介质转换对盆栽平邑甜茶(Malus hupehensis Rehd)的效应

利用一年生平邑甜茶（ＭａｌｕｓｈｕｐｅｈｅｎｓｉｓＲｅｈｄ）盆栽苗进行介质转换试验，研究对植株生长发育的影响，结果表明：由粘土转入沙壤土的，植株生长量有所下降，但器官发育质量提高，尤以叶绿素含量提高显著；沙壤土转入粘土的则相反。不论何种转换，根系生长量均不及对照，但由沙壤土转入粘土的，根系比对照减少更明显，说明粘土中建造起来的根系适应性更强。

Nutrient Deficiency Affects Root Architecture of Young Seedlings of Malus hupehensis (Pamp) Rehd. Under Conditions of Artificial Medium Cultivation

What the researchers go in for is to establish models between root architecture （RA） changes and nutrition, mold ideal root architecture of apple trees, improve the nutrient uptake efficiency, and further explore the functional mechanism of nutrient elements during the course of RA construction. The cultivation system of filter paper is utilized to research the effect of nutrient deficiency on the RA of Malus hupehensis （Pamp.） Rehd. There may be eight types of RA. In complete Hogland solution, the main type of RA is ＂lateral roots clustering in the upper and middle regions of primary root＂. With the lack of P, K or Ca, the main type of RA is ＂lateral roots clustering in the upper region primary root＂, and the ＂lateral roots clustering in the upper and middle regions of primary root＂ types of RA decrease. But with shortage of P, the type of lateral roots clustering in the upper and lower regions of primary root increases, and the type of lateral roots clustering in the middle region of primary root decreases, with the types of RA diversified. Under the condition of K deficiency, the type of no lateral root increases and types of lateral roots clustering in the middle region of primary root decrease, and the percentage of such types as ＂no lateral root＂, ＂lateral roots clustering in the upper region of primary root＂, and ＂lateral roots clustering in the upper and middle regions of primary root＂ accounts for 97.9% in all, with the types of RA simplified. With lack of Fe, Mg or Zn, the main type of RA is ＂lateral roots clustering in the upper and middle regions of primary root＂, but the type of lateral roots evenly-distributed on primary root increases. The main type of RA is ＂lateral roots evenlydistributed on primary root＂, under the condition of N deficiency, and the types of RA turn out to be diversified. There exists a close relation between nutrient deficiency and RA changes. Owing to various forms of nutrient deficiency, correspondingly different types of RA have been produced.

Effects of Cinnamon Acid on Respiratory Rate and Its Related Enzymes Activity in Roots of Seedlings of Malus hupehensis Rehd.

This paper studied the effects of cinnamon acid treatments on the respiratory rate and related enzymes activity in the seedling roots of Malus hupehensis Rehd.It would provide information for understanding the mechanisms of inhibition damage caused by continuous cultivation of apple tree.20 mL of solution containing different concentrations of cinnamon acid was added into container with the tested seedlings.After treatment,the samples were taken periodically and the respiratory rates were measured by OXY-LAB oxygen electrodes under 25°C stable temperature and then the activities of related enzymes were measured.The rates of total respiration and other 2 pathways [tricarboxylic acid cycle （TCA） and pentose phosphate pathway （PPP）] appeared initially an increasing treads and late （on the 3rd d） began to decline.However,they again appeared an increase trend at the end period,on the contrast,the respiratory rate of embden-meyer- hot-parnas （EMP） pathway appeared a stead decline tread but it had a recover on the last day.The respiratory rate of total and 3 pathways were decreased under 125 mg kg-1 （soil）.The dynamic trends of the enzymes activities of pyrophosphate-dependent phosphofructokinase （PFK）,glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase （G-6-PDH） and malate dehydrogenase （MDH） showed similarly.In conclusion,treatments of certain concentration of cinnamon acid would inhibit the respiratory rate and related enzymes activity of roots of M.hupehensis Rehd.And the inhibition degrees were positively related with concentration of cinnamon acid treatments.

Relationship Between Polyamines Metabolism and Cell Death in Roots of Malus hupehensis Rehd. Under Cadmium Stress

The free putrescine （Put） content, the hydrogen peroxide （H202） content and the polyamine oxidase （PAO） activity in roots of Malus hupehensis Rehd. var. pinyiensis Jiang （PYTC） were significantly increased, and reached its peak at 1, 2 and 6 h, respectively, under cadmium treatment. The free spermine （Spin） and spermidine （Spd） contents were dramatically decreased, and reached the minimum value at 4-6 h, then remained relatively stable. The change in total free polyammes （PAs） content was consistent with that of free Put. The number of root dead cells was gradually increased after treatment for 24 h, and the typical characteristics of programmed cell death （PCD） were displayed at 48 h. Throughout the Cd treatment process, changes in PAs metabolism appeared to be prior to cell death increase, and the H2O2 content was always maintained at a high level. These results indicated that polyamines could initiate cell death by generating H2O2 in roots of Malus hupehensis Rehd. under CdSO4 stress.

用MaxEnt模拟湖北海棠(Malus hupehensis)地理分布

采用湖北海棠551个分布数据以及当前生物气候数据,用MaxEnt软件模拟了它的地理分布。结果显示:①潜在分布地区有巴基斯坦北部、印度北部、尼泊尔、不丹、缅甸东北部、越南西北部、广西北部、西藏南部及东南部、日本岛东南侧、朝鲜半岛中南部及沿海地区;河北东北部、山东半岛北部和辽宁南部,其中分布值在0.6～1的地区有不丹、韩国济州岛及附近岛屿和日本及附近岛屿。②分布记录非常少,但分布值已达0.6～1的地区有山西东南部、江苏省南通、四川雅安市汉源和山东崂山。③以分布值在0.6～1的地区来表示现实地理分布格局,自西东向分布为喜马拉雅南部,东南部-横断山-秦岭-巫山-长江中下游山地-武夷山-朝鲜半岛-日本岛。自北向南,北界在太行山南部,南界武夷山西南部。④Jackknife test检测表明干旱季节的平均温度对湖北海棠的分布增益贡献最大,本种自然分布于干旱季节平均气温在-10℃～15℃的地区。

NO_3^-/NH_4^+ ratios affect plant growth, chlorophyll content,respiration rate, and morphological structure in Malus hupehensis seedlings

Malus hupehensis （Pamp.） Rehd. is a widely cultivated rootstock in China. We studied the effect of three NO3-/NH4＋ ratios （100/0, 50/50, and 0/100, molar basis） at total nitrogen （N） concentration of 8 mmoL L-1 in a nutrient solution on M. hupehensis seedlings. Plant biomass, NO3- and NH4＋concentrafion, chlorophyll con- tent, respiratory rate, and cellular structure were investi- gated. M. hupehensis seedlings at the NO3-/NH4＋ ratio of 50/50 had the highest level of fresh weight, dry weight, shoot length, and chlorophyll （a, b, and a ＋ b） content, but the lowest respiration rate in the leavesand roots. In addition, thickness and numbers of palisade and spongy tissue cells of the leaves were greater with this treatment than with other treatments. At the NO3-/NH4＋ ratio of 100/0, the leaves and roots had higher NO3- concentration and lower NH4＋ concentration. However, the opposite trend occurred at the NO3-/NH4＋ ratio of 0/100. Chloro- phyll （a, b, and a ＋ b） content was lowest at the NO3-/NH4＋ ratio of 100/0 than at the other ratios. At the NO3-/ NH4＋ ratio of 0/100, oxygen （02） consumption increased in the leaves and roots, and irregular epidermis and cortex cells were observed in the root apical meristematic and mature region. Our results indicated that the NO3-INH4＋ ratio at 50/50 was suitable for growth of M. hupehensis seedling to achieve the highest biomass production and efficiency.

间作白三叶促进苹果园土壤碳循环的机制

【目的】为了探明间作白三叶对苹果园土壤碳循环的影响机制。【方法】设置平邑甜茶幼树间作芳香植物白三叶处理,清耕为对照,在种植白三叶120 d后,分别取清耕处理平邑甜茶根际土(CF)、间作白三叶处理平邑甜茶根际土(TF)和白三叶根际土(TT),对土壤基本理化性质、微生物生物量、碳循环相关酶以及不同形态碳等养分指标进行检测。【结果】结果表明,间作白三叶能够显著降低平邑甜茶幼树根际土的pH和含水量,提高微生物总生物量,降低真菌和革兰氏阳性菌生物量,提高纤维素酶和脲酶活力,降低转化酶和淀粉酶活力,提高可溶性有机碳、易氧化有机碳含量和碳库活度指数,进而提高了全氮、全磷、全钾、碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾以及锰含量,降低C/P比以及钙和钠含量。【结论】结果表明,间作白三叶可以通过改变平邑甜茶幼树根际土微生物生物量来影响转化酶活力,从而提高土壤中易氧化有机碳含量,促进果树根际土壤碳循环和养分供应。

连作对平邑甜茶幼苗叶片光系统Ⅱ、活性氧及抗氧化酶活性的影响

以盆栽平邑甜茶(Malus hupehensis)幼苗为试材,探讨连作对叶片光系统功能的伤害机制及对活性氧含量、抗氧化酶活性的影响。结果表明,连作条件下,平邑甜茶幼苗生物量减少,叶片净光合速率降低,PSⅡ受到损伤,其响应机制是:PSⅡ供体侧放氧复合体受到损伤,QA被过度还原,光合电子传递链中的QA-大量积累,PSⅡ反应中心和受体侧均受到显著性伤害,受体侧由QA向QB的传递受阻,电子传递链受到损害,大量能量积累导致光能过剩及活性氧浓度上升,对光系统造成氧化破坏,抑制光合作用。同时,以吸收光能为基础的性能指数降低,实际光化学效率减弱,PSⅡ激发能分配方式发生改变,植株叶片通过增加热耗散等消耗过多激发能来适应连作带来的胁迫环境。连作条件下,平邑甜茶幼苗叶片抗氧化酶系统与活性氧之间动态平衡被打破,加剧了脂膜过氧化程度,加重了对叶片的伤害。

Protein phosphorylation is involved in the water stress-induced ABA accumulation in the roots of Malus hupehensis Rehd

Water stress-induced ABA accumulation plays a key role in the root to shoot communication and/or the cell to cell signaling under the soil stresses. The signaling of the water stress itself that leads to the accumulation, however, is less known. In this study, we subjected the roots of Malus hupehensis seedlings to water stress treatment and investigated the ABA accumulation in relation to protein phos-phorylation. Our results showed that ABA accumulation could be substantially triggered in 40 min and reached 4 folds in 100 min after treatment with 30% PEG 6000 (polyethylene glycol). The water stress treatment also led to a substantial enhancement of total kinase activity, assessed with histone-111 as substrate, in 15 min and a maximum enhancement in 30 min before it declined to initial level. The Ca2+-dependent kinase activity showed a similar, if not more sensitive, trend. When the roots were fed with labeled 32P-ATP, water stress enhanced the labeling of proteins, which showed a maximum labeling at

Isolation of phloridzin-degrading,IAA-producing bacterium Ochrobactrum haematophilum and its effects on the apple replant soil environment

We isolated and identified a bacterium that could produce IAA and degrade phloridzin in the rhizosphere soil of healthy replanted apple(the rootstock is M9T337 and the scion is Yanfu 3),providing a theoretical basis for reducing the obstacles associated with apple replant disease(ARD).Isolates were screened using Salkowski colorimetry and screening medium for phloridzin.The isolate of interest(W6)was identified as Ochrobactrum haematophilum based on morphological analysis,physiological and biochemical tests,and 16S rDNA sequencing.In a laboratory experiment,W6 produced auxin and promoted the growth of Arabidopsis thaliana roots,and its degradation rate of 100 mg.L^(-1 )phloridzin was 62.0%.In a pot experiment,W6 significantly reduced the phenolic acid contents of replanted soil,lowered the abundance of the harmful fungus Fusarium solani,and increased soil enzyme activities,thereby improving the micro-ecological environment of replant soil.W6 increased the root antioxidant enzyme activity and leaf photosynthetic pigment content of replanted Malus hupehensis Rehd.seedlings,effectively alleviating the decrease in net photosynthetic rate,transpiration rate and stomatal conductance caused by ARD.In a field experiment,W6 also promoted the growth of replanted apple(the rootstock is M9T337 and the scion is Yanfu 3)saplings.Therefore,W6 can promote apple growth and degrade phenolic acids,and it can be used as an effective treatment for the reduction of ARD.

连作苹果土壤酚酸对平邑甜茶幼苗的影响

为探讨连作(重茬)苹果土壤中酚酸类物质的积累与苹果连作障碍的关系,在砂培条件下,取连作果园土壤中实际浓度的酚酸类物质处理平邑甜茶幼苗,探讨了连作2a的果园土壤中实测浓度的根皮苷、间苯三酚、根皮素、对羟基苯甲酸和肉桂酸对平邑甜茶幼苗根系线粒体指标、抗氧化酶活性、膜过氧化程度及活性氧(ROS)含量的影响。结果表明:连作土壤中实际浓度的5种酚酸类物质均使平邑甜茶幼苗生长受到抑制,根系受影响程度高于地上部分,表现为根冠比降低;线粒体膜通透性转换孔(MPTP)开放程度增大,线粒体膜电位降低,细胞色素Cyt c/a比值下降;降低了幼苗根系中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性,增加了过氧化氢(H2O2)、超氧阴离子自由基(O·-2)以及丙二醛(MDA)的含量。土壤浓度的5种酚酸类物质中,以根皮苷处理抑制效果最显著,间苯三酚处理抑制力最小。因此,根皮苷是引起苹果连作障碍的主要酚酸,实践中应重点考虑对根皮苷的降解以缓解苹果连作障碍。

铁锌互作对苹果锌、铁吸收分配的影响

【目的】分析锌在苹果营养器官之间的分配特性以及锌铁交互关系,解释锌铁吸收和分配机制,指导合理施用锌铁肥料。【方法】测定了盛果期‘红富’士苹果缺锌小叶病树和正常树夏季不同器官的锌铁浓度;以‘平邑甜茶’(Malus Hupehensis Rehd)为试材,采用正交设计方案、通过溶液培养法培养幼苗,分析不同锌铁供应水平下营养器官的锌铁分配特性及其锌铁交互作用关系。【结果】夏季,缺锌小叶病树各器官锌浓度低于正常树,铁浓度高于正常树。水培试验中,锌铁供应水平提高,‘平邑甜茶’幼苗各器官锌铁累积均显著升高,其变化幅度依次是根>茎>叶;锌铁交互对根、茎、叶锌、铁浓度影响的显著性逐渐降低,缺锌时各器官转运系数均高于1.00;在中、低锌水平下,根部锌、铁呈正相关,与大田结果一致,高锌处理则呈负相关;叶锌、铁均呈负相关。高铁水平下,根中锌铁正相关达极显著水平。【结论】在苹果树中,根系是锌的调节库,并在一定程度上调节树体的锌铁平衡;锌促进了铁在根系的累积,高铁对缓解锌的毒害起到一定的平衡作用;锌与铁在叶中相互抑制。

生物炭配施有机肥可改善土壤环境并减轻苹果连作障碍

【目的】苹果连作障碍是制约苹果产业可持续发展的重要因素之一。研究生物炭复合有机肥混合处理对连作条件下平邑甜茶幼苗生物量、根系呼吸速率、根系指标和土壤环境的影响,探讨生物炭复合有机肥对苹果连作障碍的防控效果,为老果园改造提供理论依据。【方法】盆栽条件下,以苹果常用砧木—平邑甜茶为试材,设计了连作土壤(CK)、连作土用溴甲烷熏蒸处理(F)、连作土+2%有机肥(OF)、连作土+2%生物炭(B)、连作土+2%有机肥+2%生物炭(BOF)5个处理。采用常规方法测定了不同处理对平邑甜茶幼苗生物量、根系呼吸速率、根系指标及土壤酶活性的影响,用Illumina Mi Seq 2 x 300 bp平台和实时荧光定量PCR测定了不同处理土壤中真菌群落结构和尖孢镰刀菌数量。【结果】生物炭、有机肥以及二者复合施用,均可提高平邑甜茶幼苗的生物量,三种处理的根系呼吸速率分别是对照的1.3、1.2和1.5倍;经生物炭、有机肥或二者复合处理后,幼苗总根长、根体积以及表面积虽然不如F处理的效果好,但是也明显高于连作土对照,其中BOF处理效果最好,分别是对照的2.3、4.8和3.4倍;三种处理还可增强土壤酶活性,其中以生物炭复合有机肥效果最佳,土壤脲酶、蔗糖酶和磷酸酶活性分别为对照的2.1、2.9和2.9倍;三种处理不同程度地改善了连作土壤真菌群落结构,生物炭复合有机肥对土壤真菌丰富度和多样性的提高效果最为显著,与其他三个处理差别明显;溴甲烷灭菌、生物炭配施有机肥处理土壤中尖孢镰刀菌基因拷贝数均显著低于连作土,说明连作土壤中以尖孢镰刀菌为主的有害真菌数量明显减少。【结论】施用生物炭复合有机肥相比于单施生物炭或者有机肥,能更好地提高连作条件下平邑甜茶幼苗的生长发育,增强土壤酶活性,二者配施明显优化了土壤真菌群落结构,降低了土壤中尖孢镰刀菌基因拷贝数。因此,施用生物炭复合有机肥这一综合措施能更好地防控苹果连作障碍。

水杨酸诱导湖北海棠全长cDNA文库的构建及应用

以湖北海棠为材料,经水杨酸处理后,用改良CTAB法提取总RNA,纯化后构建全长cDNA文库,并进行PGIP基因的克隆.结果表明：（1）提取的总RNA无降解,无污染;mRNA弥散带主要集中在500～2 000 bp左右,没有rRNA残留.（2）ds cDNA弥散带主要分布于300～2 000 bp之间,PCR验证后片段大小分布于200～2 000bp之间,说明合成ds cDNA质量较好,成功地构建了全长cDNA文库.（3）通过PCR从该cDNA文库中克隆了PGIP基因,命名为MhPGIP,GenBank登录号为FJ449708;其核苷酸序列及推导氨基酸序列与苹果的一致性分别为98%和97%,该序列含有两个串联的亮氨酸重复序列.综上所述,构建的全长cDNA文库质量很好,该文库的建成可以用于今后抗病新基因的挖掘、克隆和利用,为苹果抗病机理的研究奠定基础.

根皮苷对平邑甜茶根系TCA循环酶的影响

【目的】研究平邑甜茶根系TCA循环对根皮苷的响应,为深入探讨根皮苷等酚酸类物质在苹果连作障碍中造成的伤害机理提供参考。【方法】以根皮苷和根皮苷﹢KMnO4(两者摩尔浓度比4﹕1)处理盆栽平邑甜茶植株,测定根系呼吸速率、TCA循环相关的9种酶活性、根皮苷的含量。【结果】4 mmol.L-1根皮苷处理抑制了根系基础呼吸速率,显著抑制了柠檬酸合酶(CS)、顺乌头酸酶、异柠檬酸脱氢酶(ICDH)、琥珀酸硫激酶(SCS)、琥珀酸脱氢酶(SDH)、延胡索酸酶(FUM)、苹果酸脱氢酶(MDH)的活性。根皮苷﹢KMnO4处理显著提高了CS、顺乌头酸酶、MDH活性,分别是对照的3.79倍、1.27倍、1.11倍;也不同程度地提高了SCS、ICDH、SDH和FUM活性。4 mmol.L-1根皮苷处理显著提高了α-酮戊二酸脱氢酶系(α-KGDH)和丙酮酸脱氢酶系(PDH)的活性,而根皮苷﹢KMnO4处理明显降低了α-KGDH和PDH的活性但仍明显高于对照水平。根皮苷﹢KMnO4处理土壤中根皮苷的含量显著低于根皮苷处理。【结论】4 mmol.L-1根皮苷抑制平邑甜茶根系呼吸速率,降低根系TCA循环7种酶活性,1 mmol.L-1KMnO4能缓解上述不利影响。

肉桂酸对平邑甜茶幼苗根系呼吸速率及相关酶活性的影响

【目的】探讨外源肉桂酸对平邑甜茶幼苗根系呼吸速率和相关酶活性的影响,为深入研究肉桂酸等酚酸类物质在苹果连作障碍中造成伤害的机理提供参考。【方法】将20ml不同浓度的肉桂酸溶液浇至栽植平邑甜茶幼苗的营养钵中,处理后定期取样,在恒温(25℃)条件下用液相Oxy-Lab氧电极测定根系呼吸速率,用冻样测定相关酶活性。【结果】测定期内,5mg·kg-1土、25mg·kg-1土浓度处理使基础呼吸速率和三羧酸循环(TCA)、磷酸戊糖(PPP)途径的呼吸速率均表现初期上升随后(第3天)下降但末期有所恢复的趋势,而糖酵解途径(EMP)的呼吸速率则持续下降在末期小幅回升;125mg·kg-1土浓度处理后基础呼吸速率及3条途径呼吸速率均呈下降趋势;磷酸果糖激酶(PFK)、苹果酸脱氢酶(MDH)和葡萄糖-6-磷酸脱氢酶(G-6-PDH)活性变化趋势分别与其对应途径呼吸速率变化相似。【结论】一定浓度的肉桂酸可抑制平邑甜茶幼苗根系基础呼吸速率以及EMP、TCA、PPP途径的呼吸速率,其中,高浓度下TCA途径呼吸速率下降更为显著。各途径对应相关酶活性与其呼吸速率变化相一致,随处理浓度的升高各酶活性均降低。

平邑甜茶叶片光合速率及叶绿素荧光参数对氯化镉处理的响应

【目的】研究氯化镉处理对平邑甜茶叶片光系统Ⅱ(PSⅡ)活性、光合速率影响及其相互关系,为进一步揭示镉伤害机理提供理论依据。【方法】平邑甜茶在含不同浓度氯化镉1/2 Hoagland营养液中培养30d后,测定其叶片光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度、胞间CO2浓度和荧光参数等,分析氯化镉处理后这些参数间的关系。【结果】在氯化镉处理下,平邑甜茶叶片光合速率和气孔导度显著降低,胞间CO2浓度增加,300μs时的叶绿素荧光强度(Fk)提高,PSⅡ最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm,φPo)、用于电子传递的量子产额(φEo)、光化学性能指数(PIABS)以及有活性的反应中心的密度(RC/CS)明显下降,并且这些参数的变化幅度随着氯化镉浓度的增加而提高;通径分析显示,300μs时的相对可变荧光强度(VK)及其可变荧光Fv占(J相的荧光强度Fj-O相的荧光强度Fo)振幅的比例(WK)对Pn的直接作用高于其它荧光参数。【结论】氯化镉使平邑甜茶叶片PSⅡ供体侧、受体侧和反应中心受到显著伤害,从而降低了PSⅡ活性和光合速率;在氯化镉处理下,VK和WK对Pn的直接作用比较大。

甲壳素对连作条件下平邑甜茶幼苗生长及土壤环境的影响

研究在苹果连作土壤中添加甲壳素对苹果幼苗生长、土壤酶及土壤真菌群落结构的影响,探讨甲壳素缓解苹果连作障碍的可能性,为防控苹果连作障碍提供依据。盆栽条件下,以平邑甜茶幼苗为试材,在苹果连作土壤中分别添加0,0.5,1.0和2.5g/kg的甲壳素,测定了连作土壤中添加不同量的甲壳素后,幼苗生物量、根系保护酶活性、土壤主要酶(蔗糖酶、脲酶、磷酸酶等)活性以及土壤中真菌群落结构的变化。9月份结果表明,与对照相比,1.0 g/kg的甲壳素处理连作土,可显著提高平邑甜茶幼苗株高和干鲜重,分别比对照增加了36.8%、82.1%和100.8%;甲壳素处理能增加幼苗根系保护酶活性,其中1.0 g/kg甲壳素处理SOD、POD和CAT活性最高,其次为0.5 g/kg,而2.5 g/kg甲壳素处理显著抑制了幼苗根系保护酶活性。1.0 g/kg甲壳素处理可提高土壤中细菌/真菌值,并且提高了土壤中蔗糖酶、脲酶、蛋白酶、磷酸酶、过氧化氢酶和多酚氧化酶活性,分别比对照提高了8.6%、40.5%、81.1%、15.3%、18.7%和49.8%,2.5 g/kg甲壳素处理则降低土壤酶活性或者使土壤酶活性与对照相当。根据T-RFLP的图谱中OUT的数量、种类及丰度,分别计算了不同处理土壤的真菌多样性,发现1.0 g/kg甲壳素处理的连作土具有最高的多样性、均匀度和丰富度指数,分别比对照增加了52.2%、8.0%和87.1%。主成分分析(PCA)结果显示,不同剂量甲壳素处理的连作土壤中真菌被PC2分成了两部分,其中0.5 g/kg和1.0 g/kg的甲壳素添加量分布在PC2的负方向上,而CK和2.5g/kg的甲壳素处理分布在PC2的正方向上,这说明添加不同量的甲壳素对连作土壤真菌群落多样性有显著影响,添加量太多或者太少均会造成土壤真菌多样性下降,只有适量的甲壳素可提高真菌群落结构多样性。实验结果表明1.0 g/kg的甲壳素可提高连作平邑甜茶幼苗生物量,改善连作土壤环境,有效缓解平邑甜茶的连作障碍。

生物炭和有机肥处理对平邑甜茶根系和土壤微生物群落功能多样性的影响

【目的】研究生物炭和生物有机肥处理对平邑甜茶根系及微生物功能多样性等指标的影响,为果园可持续发展提供参考依据。【方法】采用盆栽试验,添加生物炭和生物有机肥处理,分析不同生物炭和生物有机肥处理对植株根系、土壤微生物群落功能多样性的影响。【结果】施用生物有机肥和生物炭均可增加细吸收根量、细吸收根面积、土壤和根际可培养微生物量,提高土壤FDA酶活性和土壤微生物多样性,二者联合施用效果最佳。生物炭处理对细吸收根面积的改善效果优于生物有机肥处理,对土壤微生物多样性的改善效果则不如生物有机肥处理;10%生物肥+6%生物炭、10%生物肥+3%生物炭处理细吸收根面积分别是CK的6.6和10倍,10%生物肥处理是CK的2.5倍,6%和3%生物炭处理是CK的3.3和3.1倍,生物炭和生物有机肥处理土壤细菌数量为CK土壤的3.32—10.23倍,放线菌数量为CK土壤的1.2—1.97倍,真菌数量为CK土壤的3.24—5.26倍,根际放线菌数量在生物有机肥处理后最高,根际真菌数量则在3%生物炭处理后最高。【结论】增加土壤炭可以增加植株根系、土壤微生物多样性,有利于土壤肥力的保持和农业的可持续发展。

生物炭与甲壳素配施对连作平邑甜茶幼苗及土壤环境的影响

【目的】研究生物炭与甲壳素配施对连作条件下平邑甜茶幼苗生物量、根系呼吸速率、根系保护酶和土壤环境的影响,为防治苹果连作障碍提供依据。【方法】盆栽条件下,以苹果常用砧木-平邑甜茶为试材,试验设苹果连作土壤作为对照(CK),用1‰甲壳素(w/w,T1)、2%生物炭(w/w,T2)、1‰甲壳素+2%生物炭(T3)以及溴甲烷灭菌(T4)处理苹果连作土壤,共5个处理。采用常规方法测定不同处理对平邑甜茶幼苗生物量、根系呼吸速率及根系抗氧化酶活性的影响,同时用末端限制性片段长度多态性(T-RFLP)和实时荧光定量PCR测定不同处理土壤中真菌群落结构和尖孢镰刀菌数量。【结果】T3和T4可显著增加平邑甜茶幼苗株高、地茎和干鲜重,T3使平邑甜茶幼苗的株高、地径、鲜重、干重分别增加了44.6%、33.0%、76.8%和77.1%,T4各指标分别增加了73.1%、76.9%、117.0%和123.7%;与对照相比,不同处理均使根系呼吸速率明显提高,T1、T2、T3和T4处理的幼苗根系呼吸速率分别是对照的1.37、1.70、1.87和2.02倍;T4处理超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性最高,其次为T3处理,T2和T1处理也增加了SOD活性,所有处理都与对照达到了显著差异;过氧化物酶(POD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性变化与SOD变化趋势一致,T4处理根系POD和CAT活性分别为对照的2.68和2.64倍,其次为T3,3种酶活分别为对照的2.52和2.18倍;与对照相比,T2、T3和T4均可显著降低根系丙二醛(MDA)的含量,分别为对照的82.0%、61.9%和43.1%。T2和T3明显提高细菌数量,细菌/真菌比值分别是对照的1.7和2.2倍,溴甲烷灭菌(T4)则使土壤中的细菌、真菌显著降低,但是真菌降低的数量大于细菌的,因此,细菌/真菌比值高于对照;T4具有最高的多样性、丰富度和均匀度指数,分别比对照增加了24.4%、41.3%和13.6%,其次是T3处理;溴甲烷灭菌、生物炭配施甲壳素处理土壤中尖孢镰刀菌基因拷贝数均显著低于连作土,说明连作土壤中尖孢镰刀菌为主的有害真菌数量明显减少;与对照相比,T3土壤中根皮苷、根皮素、肉桂酸、对羟基苯甲酸和间苯三酚含量分别降低了28.1%、30.6%、50.8%、33.6%和46.2%。【结论】生物炭与甲壳素配施相较于单施生物炭或者甲壳素,能更好的提高连作条件下平邑甜茶幼苗的生物量、根系呼吸速率和根系保护酶活性。并且二者配合施用优化了连作土壤的真菌群落结构,增加了土壤细菌/真菌比值,降低了土壤中尖孢镰刀菌基因拷贝数,减少了酚酸类物质含量。因此,生物炭配施甲壳素能更好地缓解苹果连作障碍。