling and strong late dissolution,such as structural high parts with Fengcheng Formation missing,distant strata from Fengcheng Formation vertically,buried hills inside lake basin,etc.

Alkaline-lacustrine deposition and paleoenvironmental evolution in Permian Fengcheng Formation at the Mahu sag, Junggar Basin,NW China

Alkaline-lacustrine deposition and its evolution model in Permian Fengcheng Formation at the Mahu sag, Junggar Basin were investigated through core and thin-section observation, geochemical and elemental analysis, logging response and lithofacies identification. Six lithofacies are developed in the Fengcheng Formation. The Feng 2 Member(P1 f2) is dominated by lithofacies with alkaline minerals, while the upper part of the Feng 1 Member(P1 f1) and the lower part of the Feng 3 Member(P1 f3) are primarily organic-rich mudstones that are interbedded with dolomite and dolomitic rock. Paleoenvironment evolution of Fengcheng Formation can be divided into 5 stages, which was controlled by volcanic activity and paleoclimate. The first stage(the early phase of P1 f1) was characterized by intensive volcanic activity and arid climate, developing pyroclastics and sedimentary volcaniclastic rocks. The secondary stage(the later phase of P1 f1) had weak volcanic activity and humid climate that contributed to the development of organic-rich mudstone, forming primary source rock in the Fengcheng Formation. The increasing arid climate at the third stage(the early phase of P1 f2) resulted in shrinking of lake basin and increasing of salinity, giving rise to dolomite and dolomitic rocks. The continuous aird climate, low lake level and high salinity at the fourth stage(the later phase of P1 f2) generated special alkaline minerals, e.g., trona, indicating the formation of alkaline-lacustrine. The humid climate made lake level rise and desalted lake water, therefore, the fifth stage(P1 f3) dominated by the deposition of terrigenous clastic rocks and dolomitic rocks.

Fault characteristics and control on hydrocarbon accumulation of middle-shallow layers in the slope zone of Mahu sag, Junggar Basin, NW China

The development, evolution and formation mechanism of faults and their control on the migration and accumulation of Mesozoic oil and gas in the middle-shallow layers of the slope zone of Mahu sag were studied by the interpretation of seismic and drilling data. Two types of faults, normal and strike-slip, are developed in the middle-shallow layers of the slope zone of the Mahu sag and they are mostly active in the Yanshanian period. They are divided into four grade faults: The grade I strike-slip faults with NWW to near EW direction are related to the left-lateral transpressive fault zones in the northwest of Junggar Basin since the end of the Triassic. The grade II faults with NE to NNE direction are the normal faults located at the junction of the fault zone and the slope zone, and their formation is related to the extension at the top of the nose-like structures in the fault zone. The grade III faults, which are also the normal faults, are the result of the extension at the top of the lower uplifts in the slope zone and differential compaction. The grade IV faults with NE direction are normal faults, which may be related to the extension environment at the tip of the lower uplifts. Faults not only are the channel for the vertical migration of oil and gas, but also control the oil-gas accumulation. There are two types of oil-gas reservoirs in the middle-shallow layers of slope zone of Mahu sag: fault block reservoirs and fault-lithologic reservoirs. They have large traps and promising exploration potential.

Petroleum geology and sub-source hydrocarbon accumulation of Permian reservoirs in Jinan Sag,eastern Junggar Basin,NW China

According to the latest drilling and the analysis of the burial history,source rock evolution history and hydrocarbon accumulation history,the sub-source hydrocarbon accumulation characteristics of the Permian reservoirs in the Jinan Sag,eastern Junggar Basin,are clarified,and the hydrocarbon accumulation model of these reservoirs is established.The results are obtained in four aspects.First,the main body of the thick salified lake basin source rocks in the Lucaogou Formation has reached the mature stage with abundant resource base.Large-scale reservoirs are developed in the Jingjingzigou,Wutonggou and Lucaogou formations.Vertically,there are multiple sets of good regional seals,the source-reservoir-caprock assemblage is good,and there are three reservoir-forming assemblages:sub-source,intra-source and above-source.Second,dissolution,hydrocarbon charging and pore-preserving effect,and presence of chlorite film effectively increase the sub-source pore space.Oil charging is earlier than the time when the reservoir becomes densified,which improves the efficiency of hydrocarbon accumulation.Third,buoyancy and source-reservoir pressure difference together constitute the driving force of oil charging,and the micro-faults within the formation give the advantage of"source-reservoir lateral docking"under the source rock.Microfractures can be critical channels for efficient seepage and continuous charging of oil in different periods.Fourth,the Jingjingzigou Formation experienced three periods of oil accumulation in the Middle-Late Permian,Middle-Late Jurassic and Late Neogene,with the characteristics of long-distance migration and accumulation in early stage,mixed charging and accumulation in middle stage and short-distance migration and high-position accumulation in late stage.The discovery and theoretical understanding of the Permian reservoirs in the Jinan Sag reveal that the thrust belt has good conditions for forming large reservoirs,and it is promising for exploration.The study results are of guidance and reference significance for oil and gas exploration in the Jinan Sag and other geologically similar areas.

Control of micro-wettability of pore-throat on shale oil occurrence:A case study of laminated shale of Permian Lucaogou Formation in Jimusar Sag,Junggar Basin,NW China

The control of micro-wettability of pore-throat on shale oil occurrence in different types of reservoir spaces remains unclear.Take the shale oil reservoir of the Permian Lucaogou Formation in the Jimusar Sag,Junggar Basin as an example,the reservoir space in laminated shale and the control of micro-wettability of pore-throat on shale oil occurrence were studied by using scanning electron microscope(SEM),multi-stage pyrolysis,quantitative fluorescence,nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR)and other techniques.The results show that there are mainly two types of laminated shale in the Lucaogou Formation,namely laminated shale rich in volcanic materials+terrigenous felsic,and laminated shale rich in volcanic materials+carbonate.The former type contains feldspar dissolution pores and intergranular pores,mainly with felsic mineral components around the pore-throats,which are water-wet and control the free shale oil.The latter type contains carbonate intercrystalline pores and organic pores,mainly with oil-wet mineral components around the pore-throats,which control the adsorbed shale oil.The oil-wet mineral components around the pore-throats are conducive to oil accumulation,but reduce the proportion of free oil.In the Lucaogou Formation,free oil,with high maturity and light quality,mainly occurs in the laminated shale rich in volcanic materials+terrigenous felsic.

Genesis of granular calcite in lacustrine fine-grained sedimentary rocks and its indication to volcanichydrothermal events: A case study of Permian Lucaogou Formation in Jimusar Sag, Junggar Basin, NW China

Granular calcite is an authigenic mineral in fine-grained sedimentary rocks.Core observation,thin section observation,cathodoluminescence analysis,fluid inclusion analysis,scanning electron microscope(SEM),and isotopic composition analysis were combined to clarify the genesis of granular calcite in the lacustrine fine-grained sedimentary rocks of the Permian Lucaogou Formation in the Jimusar Sag,Junggar Basin.It is found that the granular calcite is distributed with laminated characteristics in fine-grained sedimentary rocks in tuffite zones(or the transitional zone between tuffite and micritic dolomite).Granular calcite has obvious cathodoluminesence band,and it can be divided into three stages.Stage-Ⅰ calcite,with non-luminesence,high content of Sr element,inclusions containing Cos,and homogenization temperature higher than 170℃,was directly formed from the volcanic-hydrothermal deposition.Stage-Ⅱ calcite,with bright yellow luminescence,high contents of Fe,Mn and Mg,enrichment of light rare earth elements(LREEs),and high homogenization temperature,was formed by recrystallization of calcareous edges from exhalative hydrothermal deposition.Stage-IlI calcite,with dark orange luminescence band,high contents of Mg,P,V and other elements,no obvious fractionation among LREEs,and low homogenization temperature,was originated from diagenetic transformation during burial.The granular calcite appears regularly in the vertical direction and its formation temperature decreases from the center to the margin of particles,providing direct evidences for volcanic-hydrothermal events during the deposition of the Lucaogou Formation.The volcanic-hydrothermal event was conducive to the enrichment of organic matters in fine-grained sedimentary rocks of the Lucaogrou Formation,and positive to the development of high-quality source rocks.The volcanic-hydrothermal sediments might generate intergranular pores/fractures during the evolution,creating conditions for the self-generation and self-storage of shale oil.

An analysis of the uniformity of multi-fracture initiation based on downhole video imaging technology: A case study of Mahu tight conglomerate in Junggar Basin, NW China

To solve the problem that the production of Mahu conglomerate reservoir is not up to expectation after the multi-cluster plus temporary plugging fracturing technology is applied in horizontal wells, stages 2–6 in the test well MaHW6285 are selected to carry out erosion tests with different pumping parameters. The downhole video imaging technology is used to monitor the degree of perforations erosion, and then the fracture initiation and proppant distribution of each cluster are analyzed. The results showed that proppant entered 76.7% of the perforations. The proppant was mainly distributed in a few perforation clusters, and the amount of proppant entered in most of the clusters was limited. The proppant distribution in Stage 4 was relatively uniform, and the fracture initiation of each cluster in the stage is more uniform. The proppant distribution in stages 2, 3, 5, and 6 was significantly uneven, and the uniform degree of fracture initiation in each cluster is low. More than 70% of the proppant dose in the stage entered clusters near the heel end, so the addition of diverters did not promote the uniform initiation of hydraulic fractures. There was a positive correlation between the amount of proppant added and the degree of perforations erosion, and the degree of perforations erosion ranged from 15% to 352%, with an average value of 74.5%, which was far higher than the statistical results of shale reservoir tests in North America. The use of 180° phase perforation(horizontal direction) can reduce the “Phase Bias” of perforations erosion, promote uniform perforations erosion and fluid inflow. The research results provide the basis for optimizing the pumping procedure, reducing the perforation erosion and improving the success rate of diversion.

Restoration of reservoir diagenesis and hydrocarbon accumulation process by calcite in-situ U-Pb dating and fluid inclusion analysis: A case study on Cretaceous Qingshuihe Formation in Gaoquan Structure, southern Junggar Basin, NW China

The complexity of diagenesis and hydrocarbon accumulation in the deep reservoirs in southern Junggar Basin restricts hydrocarbon exploration in the lower reservoir assemblage. The lithofacies and diagenesis of reservoirs in the Cretaceous Qingshuihe Formation in the Gaoquan structure of the Sikeshu Sag, southern Junggar Basin were analyzed. On this basis, the thermal history was calibrated using calcite in-situ U-Pb dating and fluid inclusion analysis to depict the hydrocarbon accumulation process in the Gaoquan structure. The results show that the Qingshuihe reservoir experienced two phases of calcite cementation and three phases of hydrocarbon charging. The calcite cements are dated to be (122.1±6.4) Ma, (14.4±1.0) Ma - (14.2±0.3) Ma. The hydrocarbon charging events occurred at around 14.2-30.0 Ma (low-mature oil), 14.2 Ma (mature oil), and 2 Ma (high-mature gas). The latter two phases of hydrocarbon charging contributed dominantly to the formation of reservoir. Due to the S-N compressive thrust activity during the late Himalayan period since 2 Ma, the traps in the Gaoquan structure were reshaped, especially the effective traps which developed in the main reservoir-forming period were decreased significantly in scale, resulting in weak hydrocarbon shows in the middle-lower part of the structure. This indicates that the effective traps in key reservoir-forming period controlled hydrocarbon enrichment and distribution in the lower reservoir assemblage. Calcite U-Pb dating combined with fluid inclusion analysis can help effectively describe the complex diagenesis and hydrocarbon accumulation process in the central-west part of the basin.

Theoretical understandings, key technologies and practices of tight conglomerate oilfield efficient development: A case study of the Mahu oilfield, Junggar Basin, NW China

A series of theoretical explorations and field tests have been carried out to efficiently develop the Mahu tight conglomerate oilfield in the Junggar Basin.Concepts of steered-by-edge fracturing and proactive fracturing interference were proposed.A series of innovative technologies were developed and implemented including optimization of 3-D staggered well pattern,proactive control and utilization of spatial stress field,and synergetic integration of multiple elements.Different from shale,the unique rock fabric and strong heterogeneities of tight conglomerate formation are favorable factors for forming complex fractures,small space well pattern can proactively control and make use of interwell interference to increase the complexity of fracture network,and the"optimum-size and distribution"hydraulic fracturing can be achieved through synergetic optimization.During pilot phase of this field,both depletion with hydraulically fractured vertical wells and volume fracturing in horizontal wells were tested after water injection through vertical wells,then the multi-stage fracturing with horizontal well was taken as the primary development technology.A series of engineering methods were tested,and key development parameters were evaluated such as well spacing,lateral length,fractures spacing,fracturing size,and fracturing operation process.According to geoengineering approach,the 100 m/150 m tridimensional tight-spacing staggered development method was established with systematic integration of big well clusters,multiple stacked pay zones,small well spacing,long lateral length,fine perforation clustering,zipper fracturing and factory operation.According to half-year production performance,100 m/150 m small spacing wells outperformed 500 m/400 m/300 m spacing wells.Its average estimated ultimate recovery(EUR)of wells was identical with those best wells from large-spacing area.Compared with the overall performance of Mahu oilfield,the drainage efficiency and estimated recovery factor of this pilot were significantly boosted with improved economics.

Acid-base alternation diagenesis and its influence on shale reservoirs in the Permian Lucaogou Formation, Jimusar Sag, Junggar Basin, NW China

The diagenesis and diagenetic facies of shale reservoirs in Lucaogou Formation of Jimusar Sag were studied by means of microscopic observation and identification of ordinary thin sections and cast thin sections,X-ray diffraction,scanning electron microscope and electron probe tests.The results show that alkaline and acidic diagenetic processes occurred alternately during the deposition of Permian Lucaogou Formation in Jimusar Sag.The evolution of porosity in the shale reservoirs was influenced by compaction and alternate alkaline and acidic diagenetic processes jointly,and has gone through three stages,namely,stage of porosity reduction and increase caused by alkaline compaction,stage of porosity increase caused by acid dissolution,and stage of porosity increase and reduction caused by alkaline dissolution.Correspondingly,three secondary pore zones developed in Lucaogou Formation.The shale reservoirs are divided into three diagenetic facies:tuff residual intergranular pore-dissolution pore facies,tuff organic micrite dolomite mixed pore facies,and micrite alga-dolomite intercrystalline pore facies.With wide distribution,good pore structure and high oil content,the first two facies are diagenetic facies of favorable reservoirs in Lucaogou Formation.The research results provide a basis for better understanding and exploration and development of the Lucaogou Formation shale reservoirs.

Multisourced CO_(2) Injection in Fan Delta Conglomerates and Its Influence on Reservoir Quality: Evidence from Carbonate Cements of the Baikouquan Formation of Mahu Sag, Junggar Basin, Northwestern China

Sandy-conglomerate reservoir has gradually become a major target of oil and gas exploration.Complex diagenetic process and diagenetic fluid play a significant role in affecting reservoir heterogeneity.Carbonate cements form at various stages of the diagenesis process and record various geological fluid information.Recently,one-billion-ton sandy conglomerate oil field was exposed in Triassic Baikouquan Formation,Mahu sag,Junggar Basin.Therefore,an integrated study applying casting thin sections,cathodeluminescence,fluorescence,carbon and oxygen stable isotopes,electronic probe microanalysis and aqueous fluid inclusions measurements was performed in order to identify the types of carbonate mineral and its representative diagenetic environment and discuss the influences of different CO_(2) injections on reservoir quality.The main findings are as follows:The reservoir is mainly composed of 70.33%conglomerate and 16.06%coarse-grained sandstone.They are characterized by low compositional maturity and abundant lithic debris.Four types carbonate cements are identified according to the petrological and geochemical characteristics,including two types of Mn-rich calcite,ferroan calcite,siderite and dawsonite.They display an unusual broad spectrum ofδ^(13)C values(-54.99‰to+8.8‰),suggesting both organic and inorganic CO_(2) injections.The δ^(13)C values of siderite are close to 0,and its formation is related to meteoric water.Theδ^(13)C values of ferroan calcite and the occurrence of dawsonite indicate the trace of inorganic mantle-derived magmatic fluids.Theδ^(13)C values and trace elements of Mn-rich calcite record the information of hydrocarbon-bearing fluids.The fluid inclusions measurement data and reservoir properties and oil-test data show that the oil content of reservoir is not only affected by the formation time of different cements,but also by the relative content of dissolution and cementation.For these reservoirs altered by carbonate cements,it does not cause poor oil-bearing due to blockage of secondary minerals.

Classification and control factors of pore-throat systems in hybrid sedimentary rocks of Jimusar Sag, Junggar Basin, NW China

Aiming at the complicated problem of the genesis of high-quality hybrid sedimentary rocks,the pore-throat systems,controlling factors and fluid mobility of hybrid sedimentary rocks in the Permian Lucaogou Formation in Jimusar Sag were examined.The results show that the hybrid sedimentary rocks contain 5 types of pore-throat system,intergranular(Type A),mixed intergranular-dissolved-intercrystalline(Type B),dissolved(Type C),mixed dissolved-intercrystalline(Type D)and intercrystalline(Type E)ones.The pore-throat systems are controlled by 3 major factors,the component content and arrangement(CCA)of hybrid sedimentary rocks,sedimentary environment and diagenesis.CCA controls the matrix support mode of hybrid sedimentary rocks,and therefore controls the types and changes of pore-throat system.The sedimentary environment mainly controls the macroscopic distribution of pore-throat system,i.e.,hybrid sedimentary rocks deposited in the near source and high-energy environment are characterized by high content of coarse-grained component,granular/interbedded-support mode,and development of Type A and Type B pore-throat systems.Hybrid sedimentary rocks deposited in the medium-energy environment far from source are characterized by dolomitic/mud support mode and Type C and Type D pore-throat systems.Hybrid sedimentary rocks deposited in low-energy environment far from source have mainly Type E and Type D pore-throat systems.Diagenetic processes such as compaction and calcite cementation make the proportions of Type A and Type C pore-throat systems decrease further.In the hybrid sedimentary process of sandy-mud,pore-throat system types show a change of"A→B→C→D",in that of dolomite-sand,pore-throat system types show a change of"A→C→D→E"or"B→D→E",and in that of dolomite-mud,pore-throat system types show a change of"D→E",which are affected in details by the contents of coarse-grain component,feldspar and dolomite.The reservoir with Type A pore-throats has the best physical properties and fluid mobility,and the reservoirs with Type D and Type E pore-throats have the poorest.The movable fluid distribution is related to the matrix support mode,and the larger pores in hybrid sedimentary rocks of dolomite/mud support mode have no obvious advantage in fluid mobility.The findings of this study provide a geological basis for evaluating and building reasonable interpretation model of hybrid sedimentary rocks sweet spot.

A new understanding of Jurassic provenance and sedimentary framework in northwestern Sikeshu Sag, Junggar Basin, China

For a basin or sag with low exploration maturity,the understanding of its provenance system and clastic distribution system is the key to the analysis of its sedimentary framework and further influence the decision making and deployment of exploration.This study analyzed the Jurassic provenance of the Sikeshu Sag based on the data from cores,well logging,and seismic survey.The analysis of seismic profile characteristics revealed that there is a remote possibility that the Chepaizi Uplift in the northern part serves as the main Jurassic provenance of the Sikeshu Sag.On the contrary,systematic indicative signs of provenance have developed in the study area,including west-to-east progradational reflection config-urations and composite mounded reflections that show bi-directional downlapping contact in both the south and north directions.These systematic indicative signs suggest that the denuded uplift area in the western part is the main Jurassic provenance in the study area.Controlled by the provenance in the western part,the study area shows an orderly distribution of paleosedimentary systems from west to east and from shallow to deep water.The paleosedimentary system mainly exhibits the following characteristics after undergoing later high-intensity transformation.(1)The western part is dominated by the subfacies of a braided river delta front and is composed of three microfacies including distributary channels,interdistributary bays,and sandbars;(2)The middle and eastern parts show a semi-deep lacustrine environment,where debris flow sedimentary systems of slumping origin or in deep can-yons,gullies and channels connected to the denudation area developed from west to east.These debris flow sedimentary systems jointly form the clastic sedimentary system under the control of western provenance.

Organic-rich rocks;Paleoenvironment;Lucaogou Formation;Jimusar Sag;Junggar Basin

The Lucaogou Formation in the Jimusar Sag of the eastern Junggar Basin is an important sedimentary stratum accumulating huge amounts of lacustrine tight oil in China, where organic-rich rocks are commonly observed. Focusing on the Lucaogou Formation, a precise analysis of the inorganic and organic petrology and the inorganic geochemistry characteristics was conducted. The paleoclimate and paleoenvironment during sedimentation of the Lucaogou Formation were established,and the key factors that were controlling the accumulation of organic matter during this time were identified. The results of this study suggest that during the sedimentation of the Lucaogou Formation, the paleoclimate periodically changed from a humid environment to an arid environment. As a result, the salinity of the water and the redox environment fluctuated.During the sedimentation period, the lake showed su cient nutrient supplies and a high primary productivity. The interval studies in the Lucaogou Formation were divided into five sedimentary cycles, where the first, second, and fifth sedimentary cycles consisted of cyclical paleoclimate fluctuations varied from a humid environment to an arid environment and shifted back to a humid environment with levels of salinity from low to high and decreased again. The third and fourth cycles have cyclical fluctuations from a humid to an arid environment and corresponding salinity variation between low and high levels.During the period when organic-rich rocks in the Lucaogou Formation deposited in the Jimusar Sag, the paleoclimate and the water body were suitable for lower aquatic organisms to flourish. As a result, its paleoproductivity was high, especially during the early period of each cycle. A quiet deep water body is likely to form an anoxic environment at the bottom and is also good for accumulation and preservation of organisms. Fine-grained sediments were accumulated at a low deposition rate, with a low dilution of organic matter. Therefore, high paleoproductivity provided a su cient volume of organisms in the studied area in a quiet deep water body with an anoxic environment and these were the key factors controlling formation of organic-rich rocks.

The characteristics of unconformity surface at the bottom of the Paleogene and its significance in hydrocarbon migration in the Sikeshu Sag of the Junggar Basin, Northwest China

The unconformity surface at the bottom of the Paleogene, located in the Sikeshu Sag of the Junggar Basin, Northwest China, is one of the most important hydrocarbon migration pathways and characterized by 3 layers of upper coarse clastic rock, lower weathering crust and leached zone. The upper coarse clastic rock displays features of higher density, lower SDT and gamma-ray logging while the weathering crust in the lower part displays opposite features. The formation water is of NaHCO 3 type but at lower mineralization degree. The QGF indices are generally between 2.19 and 3.77 and the GOI parameters vary from 1% to 5%. From the southeast to the northwest of the sag, the content of saturated hydrocarbon increases from 30.81% to 53.74% while that of non-hydrocarbon and asphaltene decreases. The Pr/nC 17 decreases from 0.65 to 0.47 while the Ph/nC 18 decreases from 0.66 to 0.27, and the content of benzo[c] carbazole declines while the benzo[a] carbazole amount and (alkyl carbazole)/(alkyl+benzo carbazole) ratio both increase. These revealed that the hydrocarbons migrated from the sag to the ramp region along the unconformity surface.