Identification of Quantitative Trait Loci for Anthesis-Silking Interval and Yield Components Under Drought Stress in Maize

A genetic linkage map with 89 SSR marker loci was constructed based on a maize (Zea mays L.) population consisting of 184 F-2 individuals from the cross, Huangzao 4 X Ye 107. The 184 F-3 families were evaluated in the field under well-watered and drought-stressed regimes in Shanxi Province of China. The objectives of the study were to identify genetic segments responsible for the expression of anthesis-silking interval (ASI), ear setting and grain yield, and to examine if the quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for ASI or yield components can be used in marker-assisted selection (MAS) to improve grain yield under drought conditions. Results showed that under well-watered and drought-stressed regimes, three and two QTLs involved in the expression of ASI were detected on chromosomes 1, 2 and 3, and 2 and 5, respectively. Under well-watered regime, two QTLs for ear setting were detected on chromosomes 3 and 6, explaining about 19.9% of the phenotypic variance, and displayed additive and partial dominant effects, respectively. Under drought-stressed condition, four QTLs for ear setting were detected on chromosomes 3, 7 and 10, which were responsible for interpreting 60.4% of the phenotypic variance, and showed dominant or partial dominant effects. Under well-watered condition, four QTLs controlling grain yield were identified on chromosomes 3, 6 and 7, while five QTLs were identified under drought stress on chromosomes 1, 2, 4 and 8. The gene action was of additive or partial dominant effects, and each QTL could explain 7.3% to 22.0% of the phenotypic variance, respectively. Under drought conditions, ASI and ear setting percentage were highly correlated with grain yield, which can be used as secondary traits for grain yield selection. Based on linked markers detected and gene action analyzed, an MAS strategy for yield improvement under drought condition could be established, which consists of QTLs contributing to decreased ASI and to increased ear setting and grain yield, respectively.

Quantitative trait loci analysis for root traits in synthetic hexaploid wheat under drought stress conditions

Synthetic hexaploid wheat(SHW),possesses numerous genes for drought that can help breeding for drought-tolerant wheat varieties.We evaluated 10 root traits at seedling stage in 111 F9 recombinant inbred lines derived from a F2 population of a SHW line(SHW-L1)and a common wheat line,under normal(NC)and polyethylene glycol-simulated drought stress conditions(DC).We mapped quantitative trait loci(QTLs)for root traits using an enriched high-density genetic map containing 120370 single nucleotide polymorphisms(SNPs),733 diversity arrays technology markers(DArT)and 119 simple sequence repeats(SSRs).With four replicates per treatment,we identified 19 QTLs for root traits under NC and DC,and 12 of them could be consistently detected with three or four replicates.Two novel QTLs for root fresh weight and root diameter under NC explained 9 and 15.7%of the phenotypic variation respectively,and six novel QTLs for root fresh weight,the ratio of root water loss,total root surface area,number of root tips,and number of root forks under DC explained 8.5–14%of the phenotypic variation.Here seven of eight novel QTLs could be consistently detected with more than three replicates.Results provide essential information for fine-mapping QTLs related to drought tolerance that will facilitate breeding drought-tolerant wheat cultivars.

Quantitative trait loci associated to agronomic traits and yield components in a Sorghum bicolor L.Moench RIL population cultivated under pre-flowering drought and well-watered conditions

The present study aims to identify QTL influencing agronomic traits and yield components under well-watered and pre-flowering drought stress conditions. One hundred F5 recombinant inbred lines (RIL) and the parental lines of a cross between a drought-tolerant and a susceptible line in a field experiment were carried out at Nong Lam University of Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. Drought stress was induced by withholding irrigation water from the plants at four weeks after sowing to flowering. Leaf area of the third leaf, stem diameter, plant height, days to heading, anthesis and maturity, panicle length, number of seeds per plant, hundred kernel weight and grain yield were measured. Plants were genotyped with 117 Diversity Arrays Technology (DArT) and eight expressed sequence tag (EST)-derived simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers. Composite interval mapping was carried out on the traits and significant QTL were claimed at a logarithm of the odds (LOD) score >2.5. A total of 50 QTL were detected on nine chromosomes or 13 linkage groups, respectively. Six promising QTL regions with seven QTL for yield and agronomic traits especially related to pre-flowering drought tolerance were identified on chromosomes SBI-01, SBI-03, SBI-04, SBI-05 and SBI-07.

Evaluation of Agronomic Traits in Chromosome Segment Substitution Lines of KDML105 Containing Drought Tolerance QTL under Drought Stress

Drought is a major abiotic constraint to rice production in rainfed lowland and insufficiently irrigated areas. The improvement of drought tolerant varieties is one of the strategies to reduce the negative effects of drought. Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for primary and secondary traits related to drought tolerance （DT） on chromosomes 1, 3, 4, 8 and 9 that determined from double haploid lines derived from a cross between CT9993 and IR62266 were introgressed and dissected into small pieces in the genetic background of Khao Dawk Mall 105 （KDML105） to develop chromosome segment substitution line （CSSL） population. The CSSLs were evaluated at the reproductive stage for their agronomic performance and yield components under drought stress, and results were compared with irrigated condition. The flowering of CSSL lines was 6 to 7 d earlier than KDML105. The mean values of grain yields in the CSSLs were higher than KDML105 under drought and irrigated conditions. At irrigated condition, the grain yields of introgression lines carrying DT-QTLs from chromosomes 4 and 8 were higher than that of KDML105, whereas other traits showed little difference with KDML105. Analysis indicated that grain yield has positive correlation with plant height, tiller and panicle number per plant, and total grain weight per plant under drought stress while negatively correlated with days to flowering. As mentioned above, CSSLs showing good adaptation under drought stress can be used as genetic materials to improve drought tolerance in Thai rainfed lowland rice breeding program, and as materials to dissect genes underlying drought tolerance.

Mapping of QTL Associated with Drought Tolerance in a Semi-Automobile Rain Shelter in Maize (Zea mays L.)

Drought is a major constraint in maize production worldwide. We studied quantitative trait loci （QTL） underlying drought tolerance for maize plants grown in two different environments. Traits investigated included ASI, plant height, grain yield, ear height, and ear setting. A genetic linkage map was constructed with 120 simple sequence repeat （SSR） markers based on an F2 population derived from a cross between D5 （resistant parent） and 7924 （susceptible parent）. Correlation and heritability were calculated. QTLs of these traits were identified by composite interval mapping combined with a linkage map covering 1 790.3 cM. The markers were arranged in ten linkage groups. QTL mapping was made of the mean trait performance of the 180 F2：3 population. The results showed five, five, six, four, and five QTLs for ASI, plant height, grain yield, ear height, and ear setting under full irrigation condition, respectively, and four, seven, six, four, and four QTLs for ASI, plant height, grain yield, ear height, and ear setting under severe late stress conditions, respectively. Especially the four QTLs detected for five traits in 2008 and 2009. The universal QTLs information generated in this study will aid in undertaking an integrated breeding strategy for further genetic studies in drought tolerance improvement in maize.

Identification of candidate genes for drought stress tolerance in rice by the integration of a genetic (QTL) map with the rice genome physical map

Genetic improvement for drought stress tolerance in rice involves the quantitative nature of the trait, which reflects the additive effects of several genetic loci throughout the genome. Yield components and related traits under stressed and well-water conditions were assayed in mapping populations derived from crosses of Azucena×IR64 and Azucena×Bala. To find the candidate rice genes underlying Quantitative Trait Loci (QTL) in these populations, we conducted in silico analysis of a candidate region flanked by the genetic markers RM212 and RM319 on chromosome 1, proximal to the semi-dwarf (sd1) locus. A total of 175 annotated genes were identified from this region. These included 48 genes annotated by functional homology to known genes, 23 pseudogenes, 24 ab initio predicted genes supported by an alignment match to an EST (Expressed sequence tag) of unknown function, and 80 hypothetical genes predicted solely by ab initio means. Among these, 16 candidate genes could potentially be involved in drought stress response.

氮胁迫和正常条件下玉米穗部性状的QTL分析

【目的】分析氮胁迫和正常条件下玉米穗部性状的QTL。【方法】以优良玉米杂交种"农大108"的一套203个F2:3家系为材料,构建了包含189个SSR标记的遗传连锁图谱,在施氮(N+)和不施氮(N-)条件下,通过一年两点的田间试验,利用复合区间作图法对玉米穗长、穗粗、穗行数、行粒数、穗粒重和百粒重等6个穗部性状进行了QTL分析。【结果】亲本许178对N胁迫的敏感程度远小于黄C;F2:3群体的穗长、穗粗、穗行数和行粒数与单株产量大多呈显著或极显著正相关。在郑州和新郑两地,2种氮处理水平下定位了玉米穗部性状的53个QTL,其中郑州点检测到28个QTL,主要集中在第2、8和9染色体上(占57.14%);新郑点检测到25个QTL,主要分布在第1、2、6、7和8染色体上(占60%);在所检测到的53个QTL中,表现加性、部分显性、显性和超显性效应的QTL依次为13(24.5%)、20(37.7%)、6(11.3%)和14(26.4%)个,单个QTL解释表型变异介于7.1%～23.3%之间。N+条件下6个性状在两个地间检测到的QTL数量明显高于N-条件下检测到的QTL数量,同时在郑州点2种氮处理水平下检测到3个相同的QTL(qED2a,qKW8a,qKW10a),新郑点检测到1个相同的QTL(qEL1a),推断在缺氮条件下检测到的各性状特异表达的QTL可能与玉米的氮高效利用有关。【结论】在两地、2种供氮水平下所定位的53个穗部性状QTL,主要集中在第1、2、8和9染色体上,部分显性和超显性效应的QTL占60%以上。

在干旱和正常水分条件下玉米穗部性状QTL分析

穗部性状与产量密切相关,因此对其进行遗传剖析可为玉米高产育种提供理论基础,尤其是对干旱胁迫下的稳产有重要意义。本研究以玉米骨干亲本黄早四分别与自交系掖478和齐319进行杂交,构建了两套F2：3群体（分别记为Y/H和Q/H）。在正常水分灌溉和干旱胁迫下对穗长、穗粗、轴粗、穗行数、行粒数、穗粒重和穗重等7个穗部性状进行了表型鉴定,采用基于混合线性模型的单环境分析和相同处理水平的联合分析方法进行了QTL分析。结果表明,在干旱胁迫下,2个群体的亲本及F2：3家系的各性状值均低于正常水分条件,且穗粒重与穗长、穗重、穗粗呈正相关。在干旱胁迫下和正常水分条件下,通过两种检测方法共定位到75个玉米穗部性状QTL,其中Y/H群体共定位了20个QTL,分布在第1、第2、第5、第6、第7、第10染色体上;Q/H群体共定位了55个QTL,分布在第2、第3、第4、第5、第6、第7、第9、第10染色体上;但是在干旱条件下两群体分别只检测到4个和19个QTL,明显低于正常水分条件下检测到的QTL数目。通过联合分析只检测到3个QTL与环境发生显著互作和6对QTL存在上位性互作效应,说明玉米穗部性状的遗传基础较为复杂。同时还发现,Y/H群体在正常灌溉与干旱条件下检测到2个一致性的QTL,分别是qKRE1-5-1和qKRE1-7-1,对表型变异解释的变化范围是6.15%19.48%;Q/H群体检测到3个一致性QTL,分别是qKRE2-5-1、qGW2-10-1和qKRE2-3-1,对表型变异解释的变化范围是7.14%16.65%,说明这些QTL受环境影响较小,能够稳定遗传,可以作为分子标记辅助选择的候选区间应用于玉米穗部性状抗旱性改良。

玉米抗旱性的QTL分析研究进展和发展趋势

由于分子标记技术的广泛应用,使玉米抗旱性的复杂遗传机制得到逐步了解,其中的一个重要研究进展是通过对玉米抗旱性的数量性状位点(QTL)进行作图和定位,大致了解了一些对抗旱性有显著贡献的基因的染色体位置及其效应,这些结果为分子标记辅助选择和进一步的深入研究打下了基础。在总结分析国际上近十年来在玉米抗旱性QTL分析方面的研究资料的基础上,对研究中涉及到的主要性状及其相互关系、QTL分析中需要注意的主要问题和在该领域的主要研究进展进行了分析评述。认为构建通用的连锁图谱、与功能基因组学研究相结合、应用新的QTL分析技术和抗旱QTL的克隆及其利用将是今后的发展趋势。

不同密度下玉米DH群体果穗性状的QTL定位分析

试验利用由79个DH系组成的‘农单5号’DH群体,分别在6万株/hm2和13.5万株/hm22个密度、2次重复条件下,调查了玉米穗长、秃尖长、穗粗、穗行数、行粒数、粒长、粒宽和粒厚等穗部性状,利用在双亲间存在差异且均匀分布于玉米10条染色体上的160对SSR标记对该群体进行遗传作图,并采用复合区间作图法对上述性状进行QTL分析。结果表明：在2个密度条件下共检测出30个QTL位点,单个QTL所解释的表型变异在3.26%~31.59%之间,QTL与环境之间存在复杂的互作关系。在2个密度水平下分别检测到的qEL2a（umc1165-umc1261）与qEL2b（umc1165-umc1261）可能是同一位点,qRN4a（umc2135-bnlg292a）、qRN4b（bn-lg292a-bnlg292b）和qED4（bnlg292a-bnlg292b）也很可能是同一位点。在4.08 bin区间存在着控制穗粗或穗行数的重要基因,而该基因位于umc2135-bnlg292b标记区间。

基于玉米BC_2F_2群体的穗部性状QTL分析

以农系110为受体、农系531为供体材料,采用回交法构建了样本容量为95株的BC2F2回交群体,选取126个均匀分布在10条染色体上的多态性SSR标记进行6个穗部性状QTL分析。结果表明,受体农系110的穗长、穗粗、穗行数、行粒数、百粒重和穗粒重6个穗部性状表型值分别增加了9.4%,9.6%,4.1%,2.7%,0.35%和4.4%;构建一张含126个SSR标记的玉米分子标记连锁遗传图谱,总长度为2317.4cM,平均区间长18.4cM;采用复合区间作图法,定位了19个与玉米穗部性状有关的QTL,其中穗长QTL4个,穗粗QTL2个,行粒数QTL1个,穗行数QTL3个,百粒重QTL4个,穗粒重QTL5个。

基于玉米导入系群体的3个农艺性状QTL分析

通过回交育种程序结合SSR标记构建以玉米自交系农系531为受体亲本、10个具有不同农艺性状的自交系为供体的染色体片段导入系群体,在该群体BC3F3世代,利用GGT32图示基因型软件和Windows QTL IciMappingv1.0对导入片段进行检测、并结合田间调查对控制玉米穗位高、穗上叶夹角和株高的QTL进行分析。研究表明,导入系群体的创建在遗传结构上改良了农系531穗位偏高、穗上叶夹角偏大的不足,并得到基本符合育种目标的改良株系。通过QTL分析,在具有相同性状改良的单株上,分别检测到4个包含穗位高、4个包含穗上叶夹角和6个包含株高QTL的共同的导入染色体片段。

栽培稻旱胁迫叶片相关性状的遗传解析(英文)

利用籼稻窄叶青 8号 (ZYQ8)和粳稻京系 17(JX17)衍生的加倍单倍体 (DH)群体 12 7个株系 ,2 0 0 2年在杭州采用田间断水法栽培 ,在水分胁迫下 ,对叶片的卷叶、相对含水量和电导率 3个性状进行了评价和QTL分析。结果表明 ,3个性状在DH群体中均存在双向超亲分离 ,接近正态分布 ,受数量性状基因的控制 ;检测到影响这些性状的6个QTL ,其中卷叶 3个 (qLR 1,qLR 5和qLR 11)、相对含水量 2个 (qRWC 1和qRWC 6)和电导率 1个 (qREC 6)。旱胁迫时 ,目测卷叶方便易行 ,适于对大批品种或资源筛选 。

玉米耐旱QTL定位研究进展

干旱是影响玉米产量的最重要的非生物胁迫因子之一。近年来,随着分子标记技术和数量性状统计分析方法的改进,对调控耐旱等复杂数量性状的位点进行作图和定位方面的研究很多。本文综述了玉米在耐旱QTL(Quantitative trait locus)定位研究领域所采用的耐旱鉴定指标以及耐旱相关性状的QTL定位研究进展,并对目前在QTL定位研究中存在的问题及发展前景进行了探讨。

玉米产量相关性状的QTL定位与剖析（英文）

玉米因其自身具有高产潜质而成为了当今世界最重要的粮食作物之一.玉米产量是复杂的数量性状,由许多主/微效基因控制,易受各种环境因素影响.果穗是玉米的主要收获器官,籽粒性状是玉米品质的重要体现,因此发掘玉米穗部性状和籽粒性状相关QTL对玉米的遗传改良,培育优质高产的玉米具有重要意义.本研究白刺包谷(P2)和妻染黄(P13)为亲本构建了包含152个家系的F_(2∶3)作图群体,选择在两亲本间具有多态性的176个微卫星标记构建遗传图谱,对产量相关性状进行了单环境的QTL定位与分析.最终定位到了14个QTL,分布在除9号染色体外的其余9条染色体上,单个QTL可解释的表型变异率为4.9%~18.8%.值得注意的是,在6号染色体上的百粒重和穗行数的一致性QTL(qHKW06-1和qERN06-1)与8号染色体上的穗行数QTL(qERN08-1)是本研究中特有的,其中qERN08-1解释了12.4%的表型变异率.

氮胁迫与非胁迫条件下玉米叶形相关性状的QTL分析

【目的】叶片是植物光合作用的重要器官,也是蒸腾作用和抗逆的主要器官。在施氮(N+)与不施氮(N–)条件下鉴定玉米叶片相关性状的QTL,为高光效玉米新品种选育提供重要的理论依据。【方法】利用玉米骨干系综3为供体,许178为受体,通过杂交、回交和分子标记辅助选择的方法,构建了一套以许178为背景的综3单片段代换系(SSSLs)群体,其中包含160个单片段代换系。以这套SSSLs以及许178为材料,在施氮和不施氮条件下,通过一年三点(贵州贵阳、德江和云南罗平)的表型评价,利用复合区间作图法对叶面积、叶绿素含量和穗下绿叶数3个叶片相关性状进行QTL定位。【结果】在基因组范围内,两种氮处理条件下共检测到42个主要叶片相关性状QTLs,分布于10条染色体上。N+条件下,在3个地点共检测出8个叶面积的QTLs,5个穗下绿叶数的QTLs,8个叶绿素QTLs。其中,qLAI1b在3个环境中同时被检测到;qLAI1b在德江、贵阳和罗平点对叶面积的贡献率分别为14.41%、14.47%和16.38%,来自于综3的等位基因起增效作用。同时,穗下绿叶数QTL(qLN7a和qLN7b)在3个环境中均被检测到。在氮胁迫(N–)条件下,3个环境中共检测出9个叶面积QTLs,7个穗下绿叶数QTLs,8个叶绿素QTLs;其中,位于bin3.08的叶面积QTL qLAI3b,片段大小为120.48 cM,在德江、贵阳和罗平的贡献率分别为20.4%、12.8%和13.2%,来自于许178的等位基因起增效作用;玉米穗下绿叶数QTL,位于bin9.01区的穗下绿叶数QTL qLN9(umc1957~umc1867~umc2078),片段大小为62.7 cM。位于bin4.08的叶绿素含量QTL qCHL4a,片段大小为18.69 cM,在德江、贵阳和罗平点对叶绿素含量的贡献率分别为17.6%、10.6%和11.4%,且来自于亲本综3的等位基因起减效作用。【结论】不同氮素处理下,检测出一些共有的玉米氮响应的主效QTLs,如qLAI3b(umc1844~umc1320~bnlg1182)、qLN7a(umc1642~umc2160~umc1929)、qLN7b(phi328175)。这些区段可能在玉米氮素吸收、转运和利用过程中起重要作用,可作为下一步精细定位和图位克隆玉米叶片相关基因的重要候选区域。

基于SSSL群体的玉米穗下节间长QTL分析

穗下节间长决定着玉米的穗位高和株高,而株高和穗位高与产量、抗倒伏性等重要农艺性状密切相关。玉米穗下第7、第8、第9节间长对穗位高具有决定作用,与其他农艺性状相比,对穗下节间长的遗传基础了解甚少。因此,研究玉米穗下节间长的遗传基础,对玉米育种有重要意义。本研究以lx9801为受体亲本,昌7-2为供体亲本通过连续回交和自交所构建的一套包含260份染色体单片段代换系的群体为研究对象,通过两年两环境的表型鉴定,并结合基因型数据对第7、第8、第9节间长和穗位高的QTL进行定位。共检测到18个第7节间长QTL,23个第8节间长QTL和17个第9节间长QTL,其中8个QTL是为第7、第8、第9节间长所共有。穗位高定位到的20个QTL中,有12个(60%)与第7、第8、第9节间长QTL共定位。说明第7、第8、第9节间长与穗位高有着共同的遗传基础,节间长也是穗位高的重要构成因子,决定着玉米的株高和穗位高。

高油玉米突变体穗位高与株高的QTL定位

以EMS诱变获得的高油玉米(Zea mays L.)突变体ce03005为材料,对植株的穗位高和株高进行了遗传分析。通过随机区组试验设计,分析玉米167个BC1S1家系的穗位高和株高的变化。利用101对共显性引物构图,构图长度为1 611.7 cM,标记间平均距离为15.9 cM。用复合区间作图法进行数量性状位点(QTL)分析,共检测到3个控制穗位高的主效QTL和1个微效QTL,分别位于1号和2号染色体上,单个控制穗位高QTL的贡献率变幅为4.42%～15.42%;检测到2个控制株高的主效QTL和1个微效QTL,分别位于1号和4号染色体上,单个控制株高QTL的贡献率变幅为7.89%～12.53%。

玉米抗穗粒腐病QTL定位研究

【目的】在连作程度高且更利于发病的广西等一年两熟玉米种植地区开展玉米穗粒腐病抗性数量性状位点(QTL)定位研究,揭示玉米穗粒腐病抗性遗传变异的基本规律,为这些地区玉米穗粒腐病抗性育种提供一定的理论依据。【方法】用Mapmaker3.0软件对148个多态性SSR标记在215个F2单株间的基因型数据构建遗传图谱。在广西南宁用针刺法对由215个F2单株发展而来的F2:3家系抗病性进行田间接种鉴定,记录家系内各单株的病级,将家系内各单株的病级换算成家系的抗病指数。利用winQTLCart2.5软件中的复合区间作图法对各家系的抗病指数进行抗病QTL分析。【结果】148个SSR标记构建了覆盖玉米10条染色体组总长度1396.3cM的连锁图谱,标记间的平均遗传图距9.43cM。抗病指数在α=0.05显著水平下进行500次排列检验计算得到LOD阈值为2.2。以2.2这个阈值为依据共检测到3个抗病指数QTL位点。这3个QTL的基因作用方式分别为超显性、超显性和部分显性。各QTL的加性效应值有正有负,说明抗感亲本中均含有微效抗病基因。【结论】检测到的3个穗粒腐病抗病QTL分别位于第2、3、10染色体上,可解释表型变异的4.6%~6.6%,它们均为微效QTL。未检测到较大效应值的主效QTL。

基于昌7-2导入系发掘干旱胁迫下玉米产量相关QTL位点

以昌7-2为轮回亲本,自交系郑独青为供体亲本,采用回交和定向选择的方法构建高代导入系群体。通过玉米56K芯片对极端株系进行基因分型,以IciMapping逐步回归分析法进行穗重、穗粒重以及百粒重等QTL定位。结果表明,共获得分布于玉米第1、3、5、9、10共5条染色体上的10个QTL位点。其中,与穗重、穗粒重相关的各4个,与百粒重相关的2个。第1、5、10染色体上存在同时控制穗重和穗粒重的相同位点,加性效应均来源于郑独青,贡献率均在22%以上。此外,第10染色体相同位点还同时控制1个微效加性的百粒重QTL。在QTL定位的基础上,获得了多位点聚合的导入系,同时携带第1、5、10染色体上3个QTL位点的导入系,其产量性状表现优于轮回亲本昌7-2。