Nutrient Deficiency Affects Root Architecture of Young Seedlings of Malus hupehensis (Pamp) Rehd. Under Conditions of Artificial Medium Cultivation

What the researchers go in for is to establish models between root architecture （RA） changes and nutrition, mold ideal root architecture of apple trees, improve the nutrient uptake efficiency, and further explore the functional mechanism of nutrient elements during the course of RA construction. The cultivation system of filter paper is utilized to research the effect of nutrient deficiency on the RA of Malus hupehensis （Pamp.） Rehd. There may be eight types of RA. In complete Hogland solution, the main type of RA is ＂lateral roots clustering in the upper and middle regions of primary root＂. With the lack of P, K or Ca, the main type of RA is ＂lateral roots clustering in the upper region primary root＂, and the ＂lateral roots clustering in the upper and middle regions of primary root＂ types of RA decrease. But with shortage of P, the type of lateral roots clustering in the upper and lower regions of primary root increases, and the type of lateral roots clustering in the middle region of primary root decreases, with the types of RA diversified. Under the condition of K deficiency, the type of no lateral root increases and types of lateral roots clustering in the middle region of primary root decrease, and the percentage of such types as ＂no lateral root＂, ＂lateral roots clustering in the upper region of primary root＂, and ＂lateral roots clustering in the upper and middle regions of primary root＂ accounts for 97.9% in all, with the types of RA simplified. With lack of Fe, Mg or Zn, the main type of RA is ＂lateral roots clustering in the upper and middle regions of primary root＂, but the type of lateral roots evenly-distributed on primary root increases. The main type of RA is ＂lateral roots evenlydistributed on primary root＂, under the condition of N deficiency, and the types of RA turn out to be diversified. There exists a close relation between nutrient deficiency and RA changes. Owing to various forms of nutrient deficiency, correspondingly different types of RA have been produced.

介质转换对盆栽平邑甜茶(Malus hupehensis Rehd)的效应

利用一年生平邑甜茶（ＭａｌｕｓｈｕｐｅｈｅｎｓｉｓＲｅｈｄ）盆栽苗进行介质转换试验，研究对植株生长发育的影响，结果表明：由粘土转入沙壤土的，植株生长量有所下降，但器官发育质量提高，尤以叶绿素含量提高显著；沙壤土转入粘土的则相反。不论何种转换，根系生长量均不及对照，但由沙壤土转入粘土的，根系比对照减少更明显，说明粘土中建造起来的根系适应性更强。

Effects of Cinnamon Acid on Respiratory Rate and Its Related Enzymes Activity in Roots of Seedlings of Malus hupehensis Rehd.

This paper studied the effects of cinnamon acid treatments on the respiratory rate and related enzymes activity in the seedling roots of Malus hupehensis Rehd.It would provide information for understanding the mechanisms of inhibition damage caused by continuous cultivation of apple tree.20 mL of solution containing different concentrations of cinnamon acid was added into container with the tested seedlings.After treatment,the samples were taken periodically and the respiratory rates were measured by OXY-LAB oxygen electrodes under 25°C stable temperature and then the activities of related enzymes were measured.The rates of total respiration and other 2 pathways [tricarboxylic acid cycle （TCA） and pentose phosphate pathway （PPP）] appeared initially an increasing treads and late （on the 3rd d） began to decline.However,they again appeared an increase trend at the end period,on the contrast,the respiratory rate of embden-meyer- hot-parnas （EMP） pathway appeared a stead decline tread but it had a recover on the last day.The respiratory rate of total and 3 pathways were decreased under 125 mg kg-1 （soil）.The dynamic trends of the enzymes activities of pyrophosphate-dependent phosphofructokinase （PFK）,glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase （G-6-PDH） and malate dehydrogenase （MDH） showed similarly.In conclusion,treatments of certain concentration of cinnamon acid would inhibit the respiratory rate and related enzymes activity of roots of M.hupehensis Rehd.And the inhibition degrees were positively related with concentration of cinnamon acid treatments.

Relationship Between Polyamines Metabolism and Cell Death in Roots of Malus hupehensis Rehd. Under Cadmium Stress

The free putrescine （Put） content, the hydrogen peroxide （H202） content and the polyamine oxidase （PAO） activity in roots of Malus hupehensis Rehd. var. pinyiensis Jiang （PYTC） were significantly increased, and reached its peak at 1, 2 and 6 h, respectively, under cadmium treatment. The free spermine （Spin） and spermidine （Spd） contents were dramatically decreased, and reached the minimum value at 4-6 h, then remained relatively stable. The change in total free polyammes （PAs） content was consistent with that of free Put. The number of root dead cells was gradually increased after treatment for 24 h, and the typical characteristics of programmed cell death （PCD） were displayed at 48 h. Throughout the Cd treatment process, changes in PAs metabolism appeared to be prior to cell death increase, and the H2O2 content was always maintained at a high level. These results indicated that polyamines could initiate cell death by generating H2O2 in roots of Malus hupehensis Rehd. under CdSO4 stress.

用MaxEnt模拟湖北海棠(Malus hupehensis)地理分布

采用湖北海棠551个分布数据以及当前生物气候数据,用MaxEnt软件模拟了它的地理分布。结果显示:①潜在分布地区有巴基斯坦北部、印度北部、尼泊尔、不丹、缅甸东北部、越南西北部、广西北部、西藏南部及东南部、日本岛东南侧、朝鲜半岛中南部及沿海地区;河北东北部、山东半岛北部和辽宁南部,其中分布值在0.6～1的地区有不丹、韩国济州岛及附近岛屿和日本及附近岛屿。②分布记录非常少,但分布值已达0.6～1的地区有山西东南部、江苏省南通、四川雅安市汉源和山东崂山。③以分布值在0.6～1的地区来表示现实地理分布格局,自西东向分布为喜马拉雅南部,东南部-横断山-秦岭-巫山-长江中下游山地-武夷山-朝鲜半岛-日本岛。自北向南,北界在太行山南部,南界武夷山西南部。④Jackknife test检测表明干旱季节的平均温度对湖北海棠的分布增益贡献最大,本种自然分布于干旱季节平均气温在-10℃～15℃的地区。

NO_3^-/NH_4^+ ratios affect plant growth, chlorophyll content,respiration rate, and morphological structure in Malus hupehensis seedlings

Malus hupehensis （Pamp.） Rehd. is a widely cultivated rootstock in China. We studied the effect of three NO3-/NH4＋ ratios （100/0, 50/50, and 0/100, molar basis） at total nitrogen （N） concentration of 8 mmoL L-1 in a nutrient solution on M. hupehensis seedlings. Plant biomass, NO3- and NH4＋concentrafion, chlorophyll con- tent, respiratory rate, and cellular structure were investi- gated. M. hupehensis seedlings at the NO3-/NH4＋ ratio of 50/50 had the highest level of fresh weight, dry weight, shoot length, and chlorophyll （a, b, and a ＋ b） content, but the lowest respiration rate in the leavesand roots. In addition, thickness and numbers of palisade and spongy tissue cells of the leaves were greater with this treatment than with other treatments. At the NO3-/NH4＋ ratio of 100/0, the leaves and roots had higher NO3- concentration and lower NH4＋ concentration. However, the opposite trend occurred at the NO3-/NH4＋ ratio of 0/100. Chloro- phyll （a, b, and a ＋ b） content was lowest at the NO3-/NH4＋ ratio of 100/0 than at the other ratios. At the NO3-/ NH4＋ ratio of 0/100, oxygen （02） consumption increased in the leaves and roots, and irregular epidermis and cortex cells were observed in the root apical meristematic and mature region. Our results indicated that the NO3-INH4＋ ratio at 50/50 was suitable for growth of M. hupehensis seedling to achieve the highest biomass production and efficiency.

Protein phosphorylation is involved in the water stress-induced ABA accumulation in the roots of Malus hupehensis Rehd

Water stress-induced ABA accumulation plays a key role in the root to shoot communication and/or the cell to cell signaling under the soil stresses. The signaling of the water stress itself that leads to the accumulation, however, is less known. In this study, we subjected the roots of Malus hupehensis seedlings to water stress treatment and investigated the ABA accumulation in relation to protein phos-phorylation. Our results showed that ABA accumulation could be substantially triggered in 40 min and reached 4 folds in 100 min after treatment with 30% PEG 6000 (polyethylene glycol). The water stress treatment also led to a substantial enhancement of total kinase activity, assessed with histone-111 as substrate, in 15 min and a maximum enhancement in 30 min before it declined to initial level. The Ca2+-dependent kinase activity showed a similar, if not more sensitive, trend. When the roots were fed with labeled 32P-ATP, water stress enhanced the labeling of proteins, which showed a maximum labeling at

Dopamine improves apple replant disease resistance by regulating physiological resilience and rhizosphere microbial community structure

Apple replant disease(ARD)is a complex agricultural problem caused by multiple stressors that can lead to increased reactive oxygen species(ROS)levels and limited nutrient utilization in plants.However,existing countermeasures cannot effectively address this challenge.Here,we used Malus hupehensis as a test organism to investigate whether the pleiotropic molecule dopamine can alleviate ARD using pot experiments.Exogenous application of 100μmol L-1 dopamine significantly promoted the growth of apple seedlings in the replanted soil,with a relative growth rate increase of 17.44%.Our results revealed two major pathways by which dopamine regulates ARD resistance in apple trees.First,dopamine effectively reduces the level of ROS and activates the expression of genes related to nitrogen(N)transport and metabolism.Among those genes,MdNLP5,MdNRT1.1,MdNLP2,MdNRT2.5,MdNLP3,MdNRT2.4,MdNADH-GAGOT,and MdFd-GAGOT were strongly regulated by dopamine.These regulatory effects promoted the uptake and utilization of soil N by the plants.Second,dopamine improved the physical and chemical properties,enhanced microbial community diversity,and promoted mutual cooperation between microbial communities in the soil.Furthermore,dopamine altered the microbial structure of rhizosphere soil(upregulating Clostridiales,Gaiellales,Sordariales and Mortierellales;downregulating Micrococcales,Longimicrobiales,Hypocreales and Cystobasidiales).Notably,dopamine significantly upregulated the abundances of Gaiella and Mortierella,both of which were positively correlated with soil urease activity,soil available N content,plant growth and N uptake.Dopamine also significantly downregulated the abundance of the plant pathogen Gibberella(by 11.71-fold)in replant soil.Our results provide insights into the mechanisms by which dopamine promotes ARD resistance,and can promote the sustainable development of the apple industry.

湖北海棠叶活性成分、功能特性及开发利用研究进展

湖北海棠[Malus hupehensis(Pamp.)Rehder]是药食两用植物,是湖北省西部重要的优势植物资源。近年来的研究表明,湖北海棠叶中富含黄酮类、多酚类、皂苷类等多种活性成分以及多种人体所必需的微量元素如硒、锌、铁等,具有改善认知功能、抗肿瘤、保护肝脏、雌激素样活性、降血糖、调血脂、抗氧化等功效,相关产品开发仍处于初级阶段。综述了湖北海棠叶的活性成分、功能特性及开发利用情况,以期为促进湖北海棠叶的广泛应用提供参考。

“金花菌”发酵对湖北海棠叶营养物质及生物活性的影响

为探究金花菌发酵对湖北海棠叶的影响,测定不同发酵时间下湖北海棠叶提取物中多糖、可溶性蛋白、多酚含量及DPPH清除率的变化。结果表明,湖北海棠叶发酵8 d的效果最佳,提取物中多糖、可溶性蛋白含量分别比发酵前降低了48.73%、43.68%;多酚含量比发酵前提高了79.63%(p<0.05),发酵后的湖北海棠叶提取物的DPPH清除率提高了62.40%。该试验为金花菌改善湖北海棠叶茶饮品质提供了理论依据。

水杨酸诱导湖北海棠全长cDNA文库的构建及应用

以湖北海棠为材料,经水杨酸处理后,用改良CTAB法提取总RNA,纯化后构建全长cDNA文库,并进行PGIP基因的克隆.结果表明：（1）提取的总RNA无降解,无污染;mRNA弥散带主要集中在500～2 000 bp左右,没有rRNA残留.（2）ds cDNA弥散带主要分布于300～2 000 bp之间,PCR验证后片段大小分布于200～2 000bp之间,说明合成ds cDNA质量较好,成功地构建了全长cDNA文库.（3）通过PCR从该cDNA文库中克隆了PGIP基因,命名为MhPGIP,GenBank登录号为FJ449708;其核苷酸序列及推导氨基酸序列与苹果的一致性分别为98%和97%,该序列含有两个串联的亮氨酸重复序列.综上所述,构建的全长cDNA文库质量很好,该文库的建成可以用于今后抗病新基因的挖掘、克隆和利用,为苹果抗病机理的研究奠定基础.

生物炭和有机肥处理对平邑甜茶根系和土壤微生物群落功能多样性的影响

【目的】研究生物炭和生物有机肥处理对平邑甜茶根系及微生物功能多样性等指标的影响,为果园可持续发展提供参考依据。【方法】采用盆栽试验,添加生物炭和生物有机肥处理,分析不同生物炭和生物有机肥处理对植株根系、土壤微生物群落功能多样性的影响。【结果】施用生物有机肥和生物炭均可增加细吸收根量、细吸收根面积、土壤和根际可培养微生物量,提高土壤FDA酶活性和土壤微生物多样性,二者联合施用效果最佳。生物炭处理对细吸收根面积的改善效果优于生物有机肥处理,对土壤微生物多样性的改善效果则不如生物有机肥处理;10%生物肥+6%生物炭、10%生物肥+3%生物炭处理细吸收根面积分别是CK的6.6和10倍,10%生物肥处理是CK的2.5倍,6%和3%生物炭处理是CK的3.3和3.1倍,生物炭和生物有机肥处理土壤细菌数量为CK土壤的3.32—10.23倍,放线菌数量为CK土壤的1.2—1.97倍,真菌数量为CK土壤的3.24—5.26倍,根际放线菌数量在生物有机肥处理后最高,根际真菌数量则在3%生物炭处理后最高。【结论】增加土壤炭可以增加植株根系、土壤微生物多样性,有利于土壤肥力的保持和农业的可持续发展。

连作苹果土壤酚酸对平邑甜茶幼苗的影响

为探讨连作(重茬)苹果土壤中酚酸类物质的积累与苹果连作障碍的关系,在砂培条件下,取连作果园土壤中实际浓度的酚酸类物质处理平邑甜茶幼苗,探讨了连作2a的果园土壤中实测浓度的根皮苷、间苯三酚、根皮素、对羟基苯甲酸和肉桂酸对平邑甜茶幼苗根系线粒体指标、抗氧化酶活性、膜过氧化程度及活性氧(ROS)含量的影响。结果表明:连作土壤中实际浓度的5种酚酸类物质均使平邑甜茶幼苗生长受到抑制,根系受影响程度高于地上部分,表现为根冠比降低;线粒体膜通透性转换孔(MPTP)开放程度增大,线粒体膜电位降低,细胞色素Cyt c/a比值下降;降低了幼苗根系中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性,增加了过氧化氢(H2O2)、超氧阴离子自由基(O·-2)以及丙二醛(MDA)的含量。土壤浓度的5种酚酸类物质中,以根皮苷处理抑制效果最显著,间苯三酚处理抑制力最小。因此,根皮苷是引起苹果连作障碍的主要酚酸,实践中应重点考虑对根皮苷的降解以缓解苹果连作障碍。

平邑甜茶与扎矮山定子杂交后代的胚胎发育特征研究

利用激光扫描共聚焦显微镜(LSCM)和石蜡切片技术对平邑甜茶与扎矮山定子杂交获得的6个皱叶矮生型株系的胚胎发育过程及发育特性进行了观察与研究。结果表明:各皱叶矮生型株系在胚胎发育过程中表现出的特征大体相同,能进行正常的减数分裂并由功能性大孢子形成的有性胚囊表现出良好的发育趋势;在开花当天至花后2d,各株系的胚囊中均出现了精核或花粉内容物,观察到了部分株系的受精卵;在花后10d左右原胚形成。另外,在胚囊发育的特定时期,胚囊内细胞核的分布方式各株系间略有差异;在部分株系中观察到了少数多胚囊现象。综合而言,皱叶矮生型株系的胚胎发育特征是以有性生殖为主的生殖方式,与亲本扎矮山定子的胚胎发育特征较为一致;与亲本平邑甜茶不同,未出现平邑甜茶胚胎发育中的复杂现象并表现出较弱的无融合生殖能力。

铁锌互作对苹果锌、铁吸收分配的影响

【目的】分析锌在苹果营养器官之间的分配特性以及锌铁交互关系,解释锌铁吸收和分配机制,指导合理施用锌铁肥料。【方法】测定了盛果期‘红富’士苹果缺锌小叶病树和正常树夏季不同器官的锌铁浓度;以‘平邑甜茶’(Malus Hupehensis Rehd)为试材,采用正交设计方案、通过溶液培养法培养幼苗,分析不同锌铁供应水平下营养器官的锌铁分配特性及其锌铁交互作用关系。【结果】夏季,缺锌小叶病树各器官锌浓度低于正常树,铁浓度高于正常树。水培试验中,锌铁供应水平提高,‘平邑甜茶’幼苗各器官锌铁累积均显著升高,其变化幅度依次是根>茎>叶;锌铁交互对根、茎、叶锌、铁浓度影响的显著性逐渐降低,缺锌时各器官转运系数均高于1.00;在中、低锌水平下,根部锌、铁呈正相关,与大田结果一致,高锌处理则呈负相关;叶锌、铁均呈负相关。高铁水平下,根中锌铁正相关达极显著水平。【结论】在苹果树中,根系是锌的调节库,并在一定程度上调节树体的锌铁平衡;锌促进了铁在根系的累积,高铁对缓解锌的毒害起到一定的平衡作用;锌与铁在叶中相互抑制。

缺锌苹果树有机酸与锌吸收分配的关系

【目的】研究缺锌大田富士苹果树、苹果幼树和苹果树常用砧木平邑甜茶[Malus hupehensis(Pamp.)Rehd.]幼苗有机酸与锌吸收分配的关系,探讨有机酸影响锌吸收分配的作用机理。【方法】采用盛果期苹果树大田栽培、两年生幼树砂培和平邑甜茶幼苗溶液培养法进行试验。【结果】萌芽期小叶病树根系R0-1.5、R1.5-3、R3-5和R5-15锌和有机酸浓度呈现高于正常树的趋势,盛花期二者的浓度呈现低于正常树的趋势,生理落果期小叶病树根系R0-1.5、R1.5-3、R3-5和R5-15锌浓度显著大于正常树。与正常树相比,有机酸浓度小叶病树R0-1.5和R1.5-3中下降,R3-5和R5-15呈现升高的趋势,小叶病树根系锌吸收利用和有机酸代谢运输节奏发生改变,大田和水培试验发现,苹果树根系有机酸的水平与锌水平有关。缺锌导致盆栽幼树吸收根有机酸含量的升高。与pZn2+10.7相比,水培平邑甜茶pZn2+11.3处理1d,根中锌浓度显著下降,根和茎中草酸和苹果酸的浓度升高了1.09-1.35倍,有机酸向根系的分配比例增加,根系锌吸收速率显著增加;处理20d,平邑甜茶植株中的锌浓度和有机酸浓度及叶中有机酸的分配比例均显著下降。【结论】缺锌改变了苹果根系锌吸收和有机酸的代谢运输节奏,促进了有机酸向地下部的分配,有机酸在促进锌吸收分配方面起重要作用。

黄腐酸和甜菜碱预处理对干旱胁迫下平邑甜茶生理特性及光合的影响

该研究以平邑甜茶[Malus hupehensis(Pamp.)Rehd.]2年生实生苗为材料,通过盆栽试验于干旱处理前3d分别连续喷施黄腐酸(FA)、甜菜碱(GB)和复配(FA+GB),并以清水为对照(CK)进行预处理,比较分析不同预处理对干旱胁迫下平邑甜茶的生理及光合特性变化,探讨FA和GB对平邑甜茶的抗旱生理机制。结果显示:(1)与对照相比,FA、GB和FA+GB预处理均能够显著提高平邑甜茶叶片相对含水量,且FA的保水性效果最佳。(2)3种预处理均可显著促进干旱胁迫下叶片可溶性蛋白、可溶性糖和脯氨酸含量增加,且FA+GB预处理后在干旱胁迫下叶片可溶性糖和脯氨酸累积量显著高于单施FA或GB。(3)3种预处理均可显著提高干旱胁迫下平邑甜茶幼苗的SOD、POD、CAT活性,并显著降低MDA的积累速度及其累积量,且以FA+GB预处理的MDA含量最低、抗氧化酶活性最高。(4)GB和FA+GB预处理下平邑甜茶的净光合速率、瞬时水分利用率显著高于CK和FA,且FA+GB处理下改善光合特性的效果最佳,GB次之。研究表明,单独喷施黄腐酸和甜菜碱及两者配施预处理均能够增加干旱胁迫下平邑甜茶的渗透调节物质和相对含水量,提高叶片的保水性,调节抗氧化物酶活性,降低丙二醛含量,增加细胞膜稳定性,改善光合性能,进而提高平邑甜茶的抗旱能力,且以复配喷施(FA+GB)预处理的效果最好。

生物炭配施有机肥可改善土壤环境并减轻苹果连作障碍

【目的】苹果连作障碍是制约苹果产业可持续发展的重要因素之一。研究生物炭复合有机肥混合处理对连作条件下平邑甜茶幼苗生物量、根系呼吸速率、根系指标和土壤环境的影响,探讨生物炭复合有机肥对苹果连作障碍的防控效果,为老果园改造提供理论依据。【方法】盆栽条件下,以苹果常用砧木—平邑甜茶为试材,设计了连作土壤(CK)、连作土用溴甲烷熏蒸处理(F)、连作土+2%有机肥(OF)、连作土+2%生物炭(B)、连作土+2%有机肥+2%生物炭(BOF)5个处理。采用常规方法测定了不同处理对平邑甜茶幼苗生物量、根系呼吸速率、根系指标及土壤酶活性的影响,用Illumina Mi Seq 2 x 300 bp平台和实时荧光定量PCR测定了不同处理土壤中真菌群落结构和尖孢镰刀菌数量。【结果】生物炭、有机肥以及二者复合施用,均可提高平邑甜茶幼苗的生物量,三种处理的根系呼吸速率分别是对照的1.3、1.2和1.5倍;经生物炭、有机肥或二者复合处理后,幼苗总根长、根体积以及表面积虽然不如F处理的效果好,但是也明显高于连作土对照,其中BOF处理效果最好,分别是对照的2.3、4.8和3.4倍;三种处理还可增强土壤酶活性,其中以生物炭复合有机肥效果最佳,土壤脲酶、蔗糖酶和磷酸酶活性分别为对照的2.1、2.9和2.9倍;三种处理不同程度地改善了连作土壤真菌群落结构,生物炭复合有机肥对土壤真菌丰富度和多样性的提高效果最为显著,与其他三个处理差别明显;溴甲烷灭菌、生物炭配施有机肥处理土壤中尖孢镰刀菌基因拷贝数均显著低于连作土,说明连作土壤中以尖孢镰刀菌为主的有害真菌数量明显减少。【结论】施用生物炭复合有机肥相比于单施生物炭或者有机肥,能更好地提高连作条件下平邑甜茶幼苗的生长发育,增强土壤酶活性,二者配施明显优化了土壤真菌群落结构,降低了土壤中尖孢镰刀菌基因拷贝数。因此,施用生物炭复合有机肥这一综合措施能更好地防控苹果连作障碍。

SA、MeJA、ACC和苹果轮纹病病原菌诱导湖北海棠MhWRKY1基因的表达

【目的】从湖北海棠叶片中克隆MhWRKY1转录因子的全长cDNA序列,分析该基因在各种组织中(叶、茎、根)的表达特性,并分析SA、MeJA、ACC在叶、茎、根中诱导MhWRKY1基因的表达模式以及苹果轮纹病病原菌诱导条件下湖北海棠叶片中该基因的表达特性。【方法】利用电子克隆技术和RT-PCR验证相结合的方法,从SA诱导的湖北海棠全长cDNA文库中,克隆MhWRKY1转录因子的全长序列;利用生物信息学的方法对其进行结构和功能的初步分析;利用实时荧光定量RT-PCR技术分析该基因在不同组织中的表达以及在SA、MeJA、ACC和苹果轮纹病病原菌诱导下的表达特性。【结果】克隆了MhWRKY1基因的全长cDNA序列为1 338 bp,GenBank数据库登录号为FJ598139。生物信息学分析表明,该基因最大开放阅读框为993 bp,编码330个氨基酸。推导的氨基酸序列与杨树WRKY26、杨树WRKY20、大豆WRKY,马铃薯WRKY2、烟草WRKY、拟南芥WRKY7、水稻WRKY53的同源性分别为68%、68%、66%、60%,59%,49%和43%。该转录因子含有1个WRKY结构域,其N端含有1个WRKYGQK结构域,C端含有1个C2H2锌脂结构,属于第Ⅱ类型的转录因子。表达分析结果表明,MhWRKY1在叶和茎中的表达量较大,分别是根的4.81和3.75倍。在湖北海棠叶、茎、根中,SA、MeJA、ACC都可以诱导该基因的表达。另外,在所研究的72 h内,苹果轮纹病病原菌可以诱导该基因表达,且表达量在12 h达到最大,是未处理之前的9倍左右。【结论】MhWRKY1转录因子可能参与SA、MeJA和ET介导的植物抗病防卫反应的基本信号通路,并且参与对苹果轮纹病病原菌引起的防卫反应,在湖北海棠的的抗病过程中可能起着非常重要的作用。

根皮苷对平邑甜茶根系TCA循环酶的影响

【目的】研究平邑甜茶根系TCA循环对根皮苷的响应,为深入探讨根皮苷等酚酸类物质在苹果连作障碍中造成的伤害机理提供参考。【方法】以根皮苷和根皮苷﹢KMnO4(两者摩尔浓度比4﹕1)处理盆栽平邑甜茶植株,测定根系呼吸速率、TCA循环相关的9种酶活性、根皮苷的含量。【结果】4 mmol.L-1根皮苷处理抑制了根系基础呼吸速率,显著抑制了柠檬酸合酶(CS)、顺乌头酸酶、异柠檬酸脱氢酶(ICDH)、琥珀酸硫激酶(SCS)、琥珀酸脱氢酶(SDH)、延胡索酸酶(FUM)、苹果酸脱氢酶(MDH)的活性。根皮苷﹢KMnO4处理显著提高了CS、顺乌头酸酶、MDH活性,分别是对照的3.79倍、1.27倍、1.11倍;也不同程度地提高了SCS、ICDH、SDH和FUM活性。4 mmol.L-1根皮苷处理显著提高了α-酮戊二酸脱氢酶系(α-KGDH)和丙酮酸脱氢酶系(PDH)的活性,而根皮苷﹢KMnO4处理明显降低了α-KGDH和PDH的活性但仍明显高于对照水平。根皮苷﹢KMnO4处理土壤中根皮苷的含量显著低于根皮苷处理。【结论】4 mmol.L-1根皮苷抑制平邑甜茶根系呼吸速率,降低根系TCA循环7种酶活性,1 mmol.L-1KMnO4能缓解上述不利影响。