Response letter to “Acute cholangitis: Does malignant biliary obstruction vs choledocholithiasis etiology change the outcomes?” with imaging aspects

Radiological imaging findings may contribute to the differentiation of malignant biliary obstruction from choledocholithiasis in the etiology of acute cholangitis.

Acute cholangitis: Does malignant biliary obstruction vs choledocholithiasis etiology change the clinical presentation and outcomes?

BACKGROUND Whether clinical outcomes of acute cholangitis(AC)vary by etiology is unclear.AIM To compare outcomes in AC caused by malignant biliary obstruction(MBO)and common bile duct stones(CBDS).METHODS This retrospective study included 516 patients undergoing endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography(ERCP)due to AC caused by MBO(MBO group,n=56)and CBDS(CBDS group,n=460).Clinical and laboratory parameters were compared between the groups.Propensity score matching(PSM)created 55 matched pairs.Confounders used in the PSM analysis were age,sex,time to ERCP,and technical success of ERCP.The primary outcome comparison was 30-d mortality.The secondary outcome comparisons were intensive care unit(ICU)admission rate,length of hospital stay(LOHS),and 30-d readmission rate.RESULTS Compared with the CBDS group,the MBO group had significantly lower body temperature,percentage of abnormal white blood cell counts,and serum levels of aspartate aminotransferase,alanine aminotransferase,and creatinine.Body temperature,percent abnormal white blood cell count,and serum aspartate aminotransferase levels remained significantly lower in the MBO group in the PSM analysis.Platelet count,prothrombin time/international normalized ratio,and serum levels of alkaline phosphatase and total bilirubin were significantly higher in the MBO group.The MBO group had a significantly higher percentage of severe AC(33.9%vs 22.0%,P=0.045)and received ERCP later(median,92.5 h vs 47.4 h,P<0.001).However,the two differences were not found in the PSM analysis.The 30-d mortality(5.4%vs 0.7%,P=0.019),ICU admission rates(12.5%vs 4.8%,P=0.028),30-d readmission rates(23.2%vs 8.0%,P<0.001),and LOHS(median,16.5 d vs 7.0 d,P<0.001)were significantly higher or longer in the MBO group.However,only LOHS remained significant in the PSM analysis.Multivariate analysis revealed that time to ERCP and multiple organ dysfunction were independent factors associated with 30-d mortality.CONCLUSION MBO patients underwent ERCP later and thus had a worse prognosis than CBDS patients.Therefore,clinicians should remain vigilant in MBO patients with clinically suspected AC,and perform ERCP for biliary drainage as soon as possible.

Endoscopic stenting for inoperable malignant biliary obstruction: A systematic review and meta-analysis

AIM: To analyze through meta-analyses the benefits of two types of stents in the inoperable malignant biliary obstruction.METHODS: A systematic review of randomized clinical trials(RCT) was conducted, with the last update on March 2015, using EMBASE, CINAHL(EBSCO), MEDLINE, LILACS/CENTRAL(BVS), SCOPUS, CAPES(Brazil), and gray literature. Information of the selected studies was extracted in sight of six outcomes: primarily regarding dysfunction, complication and reintervention rates; and secondarily costs, survival, and patency time. The data about characteristics of trial participants, inclusion and exclusion criteria and types of stents were also extracted. The bias was mainly assessed through the JADAD scale. This meta-analysis was registered in the PROSPERO database by the number CRD42014015078. The analysis of the absolute risk of the outcomes was performed using the software Rev Man, by computing risk differences(RD) of dichotomous variables and mean differences(MD) of continuous variables. Data on RD and MD for each primary outcome were calculated using the MantelHaenszel test and inconsistency was qualified and reported in χ2 and the Higgins method(I2). Sensitivity analysis was performed when heterogeneity was higher than 50%, a subsequent assay was done and other findings were compiled. Student's t-test was used for the comparison of weighted arithmetic means regarding secondary outcomes.RESULTS: Initial searching identified 3660 studies; 3539 were excluded through title, repetition, and/or abstract, while 121 studies were fully assessed and were excluded mainly because they did not compare self-expanding metal stents(SEMS) and plastic stents(PS), leading to thirteen RCT selected, with 13 articles and 1133 subjects meta-analyzed. The mean age was 69.5 years old, that were affected mostly by bile duct(proximal) and pancreatic tumors(distal). The preferred SEMS diameter used was the 10 mm(30 Fr) and the preferred PS diameter used was 10 Fr. In the metaanalysis, SEMS had lower overall stent dysfunction compared to PS(21.6% vs 46.8%, P < 0.00001) and fewer re-interventions(21.6% vs 56.6%, P < 0.00001), with no difference in complications(13.7% vs 15.9%, P = 0.16). In the secondary analysis, the mean survival rate was higher in the SEMS group(182 d vs 150 d, P < 0.0001), with a higher patency period(250 d vs 124 d, P < 0.0001) and a lower cost per patient(4193.98 vs 4728.65 Euros, P < 0.0985).CONCLUSION: SEMS are associated with lower stent dysfunction, lower re-intervention rates, better survival, and higher patency time. Complications and costs showed no difference.

Predictive factors for the failure of endoscopic stent-instent self-expandable metallic stent placement to treat malignant hilar biliary obstruction

AIM To investigate the factors predictive of failure when placing a second biliary self-expandable metallic stents(SEMSs). METHODS This study evaluated 65 patients with an unresectable malignant hilar biliary obstruction who were examined in our hospital. Sixty-two of these patients were recruited to the study and divided into two groups: the success group, which consisted of patients in whom a stent-in-stent SEMS had been placed successfully, and the failure group, which consisted of patients in whom the stent-in-stent SEMS had not been placed successfully. We compared the characteristics of the patients, the stricture state of their biliary ducts, and the implemented endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography(ERCP) procedures between the two groups.RESULTS The angle between the target biliary duct stricture and the first implanted SEMS was significantly larger in the failure group than in the success group. There were significantly fewer wire or dilation devices(ERCP catheter, dilator, or balloon catheter) passing the first SEMS cell in the failure group than in the success group. The cut-off value of the angle predicting stent-in-stent SEMS placement failure was 49.7 degrees according to the ROC curve(sensitivity 91.7%, specificity 61.2%). Furthermore, the angle was significantly smaller in patients with wire or dilation devices passing the first SEMS cell than in patients without wire or dilation devices passing the first SEMS cell. CONCLUSION A large angle was identified as a predictive factor for failure of stent-in-stent SEMS placement.

Endoscopic palliation of malignant biliary obstruction

Malignant biliary obstruction often presents with challenges requiring the endoscopist to assess the location of the lesion,the staging of the disease,the eventual resectability and patient preferences in term of biliary decompression.This review will focus on the different modalities available in order to offer the most appropriate palliation,such as conventional endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography,endoscopic ultrasound guided biliary drainage as well as ablative therapies including photodynamic therapy or radiofrequency ablation.

New antireflux plastic stent for patients with distal malignant biliary obstruction

BACKGROUND Endoscopic biliary stenting is a well-established palliative treatment for patients with unresectable distal malignant biliary obstruction(MBO). However, the main problem with stent placement is the relatively short duration of stent patency.Although self-expanding metal stents(SEMSs) have a longer patency period than plastic stents(PSs), the higher costs limit the wide use of SEMSs. A PS with an antireflux valve is an attractive idea to prolong stent patency, but no ideal design for an antireflux PS(ARPS) has been proposed. We developed a new ARPS with a "duckbilled" valve attached to the duodenal end of the stent.AIM To compare the patency of ARPSs with that of traditional PSs(TPSs) in patients with unresectable distal MBO.METHODS We conducted a single-center, prospective, randomized, controlled, double-blind study. This study was conducted at the West China Hospital of Sichuan University. Consecutive patients with extrahepatic MBO were enrolled prospectively. Eligible patients were randomly assigned to receive either an ARPS or a TPS. Patients were followed by clinic visits or telephone interviews every 1-2 mo until stent exchange, death, or the final study follow-up in October 2018. The primary outcome was the duration of stent patency. Secondary outcomes included the rate of technical success, the rate of clinical success,adverse events, and patient survival.RESULTS Between February 2016 and December 2017, 38 patients were randomly assigned to two groups, with 19 patients in each group, to receive ARPSs or TPSs. Stent insertion was technically successful in all patients. There were no significant differences between the two groups in the rates of clinical success or the rates of early or late adverse events(P = 0.660, 1.000, and 1.000, respectively). The median duration of stent patency in the ARPS group was 285 d [interquartile range(IQR),170], which was significantly longer than that in the TPS group(median, 130 d;IQR, 90, P = 0.005). No significant difference in patient survival was noted between the two groups(P = 0.900).CONCLUSION The new ARPS is safe and effective for the palliation of unresectable distal MBO,and has a significantly longer stent patency than a TPS.

Endoscopic palliation of malignant biliary stricture

Malignant biliary strictures often present late after the window for curative resection has elapsed. In such patients, the goal of therapy is typically focused on palliation. While historically, palliative measures were performed surgically, the advent of endoscopic intervention offers minimally invasive options to provide relief of symptoms, improve quality of life, and in some cases, increase survival of these patients. Some of these therapies, such as endoscopic biliary decompression, have become mainstays of treatment for decades, whereas newer modalities, including radiofrequency ablation, and photodynamic therapy offer additional options for patients with incurable biliary malignancies.

Biliary stenting with or without sphincterotomy for malignant biliary obstruction:A meta-analysis

AIM:To investigate the benefits of endoscopic sphincterotomy(EST) before stent placement by meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials(RCTs). METHODS:PubMed,EMBASE,Cochrane Library,and Science Citation Index databases up to March 2014 were searched. The primary outcome was incidence of post-endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography(ERCP) pancreatitis(PEP) and successful stent insertion rate. The secondary outcomes were the incidence of post-ERCP bleeding,stent migration and occlusion. The free software Review Manager was used to perform the meta-analysis.RESULTS:Three studies(n=338 patients,170 in the EST group and 168 in the non-EST group)were included.All three studies described a comparison of baseline patient characteristics and showed that there were no statistically significant differences between the two groups.Three RCTs,including 338 patients,were included in this meta-analysis.Most of the analyzed outcomes were similar between the groups.Although EST reduced the incidence of PEP,it also led to a higher incidence of post-ERCP bleeding(OR=0.34,95%CI:0.12-0.93,P=0.04;OR=9.70,95%CI:1.21-77.75,P=0.03,respectively).CONCLUSION:EST before stent placement may be useful in reducing the incidence of PEP.However,ESTrelated complications,such as bleeding and perforation,may offset this effect.

Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography guided interventions in the management of pancreatic cancer

Pancreatic cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related morbidity and mortality with an overall five-year survival of less than 9%in the United States.At presentation,the majority of patients have painless jaundice,pruritis,and malaise,a triad that develops secondary to obstruction,which often occurs late in the course of the disease process.The technical advancements in radiological imaging and endoscopic interventions have played a crucial role in the diagnosis,staging,and management of patients with pancreatic cancer.Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography(ERCP)-guided diagnosis(with brush cytology,serial pancreatic juice aspiration cytologic examination technique,or biliary biopsy)and therapeutic interventions such as pancreatobiliary decompression,intraductal and relief of gastric outlet obstruction play a pivotal role in the management of advanced pancreatic cancer and are increasingly used due to improved morbidity and complication rates compared to surgical management.In this review,we highlight various ERCP-guided diagnostic and therapeutic interventions for the management of pancreatic cancer.

Endoscopic ultrasound-guided biliary drainage using electrocauteryenhanced lumen-apposing metal stent for malignant biliary obstruction:A promising procedure

In this editorial,we comment on the article by Peng et al.Palliative drainage for biliary obstruction resulting from unresectable malignant lesions includes internal and external drainage.The procedures of biliary drainage are usually guided by fluoroscopy or transcutaneous ultrasound,endoscopic ultrasound(EUS),or both.Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography(ERCP)has been primarily recommended for the management of biliary obstruction,while EUS-guided biliary drainage and percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage(PTBD)are alternative choices for cases where ERCP has failed or is impossible.PTBD is limited by shortcomings of a higher rate of adverse events,more reinterventions,and severe complications.EUS-guided biliary drainage has a lower rate of adverse events than PTBD.EUS-guided biliary drainage with electrocautery-enhanced lumen-apposing metal stent(ECE-LAMS)enables EUS-guided biliaryenteric anastomosis to be performed in a single step and does not require prior bile duct puncture or a guidewire.The present meta-analysis showed that ECELAMS has a high efficacy and safety in relieving biliary obstruction in general,although the results of LAMS depending on the site of biliary obstruction.This study has highlighted the latest advances with a larger sample-based comprehensive analysis.

Endoscopic ultrasound-guided biliary drainage-current status and future perspectives

Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography(ERCP)with stenting is the treatment modality of choice for patients with benign and malignant bile duct obstruction.ERCP could fail in cases of duodenal obstruction,duodenal diverticulum,ampullary neoplastic infiltration or surgically altered anatomy.In these cases percutaneous biliary drainage(PTBD)is traditionally used as a rescue procedure but is related to high morbidity and mortality and lower quality of life.Endoscopic ultrasound-guided biliary drainage(EUS-BD)is a relatively new interventional procedure that arose due to the development of curvilinear echoendoscope and the various endoscopic devices.A large amount of data is already collected that proves its efficacy,safety and ability to replace PTBD in cases of ERCP failure.It is also possible that EUS-BD could be chosen as a first-line treatment option in some clinical scenarios in the near future.Several EUS-BD techniques are developed EUS-guided transmural stenting,antegrade stenting and rendezvous technique and can be personalized depending on the individual anatomy.EUS-BD is normally performed in the same session from the same endoscopist in case of ERCP failure.The lack of training,absence of enough dedicated devices and lack of standardization still makes EUS-BD a difficult and not very popular procedure,which is related to life-threatening adverse events.Developing training models,dedicated devices and guidelines hopefully will make EUS-BD easier,safer and well accepted in the future.This paper focuses on the technical aspects of the different EUS-BD procedures,available literature data,advantages,negative aspects and the future perspectives of these modalities.

Angle of covered self-expandable metallic stents after placement is a risk factor for recurrent biliary obstruction

BACKGROUND Studies have shown that covered self-expandable metallic stents(CSEMS)with a low axial forces after placement can cause early recurrent biliary obstruction(RBO)due to precipitating sludge formation.AIM To ascertain whether the angle of CSEMS after placement is a risk factor for RBO in unresectable distal malignant biliary obstruction(MBO).METHODS Between January 2010 and March 2019,261 consecutive patients underwent selfexpandable metallic stent insertion by endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography at our facility,and 87 patients were included in this study.We evaluated the risk factors for RBO,including the angle of CSEMS after placement as the primary outcome.We measured the obtuse angle of CSEMS after placement on an abdominal radiograph using the SYNAPSE PACS system.We also evaluated technical and functional success,adverse events,time to RBO(TRBO),non-RBO rate,survival time,cause of RBO,and reintervention procedure as secondary outcomes.RESULTS We divided the patients into two cohorts based on the presence or absence of RBO.The angle of CSEMS after placement(per 1°and per 10°)was evaluated using the multivariate Cox proportional hazard analysis,which was an independent risk factor for RBO in unresectable distal MBO[hazard ratio,0.97 and 0.71;95%confidence interval(CI):0.94-0.99 and 0.54-0.92;P=0.01 and 0.01,respectively].For early diagnosis of RBO,the cut-off value of the angle of CSEMS after placement using the receiver operating characteristic curve was 130°[sensitivity,50.0%;specificity 85.5%;area under the curve 0.70(95%CI:0.57-0.84)].TRBO in the<130°angle group was significantly shorter than that in the≥130°angle group(P<0.01).CONCLUSION This study suggests that the angle of the CSEMS after placement for unresectable distal MBO is a risk factor for RBO.These novel results provide pertinent information for future stent management.

经内镜逆行胰胆管造影胆管支架置入术对老年恶性梗阻性黄疸患者免疫炎性反应及肝功能的影响

目的探讨经内镜逆行胰胆管造影(ERCP)胆管支架置入术治疗老年恶心梗阻性黄疸(MOJ)患者临床疗效及可能作用机制。方法收集2020年7月至2022年6月在我院接受胆管支架置入术治疗的老年MOJ患者102例临床资料,根据胆管支架置入方式分为ERCP组(54例)与PTCD组(48例),比较两组手术成功率与临床疗效、细胞免疫功能、炎性因子、肝功能、不良反应等指标。结果ERCP组低位梗阻患者手术成功率、临床疗效高于PTCD组(χ^(2)=4.193,4.877,P<0.05);CD3^(+)、CD4^(+)、CD4^(+)/CD8^(+)高于PTCD组,CD8^(+)低于PTCD组(P<0.05);血清C-反应蛋白(CRP)、白细胞介素-6(IL-6)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)低于PTCD组(P<0.05);血清谷草转氨酶(AST)、谷丙转氨酶(ALT)、总胆红素(TBil)、直接胆红素(DBil)低于PTCD组(P<0.05);导管堵塞等并发症7.41%低于PTCD组22.92%(χ^(2)=4.873,P<0.05)。结论ERCP胆管支架置入能够提高手术治疗效果,减少并发症的发生,可能与调节细胞免疫功能、抑制炎症反应、改善肝功能等因素有关。

Unveiling the potential of electrocautery-enhanced lumen-apposing metal stents in endoscopic ultrasound-guided biliary drainage

This editorial delves into Peng et al's article,published in the World Journal of Gastrointestinal Surgery.Peng et al's meta-analysis investigates the effectiveness of electrocautery-enhanced lumen-apposing metal stents(ECE-LAMS)in ultrasound-guided biliary drainage for alleviating malignant biliary obstruction.Examining 14 studies encompassing 620 participants,the research underscores a robust technical success rate of 96.7%,highlighting the efficacy of ECE-LAMS,particularly in challenging cases which have failed endoscopic retrograde cholangio pancreatography.A clinical success rate of 91.0% underscores its impact on symptom alleviation,while a reasonably tolerable adverse event rate of 17.5% is observed.However,the 7.3% re-intervention rate stresses the need for post-procedural monitoring.Subgroup analyses validate consistent outcomes,bolstering the applicability of ECE-LAMS.These findings advocate for the adoption of ECELAMS as an appropriate approach for biliary palliation,urging further exploration in real-world clinical contexts.They offer valuable insights for optimizing interventions targeting malignant biliary obstruction management.

PTBD与EUS-BD在恶性胆道梗阻患者ERCP失败后的应用进展

恶性胆道梗阻(malignant biliary obstruction,MBO)是指因胆道内或胆道邻近部位的肿瘤病变压迫胆道引起胆汁排出受阻,因其外科手术干预率低,故选取姑息治疗为主,即实现胆道引流。内镜下逆行性胰胆管造影术(endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography,ERCP)是实现胆道引流的标准方法,当其操作失败时,临床上多采用经皮肝穿刺胆道引流术和超声内镜引导下胆道引流术,本文将整理相关文献,对MBO患者ERCP失败后的两种胆道引流方法作一综述。

一体式可回收胆管内塑料支架在恶性胆道疾病中的应用效果

目的探讨一体式可回收胆管内塑料支架在恶性胆道梗阻疾病治疗中的应用时效性和安全性。方法回顾性收集2019年1月-2022年5月于该院行内镜逆行胰胆管造影术(ERCP)治疗的恶性胆道梗阻患者81例。其中,25例置入一体式可回收胆管内塑料支架(一体支架组),23例置入普通塑料支架(普通支架组),33例置入金属覆膜支架(金属支架组)。比较3组患者的肝功能变化、支架通畅时间、反流发生率、术后胰腺炎发生率、单次住院时间和住院费用。结果3组患者置入支架前肝功能比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);一体支架组和金属支架组较普通支架组总胆红素(TBIL)、直接胆红素(DBIL)指标下降趋势更为明显,且一体支架组DBIL指标下降程度较金属支架组明显(P<0.05)。金属支架组支架通畅时间最长,为(184.70±16.40)d,一体支架组次之,为(118.64±16.00)d,普通支架组通畅时间最短,为(96.43±15.85)d,3组患者比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。一体支架组反流发生率最低,金属支架组其次,普通支架组反流发生率最高,3组患者比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。3组患者胰腺炎发生率和单次住院时间比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。金属支架组住院费用较一体支架组和普通支架组高,3组患者比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论相比金属覆膜支架和普通塑料支架,一体式可回收胆管内塑料支架置入术后,肝功能恢复较好,支架通畅时间相对较长,反流发生率较低,住院费用少,且安全有效,是恶性胆道梗阻患者的最优选择。

前白蛋白动态变化对胆道支架置入术治疗恶性梗阻性黄疸预后的预测价值

目的探讨血清前白蛋白(PAB)动态变化对首次经内镜逆行性胰胆管造影(ERCP)胆道支架置入术治疗恶性梗阻性黄疸(MOJ)患者生存的预测价值。方法回顾性分析首次经ERCP支架置入术解除梗阻的119例MOJ患者的临床资料。根据患者生存期是否大于1年分为生存组和死亡组,收集患者术前及术后7 d的肝功能指标,计算出各指标动态变化率(术后7 d/术前)。利用受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线确定PAB动态变化率的最佳截断值,根据界值将患者分为高低2组,Kaplan-Meier法绘制2组患者的生存曲线,Cox比例风险模型分析影响患者长期生存预后的危险因素。结果119例患者中1年生存率45.4%(54/119),病死率54.6%(65/119)。生存组PAB动态变化率为1.1(0.9,1.4),死亡组为0.9(0.7,1.0),生存组高于死亡组(P<0.05);ROC分析提示PAB动态变化率预测死亡的ROC曲线下面积为0.799(95%CI:0.704~0.895),PAB动态变化率最佳截断值为1.008;生存分析显示低PAB动态变化率组的1年累积生存率低于高PAB动态变化率组(P<0.01)。多因素Cox比例风险模型分析显示,PAB动态变化率较低是MOJ患者ERCP术后长期生存的独立危险因素。结论PAB动态变化率可作为MOJ患者潜在的预后判断指标。

胆道支架引流联合腔内射频消融治疗胆道恶性梗阻

目的探讨胆道支架引流联合腔内射频消融治疗胆道恶性梗阻的安全性及临床疗效。方法前瞻性纳入18例因胆道恶性梗阻接受内镜逆行胆胰管造影(ERCP)治疗的患者,在胆管插管成功后,循导丝插入双极射频电极,于肿瘤部位进行射频消融,并留置胆道支架进行引流,观察治疗的安全性及临床疗效。结果所有患者均成功接受射频消融治疗;胆道引流成功率为100%(18/18),12例患者留置塑料支架,6例患者留置金属支架,其中3例患者同期留置胰管支架;术后患者出现胆管炎2例,胰腺炎2例,均经短期对症治疗后控制;黄疸明显缓解率为61%(11/18);中位随访期10.9(2.0～15.4)个月,3个月内支架通畅率为87%(13/15),6个月内支架通畅率为64%(9/14),12个月内支架通畅率为25%(2/8);6个月生存率为67%(8/12),12个月生存率为50%(4/8)。结论对于胆道恶性梗阻,胆道支架引流联合腔内射频消融治疗是安全可行的。

内镜下同期胆、肠双金属支架置入治疗胆管及十二指肠恶性梗阻

目的探讨恶性胆、肠梗阻患者内镜下同期实施胆、肠双自膨胀金属支架(self-expanding metallic stent,SEMS)治疗的策略、方法及其安全性和有效性。方法回顾性分析2009年1月至2012年6月我院收治的阻塞性黄疸合并十二指肠恶性狭窄行内镜下同期置放胆、肠双SEMS患者的临床资料,分析内镜操作的成功率及并发症、术后黄疸消退及胃流出道梗阻评分系统(GOOSS)评分情况。结果共收治10例同期放置胆、肠双SEMS的患者,包括胰腺癌5例、胆囊癌2例、胆管癌2例及十二指肠乳头癌1例。5例Ⅰ型肠狭窄(病变未侵及十二指肠乳头)患者置入肠道SEMS后再行内镜逆行胆胰管造影(ERCP)成功放置胆道SEMS。另1例Ⅰ型肠狭窄患者放置长度9cm的肠道SEMS后,再行超声内镜下顺行胆胰管造影(EACP),经超声内镜引导下胆管引流(EUS-BD)放置胆道SEMS;3例Ⅱ型狭窄(病变侵及十二指肠乳头)患者行EACP,经EUS-BD放置胆道SEMS后,再经内镜置入肠道SEMS。1例Ⅲ型肠狭窄(远离十二指肠乳头)患者分别置入胆、肠SEMS。内镜操作成功率为100%。内镜操作术中2例Ⅰ型肠狭窄患者在内镜通过肠狭窄段时有肠壁自限性出血,未发生持续出血或穿孔等与内镜操作相关的并发症。黄疸消退及GOOSS评分改善明显。结论对于胆道梗阻合并十二指肠狭窄不能手术切除患者,结合不同的内镜处理方式同期置入胆、肠双SEMS姑息性解除胆、肠梗阻是可行且安全、有效的。

不同途径胆道支架置入治疗恶性梗阻性黄疸42例回顾分析

目的探讨不同方式胆道支架置入在恶性梗阻性黄疸患者临床治疗中的应用价值及选择。方法回顾分析42例不能根治切除的恶性梗阻性黄疸患者采用记忆金属合金胆道内撑支架经开腹手术置入(n=18)、经PTCD置入(n=17)及经ERCP置入(n=7)治疗的情况。结果所有患者均完成胆管末端支架置入达到内引流。支架植入术后胆红素均在术后第1周下降约100μmol/L;谷草转氨酶、谷丙转氨酶、碱性磷酸酶及谷氨酰转肽酶在术后第1周开始较术前明显下降(P<0.05)。全组中位生存时间为22周,平均生存(32.89±33.87)周。全组围手术期死亡2例,死亡率为4.76%。主要并发症有胆管炎8例,胆道出血3例,肝功能衰竭2例。结论胆道支架经开腹手术置入、经PTCD置入及经ERCP置入均可有效解除恶性梗阻性黄疸患者胆管梗阻,改善肝功能;临床应根据患者的局部及全身情况选择不同的置入方式,提高安全性及有效性,尽可能减少并发症的发生。