Results of Surgical Management of Malignant Obstruction of the Common Bile Duct in Yaoundé

Introduction: In Cameroon, surgery remains the only approach in malignant obstructions of the common bile duct (MOCBD) even in palliative situations. The aim of this work was to describe the modalities of surgical treatment of MOCBD, evaluate the results and detect the factors associated with postoperative morbidity and mortality. Patients and Methods: We conducted an analytical observational study, with retrospective data collection from the files of patients operated upon for MOCBD. This was done in four referral hospitals in the city of Yaoundé for a 42-month period spanning from January 1, 2020 to June 30, 2023. Demographic data, clinical presentation, surgical data, and 30-day postoperative outcomes were collected. Results: We collected 71 files. The sex ratio was 1.4 and the mean age was 56 ± 11 years. Fifty-three (53) patients (74.6%) were overweight or obese and 10 patients (14.1%) were hypertensive. A clinical cholestasis syndrome was present in 69 patients (97.2%). Fifty-five (55) patients (77.5%) had a cancer of the head of the pancreas, 8 patients (11.3%) had an extra-hepatic cholangiocarcinoma and 8 patients (11.3%) had an ampullary adenocarcinoma. Eight (8) resections (11.3%) with curative intent had been carried out and in 63 cases (88.7%), surgery was palliative. Postoperative morbidity was 55.7%, influenced by advanced WHO stage (p = 0.02). Postoperative mortality was 25.7%, associated with a high ASA score (p = 0.01). Conclusion: Pancreatic head cancer is the main etiology of malignant obstructions of the common bile duct in Cameroon. Surgical treatment is most often palliative. Postoperative morbidity and mortality are high, influenced by high WHO and ASA scores.

Cholangiocarcinoma and malignant bile duct obstruction: A review of last decades advances in therapeutic endoscopy

In the last decades many advances have been achieved in endoscopy, in the diagnosis and therapy of cholangiocarcinoma, however blood test, magnetic resonance imaging, computed tomography scan may fail to detect neoplastic disease at early stage, thus the diagnosis of cholangiocarcinoma is achieved usually at unresectable stage. In the last decades the role of endoscopy has moved from a diagnostic role to an invaluable therapeutic tool for patients affected by malignant bile duct obstruction. One of the major issues for cholangiocarcinoma is bile ducts occlusion, leading to jaundice, cholangitis and hepatic failure. Currently, endoscopy has a key role in the work up of cholangiocarcinoma, both in patients amenable to surgical intervention as well as in those unfit for surgery or not amenable to immediate surgical curative resection owing to locally advanced or advanced disease, with palliative intention. Endoscopy allows successful biliary drainage and stenting in more than 90% of patients with malignant bile duct obstruction, and allows rapid reduction of jaundice decreasing the risk of biliary sepsis. When biliary drainage and stenting cannot be achieved with endoscopy alone, endoscopic ultrasound-guided biliary drainage represents an effective alternative method affording successful biliary drainage in more than 80% of cases. The purpose of this review is to focus on the currently available endoscopic management options in patients with cholangiocarcinoma.

New tapered metallic stent for unresectable malignant hilar bile duct obstruction

AIM: To examine the usefulness of a new tapered metallic stent(MS) in patients with unresectable malignant hilar bile duct obstruction.METHODS: This new tapered MS was placed in 11 patients with Bismuth Ⅱ or severer unresectable malignant hilar bile duct obstruction, as a prospective study. The subjects were six patients with bile duct carcinoma, three with gallbladder cancer, and two with metastatic bile duct obstruction. Stenosis morphology was Bismuth Ⅱ: 7, Ⅲa: 3, and Ⅳ: 1. UMIN Clinical Trial Registry(UMIN000004758).RESULTS: MS placement was 100%(11/11) successful. There were no procedural accidents. The mean patency period was 208.401 d, the median survival period was 142.000 d, and the mean survival period was 193.273 d. Occlusion rate was 36.4%(4/11); the causes of occlusion were ingrowth and overgrowth in 2 patients each, 18.2%, respectively. Patients with occlusion underwent endoscopic treatment one more time and all were treatable. CONCLUSION: The tapered MS proved useful in patients with unresectable malignant hilar bile duct obstruction because it provided a long patency period, enabled re-treatment by re-intervention, and no procedural accidents occurred.

Response letter to “Acute cholangitis: Does malignant biliary obstruction vs choledocholithiasis etiology change the outcomes?” with imaging aspects

Radiological imaging findings may contribute to the differentiation of malignant biliary obstruction from choledocholithiasis in the etiology of acute cholangitis.

Imaging features of malignant vs stone-induced biliary obstruction:Aspects to consider

Radiological studies play a crucial role in the evaluation of patients with biliary duct obstruction,allowing for the guidance of clinical diagnosis towards a malignant or stone-induced etiology through the recognition of relevant imaging features,which must be continuously revisited given their prognostic significance.This article aims to emphasize the importance of recognizing crucial imaging aspects of malignant and stone-induced biliary obstruction.

Effectiveness of a new approach to minimally invasive surgery in palliative treatment of patients with distal malignant biliary obstruction

BACKGROUND Palliative endoscopic biliary drainage is the primary treatment option for the management of patients with jaundice which results from distal malignant biliary obstruction(DMBO).In this group of patients,decompression of the bile duct(BD)allows for pain reduction,symptom relief,chemotherapy administration,improved quality of life,and increased survival rate.To reduce the unfavorable effects of BD decompression,minimally invasive surgical techniques require continuous improvement.AIM To develop a technique for internal-external biliary-jejunal drainage(IEBJD)and assess its effectiveness in comparison to other minimally invasive procedures in the palliative treatment of patients with DMBO.METHODS A retrospective analysis of prospectively collected data was performed,which included 134 patients with DMBO who underwent palliative BD decompression.Biliary-jejunal drainage was developed to divert bile from the BD directly into the initial loops of the small intestine to prevent duodeno-biliary reflux.IEBJD was carried out using percutaneous transhepatic access.Percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage(PTBD),endoscopic retrograde biliary stenting(ERBS),and internal-external transpapillary biliary drainage (IETBD) were used for the treatment of studypatients. Endpoints of the study were the clinical success of the procedure, the frequency andnature of complications, and the cumulative survival rate.RESULTSThere were no significant differences in the frequency of minor complications between the studygroups. Significant complications occurred in 5 (17.2%) patients in the IEBJD group, in 16 (64.0%)in the ERBS group, in 9 (47.4%) in the IETBD group, and in 12 (17.4%) in the PTBD group.Cholangitis was the most common severe complication. In the IEBJD group, the course ofcholangitis was characterized by a delayed onset and shorter duration as compared to other studygroups. The cumulative survival rate of patients who underwent IEBJD was 2.6 times higher incomparison to those of the PTBD and IETBD groups and 20% higher in comparison to that of theERBS group.CONCLUSIONIEBJD has advantages over other minimally invasive BD decompression techniques and can berecommended for the palliative treatment of patients with DMBO.

New 14-mm diameter Niti-S biliary uncovered metal stent for unresectable distal biliary malignant obstruction

AIM To investigate whether an uncovered self-expandable metal stent(UCSEMS) with a large diameter could prevent recurrent biliary obstruction(RBO).METHODS Thirty-eight patients with malignant biliary obstruction underwent treatment with an UCSEMS with a 14-mm diameter(Niti-S 14). Retrospectively, we evaluated technical and functional success rate, RBO rate, time to RBO, survival time, and adverse events in these patients.RESULTS Stent placement success and functional success were achieved in all patients. Two patients(5.3%) had RBO due to tumor ingrowth or overgrowth. The median time to RBO was 190(range, 164-215) d. The median survival time was 120(range, 18-502) d. The 6-mo non-RBO rate was 91%. Other adverse events other than RBO occurred as follows: Acute cholecystitis, post-ERCP pancreatitis, hemobilia, and fever without exacerbation of liver injury, and liver abscess in 4(10.3%), 3(7.9%), 2(5.3%), 1(2.6%), and 1(2.6%), respectively. Migration of the stents was not observed.CONCLUSION Niti-S 14 is considered to be a preferable metal stent because of a low rate of RBO with no migration.

Acute cholangitis: Does malignant biliary obstruction vs choledocholithiasis etiology change the clinical presentation and outcomes?

BACKGROUND Whether clinical outcomes of acute cholangitis(AC)vary by etiology is unclear.AIM To compare outcomes in AC caused by malignant biliary obstruction(MBO)and common bile duct stones(CBDS).METHODS This retrospective study included 516 patients undergoing endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography(ERCP)due to AC caused by MBO(MBO group,n=56)and CBDS(CBDS group,n=460).Clinical and laboratory parameters were compared between the groups.Propensity score matching(PSM)created 55 matched pairs.Confounders used in the PSM analysis were age,sex,time to ERCP,and technical success of ERCP.The primary outcome comparison was 30-d mortality.The secondary outcome comparisons were intensive care unit(ICU)admission rate,length of hospital stay(LOHS),and 30-d readmission rate.RESULTS Compared with the CBDS group,the MBO group had significantly lower body temperature,percentage of abnormal white blood cell counts,and serum levels of aspartate aminotransferase,alanine aminotransferase,and creatinine.Body temperature,percent abnormal white blood cell count,and serum aspartate aminotransferase levels remained significantly lower in the MBO group in the PSM analysis.Platelet count,prothrombin time/international normalized ratio,and serum levels of alkaline phosphatase and total bilirubin were significantly higher in the MBO group.The MBO group had a significantly higher percentage of severe AC(33.9%vs 22.0%,P=0.045)and received ERCP later(median,92.5 h vs 47.4 h,P<0.001).However,the two differences were not found in the PSM analysis.The 30-d mortality(5.4%vs 0.7%,P=0.019),ICU admission rates(12.5%vs 4.8%,P=0.028),30-d readmission rates(23.2%vs 8.0%,P<0.001),and LOHS(median,16.5 d vs 7.0 d,P<0.001)were significantly higher or longer in the MBO group.However,only LOHS remained significant in the PSM analysis.Multivariate analysis revealed that time to ERCP and multiple organ dysfunction were independent factors associated with 30-d mortality.CONCLUSION MBO patients underwent ERCP later and thus had a worse prognosis than CBDS patients.Therefore,clinicians should remain vigilant in MBO patients with clinically suspected AC,and perform ERCP for biliary drainage as soon as possible.

γ-谷氨酰转移酶与白蛋白比值对经皮经肝胆道引流治疗恶性梗阻性黄疸的生存预测价值

目的分析γ-谷氨酰转移酶与白蛋白比值(GAR)与经皮经肝胆道引流术(PTBD)治疗恶性梗阻性黄疸患者生存预后的关系。方法对2019年1月—2022年3月联勤保障部队第987医院因恶性梗阻性黄疸接受姑息性PTBD治疗的104例患者进行回顾性分析。所有患者均有随访记录,主要终点是总生存期(OS)。结果死亡患者年龄较大,PTBD术后7 d内总胆红素水平较高,术前血小板计数绝对计数和GAR比值更高,而术前ALB水平和预后营养指数(PNI)较低,且接受进一步治疗的患者比例更低(P<0.05)。经受试者工作特征曲线分析,GAR结合PNI预测总生存率的曲线下面积(AUC)为0.898(95%CI:0.834~0.952,P<0.001),灵敏度和特异度为90.9%和70.8%,显著优于PNI单独预测的AUC值。术前PNI<39.57和GAR≥1.045是经PTBD治疗的恶性梗阴性黄疸患者在预后的预测因子(P<0.05)。Kaplan-Meier曲线和对秩数分析结果显示,GAR≥1.045的患者OS相较于GAR<1.045的患者更短(log-rank=28.292,P<0.001),且PNI<39.57的患者OS相较于PNI≥39.57的患者更短(log-rank=15.389,P<0.001)。在PNI≥39.57的患者中,GAR≥1.045患者OS相较于GAR<1.045患者也更短(log-rank=10.614,P=0.001)。结论术前GAR可作为接受姑息性PTBD治疗的恶性梗阻性黄疸患者生存预后的有力预测指标,且可补充PNI额外的预后信息。

肝穿刺肝胆管支架治疗恶性梗阻性黄疸的护理

目的探讨经皮肝穿刺肝胆管支架治疗恶性梗阻性黄胆的术中及术后护理要点。方法23例恶性胆道梗阻患者采用经皮肝穿刺肝胆管支架置入术治疗,术前做好充分的准备、术中一丝不苟的配合,术后严密观察。结果共置入23枚镍钛记忆合金内支架,技术操作成功率100%。1周后复查时引流通畅,支架扩张良好。术前血清总胆红素(386.3±232.5)μmol/L,术后23例血清胆红素降到(86.2±42.5)μmol/L,通过术中医护密切配合和术后严密观察,该组无严重并发症。结论优质的护理可明显减少经皮肝穿刺支架置入手术并发症,提高支架置入的成功率和治疗效果,促进高龄患者康复。

非ERCP适应证的恶性胆管梗阻病人MRCP诊断价值

目的 探讨磁共振胰胆管成像 (MRCP)对非ERCP适应证的恶性胆管梗阻病人的诊断价值。方法 对 2 5例内窥镜逆行胰胆管造影 (ERCP)不成功或不适宜而临床怀疑为恶性梗阻性黄疸的老年病人进行MRCP检查。结果 11例ERCP不成功和 14例因病人一般状况不宜做ERCP的老年病人均获得了具有诊断价值的MRCP图像。MRCP准确地显示了手术病理证实为恶性肿瘤的 2 5例病人的梗阻部位 (2 5 /2 5 ,10 0 %)。MRCP对梗阻性质诊断的准确率为 96%(2 4/2 5 )。结论 MRCP能够清楚地显示肝内或肝外胆管的梗阻 ,并能对梗阻的性质和病变的范围作出理想的判断 ,是目前非ERCP适应证的恶性胆管梗阻病人最理想的非创伤性检查方法 ,能够有效地帮助临床做出合适的手术方案。

恶性梗阻性黄疸经皮肝穿胆道内支架植入的手术期护理

目的:研究恶性梗阻性黄疸经皮肝穿刺胆道内金属支架植入治疗的术中配合、术后护理,提高支架植入的成功率及促进病人康复。方法:回顾性分析我院2007年1月～2010年6月安全实施胆道内金属支架植入治疗的32例恶性梗阻性黄疸的临床资料。采取措施包括对患者术中、术后护理要点的严密观察及管理如疼痛、发热的观察及护理管理、引流管以及引流物的管理等。结果:32例手术顺利、安全实施,未发生与护理相关的意外及并发症;术后除出现轻微不适外,无术后穿刺部位出血、严重感染、引流管脱落、阻塞等发生,全部病例均达到预期治疗目的而安全出院。结论:充分术前准备、严密的术中、术后并发症观察与护理可保证胆道内支架植入治疗的安全进行、术后的顺利康复,避免与护理有关的严重并发症及意外的发生。

经皮肝胆管引流术在肝门部恶性肿瘤胆道梗阻中的应用

目的分析经皮肝胆管引流术(PTCD)在肝门部恶性肿瘤胆道梗阻中的治疗效果,探讨PTCD介入治疗的价值。方法将55例肝门部恶性肿瘤胆道梗阻患者按照手术适应评估结果分为PTCD组(30例经皮肝胆管引流术)和对照组(25例经内镜内支架植入术),观察PTCD组患者术前及术后生化指标,包括血清总胆红素(TB)、血清直接胆红素(DB)、血清丙氨酸转氨酶(ALT)、血清谷氨酸氨基转移酶(AST)和血清碱性磷酸酶(AKP),并且对2组患者进行术后随访,比较2组患者治疗有效率和术后生存时间。结果 PTCD组患者手术后1周与术前TB、DB、ALT、AST和APK比较变化明显,PTCD治疗后患者生化指标明显改善,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05);PTCD组和内镜内支架植入组治疗有效率分别为83.3%和64.0%,生存时间分别为(7.5±2.6)个月和(4.8±2.8)个月,PTCD组明显优于内镜内支架植入,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论患者PTCD治疗后,生化指标得到明显改善,术后生存时间显著延长,PTCD治疗可以作为临床上治疗肝门部恶性肿瘤胆道梗阻的有效手术方法。

胆管支架治疗恶性梗阻性黄疸53例分析

目的观察经皮肝穿刺肝胆管支架治疗恶性梗阻性黄疸的疗效及不良反应。方法 53例恶性胆道梗阻患者采用经皮肝穿刺置入胆管支架治疗,术前及术后1周复查血清总胆红素、直接胆红素。22例患者行肝动脉栓塞化疗(TA-CE)。结果共置入55枚镍钛形状记忆合金内支架,其中2例各置入2枚胆道支架,技术操作成功率100%。术前及术后1周血清总胆红素、直接胆红素均有显著差异(P=0.021,P=0.018),支架置入后行TACE者中位生存期(39.2周)明显高于未行TACE组(17.3周),术中及术后的并发症经及时处理后均能缓解。结论对梗阻性黄疸患者经皮肝穿刺支架治疗对解除胆道梗阻是一种安全、有效的方法。术后行肝动脉栓塞化疗者能明显延长患者生存。

影像学诊断恶性胆道梗阻和术前评估肿瘤切除的准确性

目的探讨影像学诊断恶性胆道梗阻的价值和术前评估肿瘤切除的准确性。方法对61例经病理或临床证实的恶性胆道梗阻病人,进行影像学检查资料总结。结果对恶性胆道梗阻病人行B超、CT、ERCP或PTC、MRCP检查,术前临床诊断准确率分别为80_3％、85.2％、90.6％、90.0％、92.3％,术前评估肿瘤切除准确性为:85％、78.4％、66.7％、73.1％、93.3％。结论恶性胆道梗阻在定性诊断上MRCP、ERCP、PTC诊断率高于B超、CT,在手术可切除性评估方面MRCP、B超高于CT、ERCP、PTC,但均无统计学意义。

ERCP置入金属支架与PTCD治疗肝外胆管恶性肿瘤致梗阻性黄疸的对比研究

目的对比观察经内镜逆行胰胆管造影(ERCP)置入金属支架与经皮经肝胆管穿刺引流术(PTCD)治疗肝外胆管恶性肿瘤致梗阻性黄疸的临床疗效。方法采用前瞻性研究方法,选取2016年1月至2018年1月首都医科大学附属北京友谊医院收治的90例肝外胆管恶性肿瘤致梗阻性黄疸患者,采用简单随机分组方法,分为对照组和观察组,每组各45例。对照组患者采用PTCD治疗,观察组患者采用ERCP置入金属支架治疗。比较两组患者的住院天数、术后黄疸缓解率、术后腹痛、术后发热、支架通畅时间、术后并发症发生情况及总生存期等差异。结果观察组患者的住院天数[(12.53±3.98)d]较对照组[(18.77±4.26)d]明显缩短,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.01)。观察组和对照组患者的术后黄疸缓解率(93.33%vs.84.44%)和发热发生率(24.44%vs.33.33%)比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05);观察组患者的术后腹痛发生率(8.89%)较对照组(31.11%)明显下降,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05);观察组和对照组患者的腹痛消失时间(6.95±1.35 d vs.7.38±1.46 d)和体温恢复正常时间(2.48±0.69 d vs.2.74±0.83 d)比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。观察组患者的支架通畅时间[(224.85±48.95)d]和总生存期[(331.14±46.84)d]较对照组[(157.89±42.16)d、(223.16±39.80)d]明显延长,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.01)。观察组患者的术后并发症总发生率(6.67%)较对照组(26.67%)明显降低,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论对肝外胆管恶性肿瘤致梗阻性黄疸患者而言,ERCP置入金属支架与PTCD的效果相当,均可有效缓解胆道梗阻性黄疸。但相比于PTCD,ERCP置入金属支架治疗后胆道通畅时间延长,住院时间缩短,并发症发生率低,可促进患者肝功能恢复,延长生存时间,因此,ERCP置入金属支架治疗可作为临床治疗此类患者的一种安全、有效的方法。

CT靶扫描在胆总管下端恶性梗阻性病因诊断中的价值

目的:探讨CT薄层增强靶扫描在胆总管下端恶性梗阻性病因诊断中的价值。方法:对21例梗阻性黄疸患者行CT腹部平扫,据平扫图像对胆总管梗阻部位行三期增强靶扫描,结合病理结果进行评价。结果:靶扫描图像示胆总管下端梗阻性病变定位诊断率为100%,定性诊断率为95.2%(20/21)。结论:CT靶扫描为胆总管下端恶性梗阻性病变的有效检查方法。

介入影像医学技术在晚期肝门胆管癌姑息治疗中的应用价值

目的探讨超声引导及数字减影血管造影(DSA)下经皮经肝胆道金属支架植入术在晚期肝门胆管癌伴有梗阻性黄疸治疗中的应用价值。方法回顾性分析2011年1月—2013年1月我院普外中心60例晚期肝门胆管癌伴有恶性梗阻性黄疸及肝功能严重损害患者,先行超声引导下经皮经肝胆道穿刺引流术(PTC),再在DSA下经PTC窦道植入胆道金属支架,将外引流转变为生理性内引流,以改善肝功能。结果 60例患者术前血清总胆红素(386±95)μmol/L,术后第10天,血清总胆红素下降到(189±68)μmol/L(P<0.05),碱性磷酸酶(AKP)与γ-谷氨酰转肽酶(γ-GT)也较术前明显下降(P<0.05),出现并发症7例(11.7%)。结论超声及DSA介导经皮经肝胆道内置引流术是一种治疗晚期肝门胆管癌伴恶性梗阻性黄疸的有效方法,具有安全、简便、经济、可重复等优点。

超声定位联合PTCD治疗低位恶性梗阻性黄疸的临床价值分析

目的:探讨超声定位联合经皮肝穿刺胆道引流(PTCD)治疗低位恶性梗阻性黄疸的临床价值。方法:依据治疗方法不同将135例低位恶性梗阻性黄疸患者分为超声定位联合经皮经肝胆管置管引流术组(PTBD组)52例,超声定位联合经皮经肝胆囊置管引流术组(PTGD组)46例,经内镜鼻胆管引流术组(ENBD组)37例。对比各组置管次数、手术时间、手术成功率、有效带管时间、术后引流量、并发症以及手术前后肝功能指标、肝内胆管直径的差异。结果:与ENBD组比较,PTGD和PTBD组患者置管次数偏少(P<0.05),手术时间偏短(P<0.05),手术成功率偏高(P<0.05),术后有效带管时间偏长(P<0.05),术后胆管直径偏小(P<0.05),术后并发症发生率偏低(P<0.05),术后每日胆汁引流量、肝功能指标改善程度无差异(P>0.05)。与PTBD组对比,PTGD组置管次数偏少(P<0.05),手术时间偏短(P<0.05);与PTGD组比较,PTBD术后有效带管时间偏长(P<0.05)。结论:超声定位联合PTCD治疗低位恶性梗阻性黄疸具有操作简便、成功率高、并发症少的优势。PTBD可延长有效带管时间,更适合低位恶性梗阻性黄疸的姑息治疗。

胆道支架联合经皮穿刺^(125)I粒子植入治疗胆管恶性梗阻性黄疸26例临床观察

目的探讨B超导向经皮经肝胆道引流(Percutaneous transhepatic cholangial drainage,PTCD)术后支架置入联合125Ⅰ粒子植入治疗胆管恶性梗阻的临床价值。方法 26例胆管恶性梗阻患者运用B超导向PTCD胆道支架植入后,运用超声导向经皮经肝按照治疗计划系统(Treatment Plan System,TPS)进行125Ⅰ粒子植入。结果 26例患者超声导向穿刺置管均一次性完成,引流通畅,无并发症发生;支架开通时间2～13个月;术后血清总胆红素(TBIL)和丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)均显著下降(P<0.01),18例显效,8例有效;4个月无局部进展生存率为73.1%,10个月无局部进展生存率为0;生存期2～26个月。结论胆道支架联合经皮经肝125Ⅰ粒子植入治疗胆管恶性梗阻是一种安全有效的治疗方法。