Malaria is one of the largest problems threatening global public health that is expected to increase in the future under climate change due to associated warming and wetter conditions. This will exacerbate disease bur...Malaria is one of the largest problems threatening global public health that is expected to increase in the future under climate change due to associated warming and wetter conditions. This will exacerbate disease burden in Burundi as one of sub-Saharan African countries, where 2 million cases of malaria were reported in 2015. This highlights the need for developing a methodology for mapping malaria risk under climate change and delineating those regions that may potentially experience malaria epidemics in the future. Malaria transmission and distribution are generally determined by a wide range of climatic, topographic and socioeconomic factors. The paper in hand is intended to map malaria risk in Burundi under climate change up to 2050. For this purpose, a GIS-based model was developed for mapping malaria as a function of various climatic and topographic determinants of malaria. The developed GIS-model was used in mapping malaria risk under current climatic conditions. Thereafter, the produced risk map was validated compared to malaria morbidity data in Burundi at health district level. Finally, the GIS-model was applied to map malaria risk in the future under RCPs 2.6 and 8.5 scenarios up to 2050. It was found that about 34.6% and 44% of Burundi land surface will be highly vulnerable to malaria risk by 2050 under RCPs 2.6 and 8.5 scenario, respectively. Also, it was noted that such highly vulnerable areas are distributed mainly in northern parts of the country. The suggested GIS-based model for mapping malaria risk under climate change can contribute largely to more informed decision-making and policy making process in terms of planning for intervention and control malaria risk. This in turn can support reducing disease burden and improving resilience to climate change.展开更多
A study was conducted to determine the comprehension of pregnant women on malaria risk factors during pregnancy. Comprehension of Malaria risks is important to ensure compliance to prevention methods and treatment by ...A study was conducted to determine the comprehension of pregnant women on malaria risk factors during pregnancy. Comprehension of Malaria risks is important to ensure compliance to prevention methods and treatment by the pregnant women and hence optimizes the pregnancy outcomes. The study was conducted in 2012 at three health facilities, Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital, Ndirande health Centre and St. Joseph Mission Hospital in Malawi. The study design was descriptive and utilized quantitative data collection and analysis methods on a random sample of 316 antenatal mothers. The study targeted antenatal mothers who were aged between 15 and 49 years, in the gestation period of 28 to 36 weeks and able to converse in English or vernacular language. A structured questionnaire was used to collect data which were analyzed using SPSS version 16.0. Most of the participants (79.4%, n = 251) knew the risk factors of malaria during pregnancy but very few (18.4%, n = 58) knew about intermittent prevention treatment despite taking SP as prescribed. The motivation factors for taking SP were husband support and the desire to protect their babies and themselves from Malaria. Although the comprehension of the intermittent prevention treatment among the women was low, the women were motivated to adhere to the treatment when instructed by the healthcare workers due to the desire for good health for themselves and their unborn babies. Husbands were the most significant other that motivated the pregnant women to adhere to treatment. Results show that there is a need for healthcare workers to facilitate comprehension of intermittent prevention treatment among pregnant mothers.展开更多
Malaria is still the major parasitic disease in the world, with approximately 438,000 deaths in 2015. Environmental risk factors (ERF) have been widely studied, however, there are discrepancies in the results abo...Malaria is still the major parasitic disease in the world, with approximately 438,000 deaths in 2015. Environmental risk factors (ERF) have been widely studied, however, there are discrepancies in the results about their influence on malaria transmission. Recently, papers have been published about geospatial analysis of ERF of malaria to explain why malaria varies from place to place. Our primary objective was to identify the environmental variables most used in the geospatial analysis of malaria transmission. The secondary objective was to identify the geo-analytic methods and techniques, as well as geo-analytic statistics commonly related to ERF and malaria. We conducted a systematized review of articles published from January 2004 to March 2015, within Web of Science, Pubmed and LILACS databases. Initially 676 articles were found, after inclusion and exclusion criteria, 29 manuscripts were selected. Temperature, land use and land cover, surface moisture and vector breeding site were the most frequent included variables. As for geo-analytic methods, geostatistical models with Bayesian framework were the most applied. Kriging interpolations, Geographical Weighted Regression as well as Kulldorff’s spatial scan were the techniques more widely used. The main objective of many of these studies was to use these methods and techniques to create malaria risk maps. Spatial analysis performed with satellite images and georeferenced data are increasing in relevance due to the use of remote sensing and Geographic Information System. The combination of these new technologies identifies ERF more accurately, and the use of Bayesian geostatistical models allows a wide diffusion of malaria risk maps. It is known that temperature, humidity vegetation and vector breeding site play a critical role in malaria transmission;however, other environmental risk factors have also been identified. Risk maps have a tremendous potential to enhance the effectiveness of malaria-control programs.展开更多
Objective:To investigate malaria prevalence and socio-economic conditions in East Timor. Methods:Blood samples were collected from 650 individuals distributed among six districts in East Timor.434 and 216 individuals ...Objective:To investigate malaria prevalence and socio-economic conditions in East Timor. Methods:Blood samples were collected from 650 individuals distributed among six districts in East Timor.434 and 216 individuals were sampled by passive and active case detection, respectively(PCD,ACD).Results:The results showed that the plasmodium infection prevalence was 18.9%with predominance of Plasmodium falciparum(P.falciparum) infections(60.2%). The majority of cases were detected in children between 2-14 years old in both PCD and ACD. Participants residing in Same and Lospalos were at a higher risk of malaria.The percentage of infections associated to the lack of bed net use was twice as high as users(25.2%vs 12.5%). The prevalence of malaria among participants who lived in brick/cement houses(8.3%) was two times less than those who lived in other types of houses(3.7%).There was a significantly lower prevalence of infection detected in individuals living in complete housing constructions with absence of domestic animals in or near the houses.Conclusions:The major risk factors for malaria in East Timor are age,lack of bed net use,incomplete housing constructions and exposure to mosquitoes.展开更多
Background:Malaria is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in Northeast India.As there is limited information available on the potential influence of socio-economic variables on malaria risk,the present study was ...Background:Malaria is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in Northeast India.As there is limited information available on the potential influence of socio-economic variables on malaria risk,the present study was conducted to assess the influence of demographic factors,the socio-economic status,and knowledge,awareness and education on malaria occurrence.Methods:Demographics,malaria knowledge and socio-economic variables were collected in four randomly selected health sub-centres of the Orang primary health centre in the Udalguri district,Assam and the association of malaria occurrence with different variables were analysed.The trend of malaria occurrence for different income groups,proximity to health centres and number of mosquito bites per day was also determined using the chi-square test.Relative risk(RR)for gender,house type,knowledge and use of bed nets was determined using Katz approximation.Results:Out of the 71 household heads interviewed,70.4%(50/71)were males.About half(54.9%,39/71)of the participants had a history of malaria in the last two years,of which 64.1%(25/39)were males,while 35.9%(14/39)were females(χ^(2)=5.13;p=0.02;RR=1.79).Of the total population surveyed,49.3%lived in bamboo houses and 35.2%lived at a distance of>3 km from the nearest health centre.The number of participants who had a history of malaria decreased with an increasing monthly income(p<0.0001).Malaria occurrence was higher among the households living in bamboo houses(69.2%),as compared to Kucha houses(20.5%)and Pucca houses(10.3%).No significant association was observed between education level and malaria occurrence(p=0.93).The participants who did not use bed nets regularly reported a high occurrence of malaria infection as compared to those who used bed nets everyday(p<0.0001).Conclusions:Lower income,house type,distance to health sub-centre,knowledge and awareness about malaria,number of mosquito bites per day and use of bed nets were positively associated with malaria occurrence.Increasing the number of health sub-centres close to rural areas,improving the economic status and increasing awareness about malaria prevention measures will thus help to reduce malaria-associated morbidities.展开更多
文摘Malaria is one of the largest problems threatening global public health that is expected to increase in the future under climate change due to associated warming and wetter conditions. This will exacerbate disease burden in Burundi as one of sub-Saharan African countries, where 2 million cases of malaria were reported in 2015. This highlights the need for developing a methodology for mapping malaria risk under climate change and delineating those regions that may potentially experience malaria epidemics in the future. Malaria transmission and distribution are generally determined by a wide range of climatic, topographic and socioeconomic factors. The paper in hand is intended to map malaria risk in Burundi under climate change up to 2050. For this purpose, a GIS-based model was developed for mapping malaria as a function of various climatic and topographic determinants of malaria. The developed GIS-model was used in mapping malaria risk under current climatic conditions. Thereafter, the produced risk map was validated compared to malaria morbidity data in Burundi at health district level. Finally, the GIS-model was applied to map malaria risk in the future under RCPs 2.6 and 8.5 scenarios up to 2050. It was found that about 34.6% and 44% of Burundi land surface will be highly vulnerable to malaria risk by 2050 under RCPs 2.6 and 8.5 scenario, respectively. Also, it was noted that such highly vulnerable areas are distributed mainly in northern parts of the country. The suggested GIS-based model for mapping malaria risk under climate change can contribute largely to more informed decision-making and policy making process in terms of planning for intervention and control malaria risk. This in turn can support reducing disease burden and improving resilience to climate change.
文摘A study was conducted to determine the comprehension of pregnant women on malaria risk factors during pregnancy. Comprehension of Malaria risks is important to ensure compliance to prevention methods and treatment by the pregnant women and hence optimizes the pregnancy outcomes. The study was conducted in 2012 at three health facilities, Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital, Ndirande health Centre and St. Joseph Mission Hospital in Malawi. The study design was descriptive and utilized quantitative data collection and analysis methods on a random sample of 316 antenatal mothers. The study targeted antenatal mothers who were aged between 15 and 49 years, in the gestation period of 28 to 36 weeks and able to converse in English or vernacular language. A structured questionnaire was used to collect data which were analyzed using SPSS version 16.0. Most of the participants (79.4%, n = 251) knew the risk factors of malaria during pregnancy but very few (18.4%, n = 58) knew about intermittent prevention treatment despite taking SP as prescribed. The motivation factors for taking SP were husband support and the desire to protect their babies and themselves from Malaria. Although the comprehension of the intermittent prevention treatment among the women was low, the women were motivated to adhere to the treatment when instructed by the healthcare workers due to the desire for good health for themselves and their unborn babies. Husbands were the most significant other that motivated the pregnant women to adhere to treatment. Results show that there is a need for healthcare workers to facilitate comprehension of intermittent prevention treatment among pregnant mothers.
文摘Malaria is still the major parasitic disease in the world, with approximately 438,000 deaths in 2015. Environmental risk factors (ERF) have been widely studied, however, there are discrepancies in the results about their influence on malaria transmission. Recently, papers have been published about geospatial analysis of ERF of malaria to explain why malaria varies from place to place. Our primary objective was to identify the environmental variables most used in the geospatial analysis of malaria transmission. The secondary objective was to identify the geo-analytic methods and techniques, as well as geo-analytic statistics commonly related to ERF and malaria. We conducted a systematized review of articles published from January 2004 to March 2015, within Web of Science, Pubmed and LILACS databases. Initially 676 articles were found, after inclusion and exclusion criteria, 29 manuscripts were selected. Temperature, land use and land cover, surface moisture and vector breeding site were the most frequent included variables. As for geo-analytic methods, geostatistical models with Bayesian framework were the most applied. Kriging interpolations, Geographical Weighted Regression as well as Kulldorff’s spatial scan were the techniques more widely used. The main objective of many of these studies was to use these methods and techniques to create malaria risk maps. Spatial analysis performed with satellite images and georeferenced data are increasing in relevance due to the use of remote sensing and Geographic Information System. The combination of these new technologies identifies ERF more accurately, and the use of Bayesian geostatistical models allows a wide diffusion of malaria risk maps. It is known that temperature, humidity vegetation and vector breeding site play a critical role in malaria transmission;however, other environmental risk factors have also been identified. Risk maps have a tremendous potential to enhance the effectiveness of malaria-control programs.
基金funded by Fundacao Calouste Gulbenkian(via Scholarship for PhD Course E-18836,P-69095(TL)
文摘Objective:To investigate malaria prevalence and socio-economic conditions in East Timor. Methods:Blood samples were collected from 650 individuals distributed among six districts in East Timor.434 and 216 individuals were sampled by passive and active case detection, respectively(PCD,ACD).Results:The results showed that the plasmodium infection prevalence was 18.9%with predominance of Plasmodium falciparum(P.falciparum) infections(60.2%). The majority of cases were detected in children between 2-14 years old in both PCD and ACD. Participants residing in Same and Lospalos were at a higher risk of malaria.The percentage of infections associated to the lack of bed net use was twice as high as users(25.2%vs 12.5%). The prevalence of malaria among participants who lived in brick/cement houses(8.3%) was two times less than those who lived in other types of houses(3.7%).There was a significantly lower prevalence of infection detected in individuals living in complete housing constructions with absence of domestic animals in or near the houses.Conclusions:The major risk factors for malaria in East Timor are age,lack of bed net use,incomplete housing constructions and exposure to mosquitoes.
文摘Background:Malaria is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in Northeast India.As there is limited information available on the potential influence of socio-economic variables on malaria risk,the present study was conducted to assess the influence of demographic factors,the socio-economic status,and knowledge,awareness and education on malaria occurrence.Methods:Demographics,malaria knowledge and socio-economic variables were collected in four randomly selected health sub-centres of the Orang primary health centre in the Udalguri district,Assam and the association of malaria occurrence with different variables were analysed.The trend of malaria occurrence for different income groups,proximity to health centres and number of mosquito bites per day was also determined using the chi-square test.Relative risk(RR)for gender,house type,knowledge and use of bed nets was determined using Katz approximation.Results:Out of the 71 household heads interviewed,70.4%(50/71)were males.About half(54.9%,39/71)of the participants had a history of malaria in the last two years,of which 64.1%(25/39)were males,while 35.9%(14/39)were females(χ^(2)=5.13;p=0.02;RR=1.79).Of the total population surveyed,49.3%lived in bamboo houses and 35.2%lived at a distance of>3 km from the nearest health centre.The number of participants who had a history of malaria decreased with an increasing monthly income(p<0.0001).Malaria occurrence was higher among the households living in bamboo houses(69.2%),as compared to Kucha houses(20.5%)and Pucca houses(10.3%).No significant association was observed between education level and malaria occurrence(p=0.93).The participants who did not use bed nets regularly reported a high occurrence of malaria infection as compared to those who used bed nets everyday(p<0.0001).Conclusions:Lower income,house type,distance to health sub-centre,knowledge and awareness about malaria,number of mosquito bites per day and use of bed nets were positively associated with malaria occurrence.Increasing the number of health sub-centres close to rural areas,improving the economic status and increasing awareness about malaria prevention measures will thus help to reduce malaria-associated morbidities.
