Internode number and length are the foundation to constitute plant height, ear height and the above-ground spatial structure of maize plant. In this study, segregating populations were constructed between EHel with ex...Internode number and length are the foundation to constitute plant height, ear height and the above-ground spatial structure of maize plant. In this study, segregating populations were constructed between EHel with extremely low ear height and B73. Through the SNP-based genotyping and phenotypic characterization, 13 QTL distributed on the chromosomes (Chrs) of Chr1, Chr2, Chr5-Chr8 were detected for four traits of internode no. above ear (INa), average internode length above ear (ILaa), internode no. below ear (INb), and average internode length below ear (ILab). Phenotypic variation explained (PVE) by a single QTL ranged from 6.82% (qILab2-2) to 12.99% (qILaa5). Zm00001d016823 within the physical region of qILaa5, the major QTL for ILaa with the largest PVE was determined as the candidate through the genomic annotation and sequence alignment between EHel and B73. Product of Zm00001d016823 was annotated as a WEB family protein homogenous to At1g75720. qRT-PCR assay showed that Zm00001d016823 highly expressed within the tissue of internode, exhibiting statistically higher expression levels among internodes of IN4 to IN7 in EHel than those in B73 (P Zm00001d016823 might provide novel insight into molecular mechanism beyond phytohormones controlling internode development in maize.展开更多
Maize(Zea mays L.)is an indispensable crop worldwide for food,feed,and bioenergy production.Fusarium verticillioides(F.verticillioides)is a widely distributed phytopathogen and incites multiple destructive diseases in...Maize(Zea mays L.)is an indispensable crop worldwide for food,feed,and bioenergy production.Fusarium verticillioides(F.verticillioides)is a widely distributed phytopathogen and incites multiple destructive diseases in maize:seedling blight,stalk rot,ear rot,and seed rot.As a soil-,seed-,and airborne pathogen,F.verticillioides can survive in soil or plant residue and systemically infect maize via roots,contaminated seed,silks,or external wounds,posing a severe threat to maize production and quality.Infection triggers complex immune responses:induction of defense-response genes,changes in reactive oxygen species,plant hormone levels and oxylipins,and alterations in secondary metabolites such as flavonoids,phenylpropanoids,phenolic compounds,and benzoxazinoid defense compounds.Breeding resistant maize cultivars is the preferred approach to reducing F.verticillioides infection and mycotoxin contamination.Reliable phenotyping systems are prerequisites for elucidating the genetic structure and molecular mechanism of maize resistance to F.verticillioides.Although many F.verticillioides resistance genes have been identified by genome-wide association study,linkage analysis,bulkedsegregant analysis,and various omics technologies,few have been functionally validated and applied in molecular breeding.This review summarizes research progress on the infection cycle of F.verticillioides in maize,phenotyping evaluation systems for F.verticillioides resistance,quantitative trait loci and genes associated with F.verticillioides resistance,and molecular mechanisms underlying maize defense against F.verticillioides,and discusses potential avenues for molecular design breeding to improve maize resistance to F.verticillioides.展开更多
Grain filling is the physiological process for determining the obtainment of yield in cereal crops.The grain-filling characteristics of 50 maize brand hybrids released from 1964 to 2014 in China were assayed across mu...Grain filling is the physiological process for determining the obtainment of yield in cereal crops.The grain-filling characteristics of 50 maize brand hybrids released from 1964 to 2014 in China were assayed across multiple environments.We found that the grain-filling duration(54.46%)and rate(43.40%)at the effective grain-filling phase greatly contributed to the final performance parameter of 100-kernel weight(HKW).Meanwhile,along with the significant increase in HKW,the accumulated growing degree days(GDDs)for the actual grain-filling period duration(AFPD)among the selected brand hybrids released from the 1960s to the 2010s in China had a decadal increase of 23.41℃ d.However,there was a decadal increase of only 19.76℃ d for GDDs of the days from sowing to physiological maturity(DPM),which was also demonstrated by a continuous decrease in the ratio between the days from sowing to silking(DS)and DPM(i.e.,from 53.24%in the 1960s to 49.78%in the 2010s).In contrast,there were no significant changes in grain-filling rate along with the release years of the selected hybrids.Moreover,the stability of grain-filling characteristics across environments also significantly increased along with the hybrid release years.We also found that the exotic hybrids showed a longer grain-filling duration at the effective grain-filling phase and more stability of the grain-filling characteristics than those of the Chinese local hybrids.According to the results of this study,it is expected that the relatively longer grain-filling duration,shorter DS,higher grain-filling rate,and steady grain-filling characteristics would contribute to the yield improvement of maize hybrids in the future.展开更多
Gibberellin(GA)functions in plant growth and development.However,genes involved in the biosynthesis and regulation of GA in crop plants are poorly understood.We isolated the mutant gad5-1(GAAssociated Dwarf 5),charact...Gibberellin(GA)functions in plant growth and development.However,genes involved in the biosynthesis and regulation of GA in crop plants are poorly understood.We isolated the mutant gad5-1(GAAssociated Dwarf 5),characterized by dwarfing,short internodes,and dark green and short leaves.Map-based gene cloning and allelic verification confirmed that ZmGAD5 encodes ent-kaurenoic acid oxidase(KAO),which catalyzes KA(ent-kaurenoic acid)to GA12 conversion during GA biosynthesis in maize.ZmGAD5 is localized to the endoplasmic reticulum and is present in multiple maize organs.In gad5-1,the expression of ZmGAD5 is severely reduced,and the levels of the direct substrate of KAO,KA,is increased,leading to a reduction in GA content.The abnormal phenotype of gad5-1 was restored by exogenous application of GA3.The biomass,plant height,and levels of GA12 and GA3 in transgenic Arabidopsis overexpressing ZmGAD5 were increased in comparison with the corresponding controls Col-0.These findings deepen our understanding of genes involved in GA biosynthesis,and could lead to the development of maize lines with improved architecture and higher planting-density tolerance.展开更多
Maize is susceptible to a number of diseases that can infect all plant organs and serve as a constraint on cereal production. The reduction in cereal production caused by disease is estimated at an average of 9.4%. Co...Maize is susceptible to a number of diseases that can infect all plant organs and serve as a constraint on cereal production. The reduction in cereal production caused by disease is estimated at an average of 9.4%. Corn root rot contributes greatly to the reduction in grain production and quality. The main objective of this work was to review the research on root rot in maize to determine the susceptibility of genotypes to root rot and to quantify the inheritance of resistance to root rot in maize. The methodology used was a complete 8 × 8 diallel design planted during the year 1999/2000. Root discoloration, plant length, root volume, effective volume and yield were the evaluated parameters. To analyze the data and determine the combinatorial abilities, genetic correlations, heritability and correlated response, diallel analysis was used. Eight parental lines;P28, I137TN, MP706, E739, MO17, B37, B73, and B14 were planted. The lines were crossed into each other, all combinations according to the complete diallel model (Model 1). The F1 was harvested after maturation. For statistical analysis, the version of the Agrobase program (2016) was used. Results show that F1 hybrids showed significant differences in root rot discoloration, plant height, root volume, effective root volume and yield. The P28 line and the B73XE739 cross had, respectively, the highest general and specific combinations. Root discoloration had the highest genetic correlation (r<sub>A</sub> = 0.47) with plant length. Broad and narrow heritability for root rot discoloration were, respectively, h<sup>2</sup> = 0.81 and h<sub>2</sub><sub> </sub>= 0.51. Root rot discoloration showed the highest correlated response (C<sub>R</sub> = 0.14) on plant length.展开更多
<i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Sitophilus</span></i></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span ...<i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Sitophilus</span></i></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> <i>zeamais</i></span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> is a primary pest of stored maize, which can cause quality and quantity losses. Maize is cultivated in several West African countries where different agro-climatic and agro-ecological conditions exist. These conditions could influence the </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Sitophilus</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> <i>zeamais</i></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> morphology. Thus, the purpose of this study is to identify the </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Sitophilus</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> <i>zeamais</i></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> morphological groups in the four countries. This was carried out through the morphometric study of 30 male </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Sitophilus</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> <i>zeamais</i></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> individuals taken from the yellow maize in each country, by measuring with a binocular magnifying glass, 16 variables of the different tagmas belonging to the insect. Subsequently, statistical analyses were firstly carried out with the raw measurements, such as the principal component analysis, in order to extract the contribution of the variables on each factorial axis and to visualise the correlations between the variables. Taking the case of the transformed measurements, in addition to the principal component analysis, a discriminant factorial analysis was carried out to find out the best factor for gathering individuals according to their morphology, a confusion matrix to summarise the individual</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">’</span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">s reclassification in order to deduce the good and bad classification rates, and an ascending hierarchical classification which consists of gathering the individuals according to their similarity and separating them according to their dissimilarity using the truncation method. Therefore, five morphological groups were identified. However, the existence of these morphological groups would not be linked to agro-ecological, climatic conditions and to the geographical remoteness between countries.展开更多
In this study, six CIMMYT maize inbred lines and five representative do- mestic maize inbred lines were used as parental lines. By using incomplete diallel cross design, 30 hybrid combinations were developed to analyz...In this study, six CIMMYT maize inbred lines and five representative do- mestic maize inbred lines were used as parental lines. By using incomplete diallel cross design, 30 hybrid combinations were developed to analyze the general com- bining ability (GCA), specific combining ability (SCA) and total combining ability (TCA) of seven panicle traits in six CIMMYT maize inbred lines. The results showed that CIMBL98 and GEMS13 were excellent inbred lines with good compre- hensive performance; CIMBL98 × 340 and GEMS13×Chang 7-2 were superior combinations.展开更多
The zinc finger homeodomain(ZF-HD)genes belong to the homeobox gene family,playing critical roles in flower development and stress response.Despite their importance,however,to date there has been no genome-wide identi...The zinc finger homeodomain(ZF-HD)genes belong to the homeobox gene family,playing critical roles in flower development and stress response.Despite their importance,however,to date there has been no genome-wide identification and characterization of the ZF-HD genes that are probably involved in stress responses in maize.In this study,24 ZF-HD genes were identified,and their chromosomal locations,protein properties,duplication patterns,structures,conserved motifs and expression patterns were investigated.The results revealed that the ZF-HD genes are unevenly distributed on nine chromosomes and that most of these genes lack introns.Six and two ZF-HD genes have undergone segmental and tandem duplication,respectively,during genome expansion.These 24 ZF-HD transcription factors were classified into six major groups on the basis of protein molecular evolutionary relationship.The expression profiles of these genes in different tissues were evaluated,resulting in producing two distinct clusters.ZF-HD genes are preferentially expressed in reproductive tissues.Furthermore,expression profiles of the 24 ZF-HD genes in response to different kinds of stresses revealed that ten genes were simultaneously up-regulated under ABA,salt and PEG treatments;meanwhile four genes were simultaneously down-regulated.These findings will pave the way for deciphering the function and mechanism of ZF-HD genes on how to implicate in abiotic stress.展开更多
To better understand the physiological and biochemical mechanisms of waterlogging tolerance, waterlogging effects on lipid peroxidation and the activity of antioxidative enzymes were investigated in leaves and roots o...To better understand the physiological and biochemical mechanisms of waterlogging tolerance, waterlogging effects on lipid peroxidation and the activity of antioxidative enzymes were investigated in leaves and roots of two maize genotypes, HZ32 (waterlogging-tolerant) and K12 (waterlogging-sensitive). Potted maize plants were waterlogged at the second leaf stage under glasshouse conditions. Leaves and roots were harvested 1 d before and 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 d after the start of waterlogging treatment. Through comparing the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), glutathione reductase (GR), catalase (CAT) and guaiacol peroxidase (POD) between waterlogging-tolerant and waterloggingsensitive genotype, we deduced that CAT was the most important H2O2 scavenging enzyme in leaves, while APX seemed to play a key role in roots. POD, APX, GR and CAT activities in conjunction with SOD seem to play an essential protective role in the O2^- and H2O2 scavenging process. Lipid peroxidation was enhanced significantly only in K12 (P 〈 0.001) and there was no difference (P 〉 0.05) in HZ32 up to 6 d after waterlogging stress. These results indicated that oxidative stress may play an important role in waterlogging-stressed maize plants and that the greater protection of HZ32 leaves and roots from waterlogging-induced oxidative damage results, at least in part, through the maintenance of increased antioxidant enzyme activity.展开更多
Better understanding of genotype-by-environment interaction (GEI) is expected to provide a solid foundation for genetic improvement of crop productivity especially under drought-prone environments. To elucidate the ...Better understanding of genotype-by-environment interaction (GEI) is expected to provide a solid foundation for genetic improvement of crop productivity especially under drought-prone environments. To elucidate the genetic basis of the plant and ear height, 2 F2:3 populations were derived from the crosses of Qi 319 × Huangzaosi (Q/H) and Ye 478 × Huangzaosi (Y/H) with 230 and 235 families, respectively, and their parents were evaluated under 3 diverse environments in Henan, Beijing, and Xinjiang, China during the year of 2007 and 2008, and all the lines were also evaluated under water stress environment. The mapping results showed that a total of 21 and 12 QTLs were identified for plant height in the Q/H and Y/H population, respectively, and 24 and 13 QTLs for ear height, respectively. About 56 and 73% of the QTLs for 2 traits did not present significant QTL-by-environment interaction (QE1) in the normal joint analyses for Q/H and Y/H population, respectively, and about 73% of the QTLs detected did not show significant QEI according to joint analyses for stress condition in Q/H. Most of the detected major QTLs exhibited high stability across different environments. Besides, several major QTLs were detected with large and consistent effect under normal condition (Chr. 6 and 7 in Q/H; Chr. 1, 3 and 9 in Y/H), or across 2 water regimes (Chr. 1, 8 and 10 for in Q/H). There were several constitutive QTLs (3 for Q/H and 1 for Y/H) with no or minor QTL-by-environment for the 2 populations. Finally, we found several genomic regions (Chr. 1, 10, etc.) to be co-located across the populations, which could provide useful reference for genetic improvement of these traits in maize breeding programs. Comparative genomic analysis revealed that 3 genes/genetic segments associated with plant height in rice were orthologous to these 3 identified genomic regions carrying the major QTLs for plant and ear height on Chr. 1, 6, and 8, respectively.展开更多
The calculation method of potential evapotranspiration(PET) was improved by adopting a more reliable PET estimate based on the Penman-Monteith equation into the standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index(S...The calculation method of potential evapotranspiration(PET) was improved by adopting a more reliable PET estimate based on the Penman-Monteith equation into the standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index(SPEI) in this study(SPEI PM). This improvement increased the applicability of SPEI in North China Plain(NCP). The historic meteorological data during 1962–2011 were used to calculate SPEI PM. The detrended yields of maize from Hebei, Henan, Shandong, Beijing, and Tianjin provinces/cities of NCP were obtained by linear sliding average method. Then regression analysis was made to study the relationships between detrended yields and SPEI values. Different time scales were applied, and thus SPEI PM was mentioned as SPEI PMk-j(k=time scale, 1, 2, 3, 4,…, 24 mon; j=month, 1, 2, 3,..., 12), among which SPEI PM3-8 reflected the water condition from June to August, a period of heavy precipitation and vigorous growth of maize in NCP. SPEI PM3-8 was highly correlated with detrended yield in this region, which can effectively evaluate the effect of drought on maize yield. Additionally, this relationship becomes more significant in recent 20 yr. The regression model based on the SPEI series explained 64.8% of the variability of the annual detrended yield in Beijing, 45.2% in Henan, 58.6% in Shandong, and 54.6% in Hebei. Moreover, when SPEI PM3-8 is in the range of –0.6 to 1.1, –0.9 to 0.8 and –0.8 to 2.3, the detrended yield increases in Shandong, Henan and Beijing. The yield increasing range was during normal water condition in Shandong and Henan, where precipitation was abundant. It indicated that the field management matched well with local water condition and thus allowed stable and high yield. Maize yield increase in these two provinces in the future can be realized by further improving water use efficiency and enhancing the stress resistance as well as yield stability. In Hebei and Beijing, the precipitation is less and thus the normal water condition cannot meet the high yield target. Increasing of water input and improving water use efficiency are both strategies for future yield increase. As global climate change became stronger and yield demands increased, the relationship between drought and maize yield became much closer in NCP too. The research of drought monitoring method and strategies for yield increase should be enhanced in the future, so as to provide strong supports for food security and agricultural sustainable development in China.展开更多
The integration QTL map for gray leaf spot resistance in maize was constructed by compiling a total of 57 QTLs available with genetic map IBM2 2005 neighbors as reference. Twenty-six "real QTLs" and seven consensus ...The integration QTL map for gray leaf spot resistance in maize was constructed by compiling a total of 57 QTLs available with genetic map IBM2 2005 neighbors as reference. Twenty-six "real QTLs" and seven consensus QTLs were identified by refining these 57 QTLs using overview and meta-analysis approaches. Seven consensus QTLs were found on chromosomes 1.06, 2.06, 3.04, 4.06, 4.08, 5.03, and 8.06, and the map coordinates were 552.53,425.72, 279.20, 368.97, 583.21, 308.68 and 446.14 cM, respectively. Using a synteny conservation approach based on comparative mapping between the maize genetic map and rice physical map, a total of 69 rice and maize resistance genes collected from websites Gramene and MaizeGDB were projected onto the maize genetic map IBM2 2005 neighbors, and 2 (Rgene32, htl), 4 (RgeneS, rp3, scmv2, wsm2), and 4 (ht2, Rgene6, Rgene8 and Rgene7) positional candidate genes were found in three consensus QTLs on chromosomes 2.06, 3.04, and 8.06, respectively. The results suggested that the combination of meta-analysis of gray leaf spot in maize and sequence homologous comparison between maize and rice could be an efficient strategy for identifying major QTLs and corresponding candidate genes for the gray leaf spot.展开更多
The objective of the current study is to investigate the effects of different stages of shading after anthesis on grain weight and quality of maize at cytology level. The shading experiments were conducted in the fiel...The objective of the current study is to investigate the effects of different stages of shading after anthesis on grain weight and quality of maize at cytology level. The shading experiments were conducted in the field from 2005 to 2006, with a common maize cultivar (TY2) as the experimental material. Plants were given stress using horizontal shading net and the light intensity was reduced by 55%. Field-grown maize plants were shaded at 1-14 d (S1), 15-28 d ($2), and 29-42 d ($3) after pollination, respectively. Control plants (SO) were grown under natural light. Grain weight, quality, endosperm cell proliferation, cob sugar content, and grain pedicel vascular bundle cross section area were measured. The ultrastructural changes of endosperm ceils and endosperm transfer cells were observed after pollination. The result indicated that the grain weight, starch content, endosperm cell number, and volume were declined after shading. On the contrary, the proportion of embryo and endosperm, protein content, and fat content in grain increased. Shading treatments significantly delayed the development of the starch granules and remarkably reduced the endosperm filling status. Among the three treatments, the number of the grain endosperm was the least under shading stress at 1-14 d after pollination. However, the volume of starch granules and the substantiation of endosperm under shading treatment at 15-28 d after pollination were the worst. Compared with the control (natural sunlight without shading), the soluble sugar of maize cob increased significantly, while there was no obvious change in vascular structure of small cluster stalk. The number of protein body in maize endosperm was influenced markedly by low light at different stages after pollination. Low light decreased the volume of the grain endosperm transfer and the cell wall extensions of the basal transfer ceils became thinner and shorter under shading treatment than those of the control. Furthermore, the degree of connection and the capacity of the nutrient transport were decreased and the mitochondrion number of the transfer cell was reduced after shading. The change in grain quality after shading was observed due to increase in the proportion of embryo and endosperm. The morphology and functions in endosperm transfer cell and the shortage of energy restricted the nutrient transport greatly with shading at different stages, suggesting that an impeded flux may be one of the important reasons for the reduction of maize grain weight of maize grain at later growth stage under low light condition.展开更多
Waterlogging strongly affects agronomic performance of maize (Zea mays L.). In order to investigate the suitable selection criteria of waterflooding tolerant genotypes, and identify the most susceptible stage and th...Waterlogging strongly affects agronomic performance of maize (Zea mays L.). In order to investigate the suitable selection criteria of waterflooding tolerant genotypes, and identify the most susceptible stage and the best continuous treatment time to waterlogging, 20 common maize inbred lines were subjected to successive artificial waterflooding at seedling stage, and waterlogging tolerance coefficient (WTC) was used to screen waterflooding tolerant genotypes. In addition, peroxidase (POD) activities and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents were measured for 6 of 20 lines. The results showed that the second leaf stage (V2) was the most susceptible stage, and 6 d after waterflooding was the best continuous treatment time. Dry weight (DW) of both shoots and roots of all lines were significantly reduced at 6 d time-point of waterlogging, compared to control. POD activities and MDA contents were negatively and significantly correlated, and the correlation coefficient was -0.9686 (P 〈 0.0001). According to the results, WTC of shoot DW can be used for practical screening as a suitable index, which is significantly different from control and waterlogged plants happened 6 d earlier. Furthermore, leaf chlorosis, MDA content and POD activities could also be used as reference index for material screening. The implications of the results for waterlogging-tolerant material screening and waterlogging-tolerant breeding have been discussed in maize.展开更多
Seed aging decreases the quality and vigor of crop seeds,thereby causing substantial agricultural and economic losses in crops.To identify genetic differences in seed aging between homozygotes and heterozygotes in mai...Seed aging decreases the quality and vigor of crop seeds,thereby causing substantial agricultural and economic losses in crops.To identify genetic differences in seed aging between homozygotes and heterozygotes in maize,the seeds of a set of recombinant inbred lines(RILs) and an immortalized F_2(IF_2) population were subjected to artificial aging treatments for 0,2,3,and 4 days under 45℃ and 85%relative humidity and seed vigor was then evaluated in a field experiment.Seed vigor of all entries tested decreased sharply with longer aging treatment and seed vigor decreased more slowly in heterozygotes than in homozygotes.Forty-nine QTL were detected for four measured seed vigor traits in the RIL(28QTL) and IF_2(21 QTL) populations.Only one QTL,qGP5,was detected in both populations,indicating that the genes involved in anti-aging mechanisms differed between inbred lines and hybrids.Several QTL were identified to be responsible for multiple seed vigor traits simultaneously in the RIL and IF_2 populations under artificial aging conditions.These QTL may include major genes for seed vigor or seed aging.QTL qVI4 b and qGE3 a detected in the RIL population coincided with genes ZmLOX1 and ZmPLD1 in the same respective chromosomal regions.These QTL would be useful for screening for anti-aging genes in maize breeding.展开更多
Drought is one of the most important abiotic stresses affecting maize growth and development and therefore resulting in yield loss.Thus it is essential to understand molecular mechanisms of drought stress responses in...Drought is one of the most important abiotic stresses affecting maize growth and development and therefore resulting in yield loss.Thus it is essential to understand molecular mechanisms of drought stress responses in maize for drought tolerance improvement.The root plays a critical role in plants sensing water deficit.In the present study,two maize inbred lines,H082183,a drought-tolerant line,and Lv28,a drought-sensitive line,were grown in the field and treated with different water conditions(moderate drought,severe drought,and well-watered conditions)during vegetative stage.The transcriptomes of their roots were investigated by RNA sequencing.There were 1428 and 512 drought-responsive genes(DRGs)in Lv28,688 and 3363 DRGs in H082183 under moderate drought and severe drought,respectively.A total of 31 Gene Ontology(GO)terms were significantly over-represented in the two lines,13 of which were enriched only in the DRGs of H082183.Based on results of Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes(KEGG)enrichment analysis,"plant hormone signal transduction"and"starch and sucrose metabolism"were enriched in both of the two lines,while"phenylpropanoid biosynthesis"was only enriched in H082183.Further analysis revealed the different expression patterns of genes related to abscisic acid(ABA)signal pathway,trehalose biosynthesis,reactive oxygen scavenging,and transcription factors might contribute to drought tolerance in maize.Our results contribute to illustrating drought-responsive molecular mechanisms and providing gene resources for maize drought improvement.展开更多
Study on relative sensitivity of maize (Zea mays L.) Nongda108 and Nongda3138 to sulfony-lurea herbicide chlorsulfuron and tribenuron-methyl using maize taproot length by sand bioassy indicated that, Nongda3138 had hi...Study on relative sensitivity of maize (Zea mays L.) Nongda108 and Nongda3138 to sulfony-lurea herbicide chlorsulfuron and tribenuron-methyl using maize taproot length by sand bioassy indicated that, Nongda3138 had higher tolerance to chlorsulfuron and tribenuron-methyl than Nongda108 did. Chlorsulfuron had stronger growth inhibition to maize Nongda108 and Nongda3138 than tribenuron-methyl did. Study on target enzyme of sulfonylurea herbicide acetolactate synthase (ALS) showed that, chlorsulfuron and tribenuron-methyl inhibited ALS in vitro strongly, and non-competitively. In the same concentration of inhibitors, chlorsulfuron had stronger ALS activity inhibition than tribenuron-methyl did. Lower level of chlorsulfuron and tribenuron-methyl has no ALS activity inhibition in vivo, the ALS inhibition only occurred in the condition of high concentration of chlorsulfuron and tribenuron-methyl in vivo.展开更多
A field experiment was conducted during spring 2011 at Agronomic Research Area, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan to evaluate the comparative efficacy of Zn uptake and grain yield in three maize hybrids ...A field experiment was conducted during spring 2011 at Agronomic Research Area, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan to evaluate the comparative efficacy of Zn uptake and grain yield in three maize hybrids namely Pioneer-32F 10, Monsanto-6525 and Hycorn-8288 through the application of Zn in the form of ZnSO4. The ZnSO4 treatments comprised;soil application at the time of sowing @ 12 kg·ha-1 (Zn1), foliar application at vegetative stage (9 leaf stage) @ 1% ZnSO4 solution (Zn2) and foliar application at reproductive stage (anthesis) @ 1% ZnSO4 solution (Zn3) and one treatment was kept as a control, where zinc was not applied (Zn0). The experimental results showed substantial difference in all physiological and yield parameters except plant height and stem diameter. Statistically maximum grain yield (8.76 t·ha-1) was obtained with foliar spray of ZnSO4 at 9 leaf stage (Zn2) in case of Monsanto-6525. As regard to quality parameters, Pioneer-32F 10 and Hycorn-8288 accumulated more zinc contents in grains but Monsanto-6525 attained more zinc concentration in straw. Foliar spray of ZnSO4 at 9 leaf stage produced 19.42% more zinc contents in grains as compared to other ZnSO4 treatments. Foliar spray of ZnSO4 at 9 leaf stage in Monsanto-6525 hybrid produced higher grain yield.展开更多
文摘Internode number and length are the foundation to constitute plant height, ear height and the above-ground spatial structure of maize plant. In this study, segregating populations were constructed between EHel with extremely low ear height and B73. Through the SNP-based genotyping and phenotypic characterization, 13 QTL distributed on the chromosomes (Chrs) of Chr1, Chr2, Chr5-Chr8 were detected for four traits of internode no. above ear (INa), average internode length above ear (ILaa), internode no. below ear (INb), and average internode length below ear (ILab). Phenotypic variation explained (PVE) by a single QTL ranged from 6.82% (qILab2-2) to 12.99% (qILaa5). Zm00001d016823 within the physical region of qILaa5, the major QTL for ILaa with the largest PVE was determined as the candidate through the genomic annotation and sequence alignment between EHel and B73. Product of Zm00001d016823 was annotated as a WEB family protein homogenous to At1g75720. qRT-PCR assay showed that Zm00001d016823 highly expressed within the tissue of internode, exhibiting statistically higher expression levels among internodes of IN4 to IN7 in EHel than those in B73 (P Zm00001d016823 might provide novel insight into molecular mechanism beyond phytohormones controlling internode development in maize.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32201787,32201793)the Innovation Special Program of Henan Agricultural University for Science and Technology(30501044)the Special Support Fund for High-Level Talents of Henan Agricultural University(30501302).
文摘Maize(Zea mays L.)is an indispensable crop worldwide for food,feed,and bioenergy production.Fusarium verticillioides(F.verticillioides)is a widely distributed phytopathogen and incites multiple destructive diseases in maize:seedling blight,stalk rot,ear rot,and seed rot.As a soil-,seed-,and airborne pathogen,F.verticillioides can survive in soil or plant residue and systemically infect maize via roots,contaminated seed,silks,or external wounds,posing a severe threat to maize production and quality.Infection triggers complex immune responses:induction of defense-response genes,changes in reactive oxygen species,plant hormone levels and oxylipins,and alterations in secondary metabolites such as flavonoids,phenylpropanoids,phenolic compounds,and benzoxazinoid defense compounds.Breeding resistant maize cultivars is the preferred approach to reducing F.verticillioides infection and mycotoxin contamination.Reliable phenotyping systems are prerequisites for elucidating the genetic structure and molecular mechanism of maize resistance to F.verticillioides.Although many F.verticillioides resistance genes have been identified by genome-wide association study,linkage analysis,bulkedsegregant analysis,and various omics technologies,few have been functionally validated and applied in molecular breeding.This review summarizes research progress on the infection cycle of F.verticillioides in maize,phenotyping evaluation systems for F.verticillioides resistance,quantitative trait loci and genes associated with F.verticillioides resistance,and molecular mechanisms underlying maize defense against F.verticillioides,and discusses potential avenues for molecular design breeding to improve maize resistance to F.verticillioides.
基金partly supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(2016YFD0100303 and 2016YFD0100103)the Fundamental Research Funds for Central Non-Profit of Institute of Crop Sciences,Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences(Y2020YJ09 and CAAS-ZDRW202109)the Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Program,China(ASTIP)。
文摘Grain filling is the physiological process for determining the obtainment of yield in cereal crops.The grain-filling characteristics of 50 maize brand hybrids released from 1964 to 2014 in China were assayed across multiple environments.We found that the grain-filling duration(54.46%)and rate(43.40%)at the effective grain-filling phase greatly contributed to the final performance parameter of 100-kernel weight(HKW).Meanwhile,along with the significant increase in HKW,the accumulated growing degree days(GDDs)for the actual grain-filling period duration(AFPD)among the selected brand hybrids released from the 1960s to the 2010s in China had a decadal increase of 23.41℃ d.However,there was a decadal increase of only 19.76℃ d for GDDs of the days from sowing to physiological maturity(DPM),which was also demonstrated by a continuous decrease in the ratio between the days from sowing to silking(DS)and DPM(i.e.,from 53.24%in the 1960s to 49.78%in the 2010s).In contrast,there were no significant changes in grain-filling rate along with the release years of the selected hybrids.Moreover,the stability of grain-filling characteristics across environments also significantly increased along with the hybrid release years.We also found that the exotic hybrids showed a longer grain-filling duration at the effective grain-filling phase and more stability of the grain-filling characteristics than those of the Chinese local hybrids.According to the results of this study,it is expected that the relatively longer grain-filling duration,shorter DS,higher grain-filling rate,and steady grain-filling characteristics would contribute to the yield improvement of maize hybrids in the future.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(U21A20206,Chun-Peng Song)the Project of Sanya Yazhou Bay Science and Technology City(SCKJJYRC-2022-78,Baozhu Li)+1 种基金the Program for Innovative Research Team(in Science and Technology)in University of Henan Province(21IRTSTHN019,Siyi Guo)the 111 Project of China(D16014).
文摘Gibberellin(GA)functions in plant growth and development.However,genes involved in the biosynthesis and regulation of GA in crop plants are poorly understood.We isolated the mutant gad5-1(GAAssociated Dwarf 5),characterized by dwarfing,short internodes,and dark green and short leaves.Map-based gene cloning and allelic verification confirmed that ZmGAD5 encodes ent-kaurenoic acid oxidase(KAO),which catalyzes KA(ent-kaurenoic acid)to GA12 conversion during GA biosynthesis in maize.ZmGAD5 is localized to the endoplasmic reticulum and is present in multiple maize organs.In gad5-1,the expression of ZmGAD5 is severely reduced,and the levels of the direct substrate of KAO,KA,is increased,leading to a reduction in GA content.The abnormal phenotype of gad5-1 was restored by exogenous application of GA3.The biomass,plant height,and levels of GA12 and GA3 in transgenic Arabidopsis overexpressing ZmGAD5 were increased in comparison with the corresponding controls Col-0.These findings deepen our understanding of genes involved in GA biosynthesis,and could lead to the development of maize lines with improved architecture and higher planting-density tolerance.
文摘Maize is susceptible to a number of diseases that can infect all plant organs and serve as a constraint on cereal production. The reduction in cereal production caused by disease is estimated at an average of 9.4%. Corn root rot contributes greatly to the reduction in grain production and quality. The main objective of this work was to review the research on root rot in maize to determine the susceptibility of genotypes to root rot and to quantify the inheritance of resistance to root rot in maize. The methodology used was a complete 8 × 8 diallel design planted during the year 1999/2000. Root discoloration, plant length, root volume, effective volume and yield were the evaluated parameters. To analyze the data and determine the combinatorial abilities, genetic correlations, heritability and correlated response, diallel analysis was used. Eight parental lines;P28, I137TN, MP706, E739, MO17, B37, B73, and B14 were planted. The lines were crossed into each other, all combinations according to the complete diallel model (Model 1). The F1 was harvested after maturation. For statistical analysis, the version of the Agrobase program (2016) was used. Results show that F1 hybrids showed significant differences in root rot discoloration, plant height, root volume, effective root volume and yield. The P28 line and the B73XE739 cross had, respectively, the highest general and specific combinations. Root discoloration had the highest genetic correlation (r<sub>A</sub> = 0.47) with plant length. Broad and narrow heritability for root rot discoloration were, respectively, h<sup>2</sup> = 0.81 and h<sub>2</sub><sub> </sub>= 0.51. Root rot discoloration showed the highest correlated response (C<sub>R</sub> = 0.14) on plant length.
文摘<i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Sitophilus</span></i></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> <i>zeamais</i></span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> is a primary pest of stored maize, which can cause quality and quantity losses. Maize is cultivated in several West African countries where different agro-climatic and agro-ecological conditions exist. These conditions could influence the </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Sitophilus</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> <i>zeamais</i></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> morphology. Thus, the purpose of this study is to identify the </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Sitophilus</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> <i>zeamais</i></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> morphological groups in the four countries. This was carried out through the morphometric study of 30 male </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Sitophilus</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> <i>zeamais</i></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> individuals taken from the yellow maize in each country, by measuring with a binocular magnifying glass, 16 variables of the different tagmas belonging to the insect. Subsequently, statistical analyses were firstly carried out with the raw measurements, such as the principal component analysis, in order to extract the contribution of the variables on each factorial axis and to visualise the correlations between the variables. Taking the case of the transformed measurements, in addition to the principal component analysis, a discriminant factorial analysis was carried out to find out the best factor for gathering individuals according to their morphology, a confusion matrix to summarise the individual</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">’</span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">s reclassification in order to deduce the good and bad classification rates, and an ascending hierarchical classification which consists of gathering the individuals according to their similarity and separating them according to their dissimilarity using the truncation method. Therefore, five morphological groups were identified. However, the existence of these morphological groups would not be linked to agro-ecological, climatic conditions and to the geographical remoteness between countries.
基金Supported by 2015 Basic Research Operating Expenses Program of Chongqing Municipality‘Excavation and Appraisal of High-Se Maize Germplasm Resources’Key Project of Development and Application of Chongqing Municipality(cstc2014yykf B80014)~~
文摘In this study, six CIMMYT maize inbred lines and five representative do- mestic maize inbred lines were used as parental lines. By using incomplete diallel cross design, 30 hybrid combinations were developed to analyze the general com- bining ability (GCA), specific combining ability (SCA) and total combining ability (TCA) of seven panicle traits in six CIMMYT maize inbred lines. The results showed that CIMBL98 and GEMS13 were excellent inbred lines with good compre- hensive performance; CIMBL98 × 340 and GEMS13×Chang 7-2 were superior combinations.
基金supported by Importing,Cultivation and Production for Special Maize(2020LYXZ032).
文摘The zinc finger homeodomain(ZF-HD)genes belong to the homeobox gene family,playing critical roles in flower development and stress response.Despite their importance,however,to date there has been no genome-wide identification and characterization of the ZF-HD genes that are probably involved in stress responses in maize.In this study,24 ZF-HD genes were identified,and their chromosomal locations,protein properties,duplication patterns,structures,conserved motifs and expression patterns were investigated.The results revealed that the ZF-HD genes are unevenly distributed on nine chromosomes and that most of these genes lack introns.Six and two ZF-HD genes have undergone segmental and tandem duplication,respectively,during genome expansion.These 24 ZF-HD transcription factors were classified into six major groups on the basis of protein molecular evolutionary relationship.The expression profiles of these genes in different tissues were evaluated,resulting in producing two distinct clusters.ZF-HD genes are preferentially expressed in reproductive tissues.Furthermore,expression profiles of the 24 ZF-HD genes in response to different kinds of stresses revealed that ten genes were simultaneously up-regulated under ABA,salt and PEG treatments;meanwhile four genes were simultaneously down-regulated.These findings will pave the way for deciphering the function and mechanism of ZF-HD genes on how to implicate in abiotic stress.
基金supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Hubei Province, China (2008CDB079)the National High Technology Research and Development Program of China (863 Program, 2006AA100103)
文摘To better understand the physiological and biochemical mechanisms of waterlogging tolerance, waterlogging effects on lipid peroxidation and the activity of antioxidative enzymes were investigated in leaves and roots of two maize genotypes, HZ32 (waterlogging-tolerant) and K12 (waterlogging-sensitive). Potted maize plants were waterlogged at the second leaf stage under glasshouse conditions. Leaves and roots were harvested 1 d before and 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 d after the start of waterlogging treatment. Through comparing the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), glutathione reductase (GR), catalase (CAT) and guaiacol peroxidase (POD) between waterlogging-tolerant and waterloggingsensitive genotype, we deduced that CAT was the most important H2O2 scavenging enzyme in leaves, while APX seemed to play a key role in roots. POD, APX, GR and CAT activities in conjunction with SOD seem to play an essential protective role in the O2^- and H2O2 scavenging process. Lipid peroxidation was enhanced significantly only in K12 (P 〈 0.001) and there was no difference (P 〉 0.05) in HZ32 up to 6 d after waterlogging stress. These results indicated that oxidative stress may play an important role in waterlogging-stressed maize plants and that the greater protection of HZ32 leaves and roots from waterlogging-induced oxidative damage results, at least in part, through the maintenance of increased antioxidant enzyme activity.
基金supported by grants provided by the Ministry of Science and Technology of China(2006CB101700,2009CB118401,2006BAD13B03)National Natural Science Foundation of China(30730063)
文摘Better understanding of genotype-by-environment interaction (GEI) is expected to provide a solid foundation for genetic improvement of crop productivity especially under drought-prone environments. To elucidate the genetic basis of the plant and ear height, 2 F2:3 populations were derived from the crosses of Qi 319 × Huangzaosi (Q/H) and Ye 478 × Huangzaosi (Y/H) with 230 and 235 families, respectively, and their parents were evaluated under 3 diverse environments in Henan, Beijing, and Xinjiang, China during the year of 2007 and 2008, and all the lines were also evaluated under water stress environment. The mapping results showed that a total of 21 and 12 QTLs were identified for plant height in the Q/H and Y/H population, respectively, and 24 and 13 QTLs for ear height, respectively. About 56 and 73% of the QTLs for 2 traits did not present significant QTL-by-environment interaction (QE1) in the normal joint analyses for Q/H and Y/H population, respectively, and about 73% of the QTLs detected did not show significant QEI according to joint analyses for stress condition in Q/H. Most of the detected major QTLs exhibited high stability across different environments. Besides, several major QTLs were detected with large and consistent effect under normal condition (Chr. 6 and 7 in Q/H; Chr. 1, 3 and 9 in Y/H), or across 2 water regimes (Chr. 1, 8 and 10 for in Q/H). There were several constitutive QTLs (3 for Q/H and 1 for Y/H) with no or minor QTL-by-environment for the 2 populations. Finally, we found several genomic regions (Chr. 1, 10, etc.) to be co-located across the populations, which could provide useful reference for genetic improvement of these traits in maize breeding programs. Comparative genomic analysis revealed that 3 genes/genetic segments associated with plant height in rice were orthologous to these 3 identified genomic regions carrying the major QTLs for plant and ear height on Chr. 1, 6, and 8, respectively.
基金supported by the Chinese National Public Scientific Research (201203031)the Chinese National Corn Industry Technology System (CARS-02-26)the Chinese Postdoctoral Science Foundation Project funded on the surface (2013M 541092)
文摘The calculation method of potential evapotranspiration(PET) was improved by adopting a more reliable PET estimate based on the Penman-Monteith equation into the standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index(SPEI) in this study(SPEI PM). This improvement increased the applicability of SPEI in North China Plain(NCP). The historic meteorological data during 1962–2011 were used to calculate SPEI PM. The detrended yields of maize from Hebei, Henan, Shandong, Beijing, and Tianjin provinces/cities of NCP were obtained by linear sliding average method. Then regression analysis was made to study the relationships between detrended yields and SPEI values. Different time scales were applied, and thus SPEI PM was mentioned as SPEI PMk-j(k=time scale, 1, 2, 3, 4,…, 24 mon; j=month, 1, 2, 3,..., 12), among which SPEI PM3-8 reflected the water condition from June to August, a period of heavy precipitation and vigorous growth of maize in NCP. SPEI PM3-8 was highly correlated with detrended yield in this region, which can effectively evaluate the effect of drought on maize yield. Additionally, this relationship becomes more significant in recent 20 yr. The regression model based on the SPEI series explained 64.8% of the variability of the annual detrended yield in Beijing, 45.2% in Henan, 58.6% in Shandong, and 54.6% in Hebei. Moreover, when SPEI PM3-8 is in the range of –0.6 to 1.1, –0.9 to 0.8 and –0.8 to 2.3, the detrended yield increases in Shandong, Henan and Beijing. The yield increasing range was during normal water condition in Shandong and Henan, where precipitation was abundant. It indicated that the field management matched well with local water condition and thus allowed stable and high yield. Maize yield increase in these two provinces in the future can be realized by further improving water use efficiency and enhancing the stress resistance as well as yield stability. In Hebei and Beijing, the precipitation is less and thus the normal water condition cannot meet the high yield target. Increasing of water input and improving water use efficiency are both strategies for future yield increase. As global climate change became stronger and yield demands increased, the relationship between drought and maize yield became much closer in NCP too. The research of drought monitoring method and strategies for yield increase should be enhanced in the future, so as to provide strong supports for food security and agricultural sustainable development in China.
文摘The integration QTL map for gray leaf spot resistance in maize was constructed by compiling a total of 57 QTLs available with genetic map IBM2 2005 neighbors as reference. Twenty-six "real QTLs" and seven consensus QTLs were identified by refining these 57 QTLs using overview and meta-analysis approaches. Seven consensus QTLs were found on chromosomes 1.06, 2.06, 3.04, 4.06, 4.08, 5.03, and 8.06, and the map coordinates were 552.53,425.72, 279.20, 368.97, 583.21, 308.68 and 446.14 cM, respectively. Using a synteny conservation approach based on comparative mapping between the maize genetic map and rice physical map, a total of 69 rice and maize resistance genes collected from websites Gramene and MaizeGDB were projected onto the maize genetic map IBM2 2005 neighbors, and 2 (Rgene32, htl), 4 (RgeneS, rp3, scmv2, wsm2), and 4 (ht2, Rgene6, Rgene8 and Rgene7) positional candidate genes were found in three consensus QTLs on chromosomes 2.06, 3.04, and 8.06, respectively. The results suggested that the combination of meta-analysis of gray leaf spot in maize and sequence homologous comparison between maize and rice could be an efficient strategy for identifying major QTLs and corresponding candidate genes for the gray leaf spot.
基金supported by the National Basic Research Program of China (973 Program,2006CB101700)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (30871476)the Opening Foundation of State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, and the Shandong Agricultural University (2009KF07)
文摘The objective of the current study is to investigate the effects of different stages of shading after anthesis on grain weight and quality of maize at cytology level. The shading experiments were conducted in the field from 2005 to 2006, with a common maize cultivar (TY2) as the experimental material. Plants were given stress using horizontal shading net and the light intensity was reduced by 55%. Field-grown maize plants were shaded at 1-14 d (S1), 15-28 d ($2), and 29-42 d ($3) after pollination, respectively. Control plants (SO) were grown under natural light. Grain weight, quality, endosperm cell proliferation, cob sugar content, and grain pedicel vascular bundle cross section area were measured. The ultrastructural changes of endosperm ceils and endosperm transfer cells were observed after pollination. The result indicated that the grain weight, starch content, endosperm cell number, and volume were declined after shading. On the contrary, the proportion of embryo and endosperm, protein content, and fat content in grain increased. Shading treatments significantly delayed the development of the starch granules and remarkably reduced the endosperm filling status. Among the three treatments, the number of the grain endosperm was the least under shading stress at 1-14 d after pollination. However, the volume of starch granules and the substantiation of endosperm under shading treatment at 15-28 d after pollination were the worst. Compared with the control (natural sunlight without shading), the soluble sugar of maize cob increased significantly, while there was no obvious change in vascular structure of small cluster stalk. The number of protein body in maize endosperm was influenced markedly by low light at different stages after pollination. Low light decreased the volume of the grain endosperm transfer and the cell wall extensions of the basal transfer ceils became thinner and shorter under shading treatment than those of the control. Furthermore, the degree of connection and the capacity of the nutrient transport were decreased and the mitochondrion number of the transfer cell was reduced after shading. The change in grain quality after shading was observed due to increase in the proportion of embryo and endosperm. The morphology and functions in endosperm transfer cell and the shortage of energy restricted the nutrient transport greatly with shading at different stages, suggesting that an impeded flux may be one of the important reasons for the reduction of maize grain weight of maize grain at later growth stage under low light condition.
基金supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Hubei Province, China (2008CDB079)the National High Technology Research and Development Program of China (863 Program,2006AA100103)
文摘Waterlogging strongly affects agronomic performance of maize (Zea mays L.). In order to investigate the suitable selection criteria of waterflooding tolerant genotypes, and identify the most susceptible stage and the best continuous treatment time to waterlogging, 20 common maize inbred lines were subjected to successive artificial waterflooding at seedling stage, and waterlogging tolerance coefficient (WTC) was used to screen waterflooding tolerant genotypes. In addition, peroxidase (POD) activities and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents were measured for 6 of 20 lines. The results showed that the second leaf stage (V2) was the most susceptible stage, and 6 d after waterflooding was the best continuous treatment time. Dry weight (DW) of both shoots and roots of all lines were significantly reduced at 6 d time-point of waterlogging, compared to control. POD activities and MDA contents were negatively and significantly correlated, and the correlation coefficient was -0.9686 (P 〈 0.0001). According to the results, WTC of shoot DW can be used for practical screening as a suitable index, which is significantly different from control and waterlogged plants happened 6 d earlier. Furthermore, leaf chlorosis, MDA content and POD activities could also be used as reference index for material screening. The implications of the results for waterlogging-tolerant material screening and waterlogging-tolerant breeding have been discussed in maize.
基金supported by the National Key Technology R&D Program of China (2011BAD35B00)the National Nature Science Foundation of China (31271732)
文摘Seed aging decreases the quality and vigor of crop seeds,thereby causing substantial agricultural and economic losses in crops.To identify genetic differences in seed aging between homozygotes and heterozygotes in maize,the seeds of a set of recombinant inbred lines(RILs) and an immortalized F_2(IF_2) population were subjected to artificial aging treatments for 0,2,3,and 4 days under 45℃ and 85%relative humidity and seed vigor was then evaluated in a field experiment.Seed vigor of all entries tested decreased sharply with longer aging treatment and seed vigor decreased more slowly in heterozygotes than in homozygotes.Forty-nine QTL were detected for four measured seed vigor traits in the RIL(28QTL) and IF_2(21 QTL) populations.Only one QTL,qGP5,was detected in both populations,indicating that the genes involved in anti-aging mechanisms differed between inbred lines and hybrids.Several QTL were identified to be responsible for multiple seed vigor traits simultaneously in the RIL and IF_2 populations under artificial aging conditions.These QTL may include major genes for seed vigor or seed aging.QTL qVI4 b and qGE3 a detected in the RIL population coincided with genes ZmLOX1 and ZmPLD1 in the same respective chromosomal regions.These QTL would be useful for screening for anti-aging genes in maize breeding.
基金supported by the Sci-Tech Innovation Program of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (Y2016PT10)
文摘Drought is one of the most important abiotic stresses affecting maize growth and development and therefore resulting in yield loss.Thus it is essential to understand molecular mechanisms of drought stress responses in maize for drought tolerance improvement.The root plays a critical role in plants sensing water deficit.In the present study,two maize inbred lines,H082183,a drought-tolerant line,and Lv28,a drought-sensitive line,were grown in the field and treated with different water conditions(moderate drought,severe drought,and well-watered conditions)during vegetative stage.The transcriptomes of their roots were investigated by RNA sequencing.There were 1428 and 512 drought-responsive genes(DRGs)in Lv28,688 and 3363 DRGs in H082183 under moderate drought and severe drought,respectively.A total of 31 Gene Ontology(GO)terms were significantly over-represented in the two lines,13 of which were enriched only in the DRGs of H082183.Based on results of Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes(KEGG)enrichment analysis,"plant hormone signal transduction"and"starch and sucrose metabolism"were enriched in both of the two lines,while"phenylpropanoid biosynthesis"was only enriched in H082183.Further analysis revealed the different expression patterns of genes related to abscisic acid(ABA)signal pathway,trehalose biosynthesis,reactive oxygen scavenging,and transcription factors might contribute to drought tolerance in maize.Our results contribute to illustrating drought-responsive molecular mechanisms and providing gene resources for maize drought improvement.
文摘Study on relative sensitivity of maize (Zea mays L.) Nongda108 and Nongda3138 to sulfony-lurea herbicide chlorsulfuron and tribenuron-methyl using maize taproot length by sand bioassy indicated that, Nongda3138 had higher tolerance to chlorsulfuron and tribenuron-methyl than Nongda108 did. Chlorsulfuron had stronger growth inhibition to maize Nongda108 and Nongda3138 than tribenuron-methyl did. Study on target enzyme of sulfonylurea herbicide acetolactate synthase (ALS) showed that, chlorsulfuron and tribenuron-methyl inhibited ALS in vitro strongly, and non-competitively. In the same concentration of inhibitors, chlorsulfuron had stronger ALS activity inhibition than tribenuron-methyl did. Lower level of chlorsulfuron and tribenuron-methyl has no ALS activity inhibition in vivo, the ALS inhibition only occurred in the condition of high concentration of chlorsulfuron and tribenuron-methyl in vivo.
文摘A field experiment was conducted during spring 2011 at Agronomic Research Area, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan to evaluate the comparative efficacy of Zn uptake and grain yield in three maize hybrids namely Pioneer-32F 10, Monsanto-6525 and Hycorn-8288 through the application of Zn in the form of ZnSO4. The ZnSO4 treatments comprised;soil application at the time of sowing @ 12 kg·ha-1 (Zn1), foliar application at vegetative stage (9 leaf stage) @ 1% ZnSO4 solution (Zn2) and foliar application at reproductive stage (anthesis) @ 1% ZnSO4 solution (Zn3) and one treatment was kept as a control, where zinc was not applied (Zn0). The experimental results showed substantial difference in all physiological and yield parameters except plant height and stem diameter. Statistically maximum grain yield (8.76 t·ha-1) was obtained with foliar spray of ZnSO4 at 9 leaf stage (Zn2) in case of Monsanto-6525. As regard to quality parameters, Pioneer-32F 10 and Hycorn-8288 accumulated more zinc contents in grains but Monsanto-6525 attained more zinc concentration in straw. Foliar spray of ZnSO4 at 9 leaf stage produced 19.42% more zinc contents in grains as compared to other ZnSO4 treatments. Foliar spray of ZnSO4 at 9 leaf stage in Monsanto-6525 hybrid produced higher grain yield.