介质转换对盆栽平邑甜茶(Malus hupehensis Rehd)的效应

利用一年生平邑甜茶（ＭａｌｕｓｈｕｐｅｈｅｎｓｉｓＲｅｈｄ）盆栽苗进行介质转换试验，研究对植株生长发育的影响，结果表明：由粘土转入沙壤土的，植株生长量有所下降，但器官发育质量提高，尤以叶绿素含量提高显著；沙壤土转入粘土的则相反。不论何种转换，根系生长量均不及对照，但由沙壤土转入粘土的，根系比对照减少更明显，说明粘土中建造起来的根系适应性更强。

Nutrient Deficiency Affects Root Architecture of Young Seedlings of Malus hupehensis (Pamp) Rehd. Under Conditions of Artificial Medium Cultivation

What the researchers go in for is to establish models between root architecture （RA） changes and nutrition, mold ideal root architecture of apple trees, improve the nutrient uptake efficiency, and further explore the functional mechanism of nutrient elements during the course of RA construction. The cultivation system of filter paper is utilized to research the effect of nutrient deficiency on the RA of Malus hupehensis （Pamp.） Rehd. There may be eight types of RA. In complete Hogland solution, the main type of RA is ＂lateral roots clustering in the upper and middle regions of primary root＂. With the lack of P, K or Ca, the main type of RA is ＂lateral roots clustering in the upper region primary root＂, and the ＂lateral roots clustering in the upper and middle regions of primary root＂ types of RA decrease. But with shortage of P, the type of lateral roots clustering in the upper and lower regions of primary root increases, and the type of lateral roots clustering in the middle region of primary root decreases, with the types of RA diversified. Under the condition of K deficiency, the type of no lateral root increases and types of lateral roots clustering in the middle region of primary root decrease, and the percentage of such types as ＂no lateral root＂, ＂lateral roots clustering in the upper region of primary root＂, and ＂lateral roots clustering in the upper and middle regions of primary root＂ accounts for 97.9% in all, with the types of RA simplified. With lack of Fe, Mg or Zn, the main type of RA is ＂lateral roots clustering in the upper and middle regions of primary root＂, but the type of lateral roots evenly-distributed on primary root increases. The main type of RA is ＂lateral roots evenlydistributed on primary root＂, under the condition of N deficiency, and the types of RA turn out to be diversified. There exists a close relation between nutrient deficiency and RA changes. Owing to various forms of nutrient deficiency, correspondingly different types of RA have been produced.

Effects of Cinnamon Acid on Respiratory Rate and Its Related Enzymes Activity in Roots of Seedlings of Malus hupehensis Rehd.

This paper studied the effects of cinnamon acid treatments on the respiratory rate and related enzymes activity in the seedling roots of Malus hupehensis Rehd.It would provide information for understanding the mechanisms of inhibition damage caused by continuous cultivation of apple tree.20 mL of solution containing different concentrations of cinnamon acid was added into container with the tested seedlings.After treatment,the samples were taken periodically and the respiratory rates were measured by OXY-LAB oxygen electrodes under 25°C stable temperature and then the activities of related enzymes were measured.The rates of total respiration and other 2 pathways [tricarboxylic acid cycle （TCA） and pentose phosphate pathway （PPP）] appeared initially an increasing treads and late （on the 3rd d） began to decline.However,they again appeared an increase trend at the end period,on the contrast,the respiratory rate of embden-meyer- hot-parnas （EMP） pathway appeared a stead decline tread but it had a recover on the last day.The respiratory rate of total and 3 pathways were decreased under 125 mg kg-1 （soil）.The dynamic trends of the enzymes activities of pyrophosphate-dependent phosphofructokinase （PFK）,glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase （G-6-PDH） and malate dehydrogenase （MDH） showed similarly.In conclusion,treatments of certain concentration of cinnamon acid would inhibit the respiratory rate and related enzymes activity of roots of M.hupehensis Rehd.And the inhibition degrees were positively related with concentration of cinnamon acid treatments.

Relationship Between Polyamines Metabolism and Cell Death in Roots of Malus hupehensis Rehd. Under Cadmium Stress

The free putrescine （Put） content, the hydrogen peroxide （H202） content and the polyamine oxidase （PAO） activity in roots of Malus hupehensis Rehd. var. pinyiensis Jiang （PYTC） were significantly increased, and reached its peak at 1, 2 and 6 h, respectively, under cadmium treatment. The free spermine （Spin） and spermidine （Spd） contents were dramatically decreased, and reached the minimum value at 4-6 h, then remained relatively stable. The change in total free polyammes （PAs） content was consistent with that of free Put. The number of root dead cells was gradually increased after treatment for 24 h, and the typical characteristics of programmed cell death （PCD） were displayed at 48 h. Throughout the Cd treatment process, changes in PAs metabolism appeared to be prior to cell death increase, and the H2O2 content was always maintained at a high level. These results indicated that polyamines could initiate cell death by generating H2O2 in roots of Malus hupehensis Rehd. under CdSO4 stress.

Effects of Exogenous Manganese (Mn) on Mineral Elements, Polyamines and Antioxidants in Apple Rootstock Malus robusta Rehd.

Manganese(Mn)is one of the essential microelements in all organisms.However,high level of Mn is deleterious to plants.In this study,the effects of exogenous manganese application on mineral element,polyamine(PA)and antioxidant accumulation,as well as polyamine metabolic and antioxidant enzyme activities,were investigated in Malus robusta Rehd.,a widely grown apple rootstock.High level of Mn treatments decreased endogenous Mg,Na,K and Ca contents,but increased Zn content,in a Mn-concentration-dependent manner.Polyamine metabolic assays revealed that,except the content of perchloric acid insoluble bound(PIS-bound)spermine,which increased significantly,the contents of putrescine(Put),spermidine(Spd)and spermine(Spm)all decreased progressively,accompanied with the decreased activities of arginine decarboxylase(ADC,EC 4.1.1.19)and ornithine decarboxylase(ODC,EC 4.1.1.17),and the increased activities of diamine oxidase(DAO,EC 1.4.3.6)and polyamine oxidase(PAO,EC 1.5.3.3).Further antioxidant capacity analyses demonstrated that contents of anthocyanin,non-protein thiols(NPT)and soluble sugar,and the activities of guaiacol peroxidase(POD,EC 1.11.1.7),catalase(CAT,EC 1.11.1.6)and superoxide dismutase(SOD,EC 1.15.1.1),also increased upon different concentrations of Mn treatments.Our results suggest that endogenous ion homeostasis is affected by high level of Mn application,and polyamine and antioxidant metabolism is involved in the responses of M.robusta Rehd.plants to high level of Mn stress.

用MaxEnt模拟湖北海棠(Malus hupehensis)地理分布

采用湖北海棠551个分布数据以及当前生物气候数据,用MaxEnt软件模拟了它的地理分布。结果显示:①潜在分布地区有巴基斯坦北部、印度北部、尼泊尔、不丹、缅甸东北部、越南西北部、广西北部、西藏南部及东南部、日本岛东南侧、朝鲜半岛中南部及沿海地区;河北东北部、山东半岛北部和辽宁南部,其中分布值在0.6～1的地区有不丹、韩国济州岛及附近岛屿和日本及附近岛屿。②分布记录非常少,但分布值已达0.6～1的地区有山西东南部、江苏省南通、四川雅安市汉源和山东崂山。③以分布值在0.6～1的地区来表示现实地理分布格局,自西东向分布为喜马拉雅南部,东南部-横断山-秦岭-巫山-长江中下游山地-武夷山-朝鲜半岛-日本岛。自北向南,北界在太行山南部,南界武夷山西南部。④Jackknife test检测表明干旱季节的平均温度对湖北海棠的分布增益贡献最大,本种自然分布于干旱季节平均气温在-10℃～15℃的地区。

中国苹果属(Malus Miller)植物两新变种

发现苹果属西蜀海棠的一个新变种—光果西蜀海棠,以全株尤其果实光滑无毛区别于原变种;及苹果属另一新变种—裸柱丽江山荆子,以花柱下部合生处光滑无毛区别于原变种。

Dopamine improves apple replant disease resistance by regulating physiological resilience and rhizosphere microbial community structure

Apple replant disease(ARD)is a complex agricultural problem caused by multiple stressors that can lead to increased reactive oxygen species(ROS)levels and limited nutrient utilization in plants.However,existing countermeasures cannot effectively address this challenge.Here,we used Malus hupehensis as a test organism to investigate whether the pleiotropic molecule dopamine can alleviate ARD using pot experiments.Exogenous application of 100μmol L-1 dopamine significantly promoted the growth of apple seedlings in the replanted soil,with a relative growth rate increase of 17.44%.Our results revealed two major pathways by which dopamine regulates ARD resistance in apple trees.First,dopamine effectively reduces the level of ROS and activates the expression of genes related to nitrogen(N)transport and metabolism.Among those genes,MdNLP5,MdNRT1.1,MdNLP2,MdNRT2.5,MdNLP3,MdNRT2.4,MdNADH-GAGOT,and MdFd-GAGOT were strongly regulated by dopamine.These regulatory effects promoted the uptake and utilization of soil N by the plants.Second,dopamine improved the physical and chemical properties,enhanced microbial community diversity,and promoted mutual cooperation between microbial communities in the soil.Furthermore,dopamine altered the microbial structure of rhizosphere soil(upregulating Clostridiales,Gaiellales,Sordariales and Mortierellales;downregulating Micrococcales,Longimicrobiales,Hypocreales and Cystobasidiales).Notably,dopamine significantly upregulated the abundances of Gaiella and Mortierella,both of which were positively correlated with soil urease activity,soil available N content,plant growth and N uptake.Dopamine also significantly downregulated the abundance of the plant pathogen Gibberella(by 11.71-fold)in replant soil.Our results provide insights into the mechanisms by which dopamine promotes ARD resistance,and can promote the sustainable development of the apple industry.

NO_3^-/NH_4^+ ratios affect plant growth, chlorophyll content,respiration rate, and morphological structure in Malus hupehensis seedlings

Malus hupehensis （Pamp.） Rehd. is a widely cultivated rootstock in China. We studied the effect of three NO3-/NH4＋ ratios （100/0, 50/50, and 0/100, molar basis） at total nitrogen （N） concentration of 8 mmoL L-1 in a nutrient solution on M. hupehensis seedlings. Plant biomass, NO3- and NH4＋concentrafion, chlorophyll con- tent, respiratory rate, and cellular structure were investi- gated. M. hupehensis seedlings at the NO3-/NH4＋ ratio of 50/50 had the highest level of fresh weight, dry weight, shoot length, and chlorophyll （a, b, and a ＋ b） content, but the lowest respiration rate in the leavesand roots. In addition, thickness and numbers of palisade and spongy tissue cells of the leaves were greater with this treatment than with other treatments. At the NO3-/NH4＋ ratio of 100/0, the leaves and roots had higher NO3- concentration and lower NH4＋ concentration. However, the opposite trend occurred at the NO3-/NH4＋ ratio of 0/100. Chloro- phyll （a, b, and a ＋ b） content was lowest at the NO3-/NH4＋ ratio of 100/0 than at the other ratios. At the NO3-/ NH4＋ ratio of 0/100, oxygen （02） consumption increased in the leaves and roots, and irregular epidermis and cortex cells were observed in the root apical meristematic and mature region. Our results indicated that the NO3-INH4＋ ratio at 50/50 was suitable for growth of M. hupehensis seedling to achieve the highest biomass production and efficiency.

基于电子鼻和气质联用识别不同工艺的俄色茶

为探究3种不同工艺加工的俄色茶气味差异,采用电子鼻、捕集阱顶空-气质联用仪(trap head space-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry,HS-Trap-GC-MS)结合正交偏最小二乘法判别分析(orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis,OPLS-DA)、相对气味活度值(relative odor activity value,ROAV)和差异性热图分析俄色红茶、绿茶和康砖茶挥发性物质的差异。结果表明,电子鼻能有效区分3种俄色茶,电子鼻结合OPLS-DA建立预测模型其预测能力达95.70%。GC-MS分析表明醛类、酯类、烃类是主要挥发性物质,醇类是红茶、绿茶主要共有挥发性物质;醛类、酯类、烃类和醇类的含量差异是导致不同工艺俄色茶香气异同的主要原因。ROAV值结合香气类型分析表明果香类挥发性物质对俄色茶气味形成的贡献相对较大;异戊醛可能是俄色茶的关键香气物质。差异性热图分析表明,三甲氧基酯、异戊醛、2-乙基呋喃是俄色茶主要共有挥发性物质。

Isolation of phloridzin-degrading,IAA-producing bacterium Ochrobactrum haematophilum and its effects on the apple replant soil environment

We isolated and identified a bacterium that could produce IAA and degrade phloridzin in the rhizosphere soil of healthy replanted apple(the rootstock is M9T337 and the scion is Yanfu 3),providing a theoretical basis for reducing the obstacles associated with apple replant disease(ARD).Isolates were screened using Salkowski colorimetry and screening medium for phloridzin.The isolate of interest(W6)was identified as Ochrobactrum haematophilum based on morphological analysis,physiological and biochemical tests,and 16S rDNA sequencing.In a laboratory experiment,W6 produced auxin and promoted the growth of Arabidopsis thaliana roots,and its degradation rate of 100 mg.L^(-1 )phloridzin was 62.0%.In a pot experiment,W6 significantly reduced the phenolic acid contents of replanted soil,lowered the abundance of the harmful fungus Fusarium solani,and increased soil enzyme activities,thereby improving the micro-ecological environment of replant soil.W6 increased the root antioxidant enzyme activity and leaf photosynthetic pigment content of replanted Malus hupehensis Rehd.seedlings,effectively alleviating the decrease in net photosynthetic rate,transpiration rate and stomatal conductance caused by ARD.In a field experiment,W6 also promoted the growth of replanted apple(the rootstock is M9T337 and the scion is Yanfu 3)saplings.Therefore,W6 can promote apple growth and degrade phenolic acids,and it can be used as an effective treatment for the reduction of ARD.

丽江山荆子表儿茶素抗辣木叶蛋白过敏作用

为探讨丽江山荆子表儿茶素(Epicatechin,EC)抗辣木叶粗蛋白(Moringa oleifera leaf protein,MOpA)诱导的过敏作用,利用小鼠进行食物过敏反应试验,观察小鼠的过敏症状,测定其体质量、胸腺指数和脾脏指数;检测小鼠血清中组胺(Histamine,HIS)、白细胞介素-4(Interleukin,IL-4)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha,TNF-α)质量浓度。苏木精-伊红染色法(Hematoxylin-Eosin Staining,HE)观察小鼠空肠组织病理变化的影响。结果发现,用MOpA激发后,MC组小鼠脾脏指数显著高于NC组(P<0.01),胸腺指数相较于EC组差异明显(P<0.05);EC组相较于MC组小鼠血清中的HIS含量降低了3.99×10^(3)ng/L(P<0.01),TNF-α含量升高了97.33×10^(3)pg/L(P<0.01),IL-4含量降低了6.22×10^(3)pg/L(P<0.05);HE染色发现,MC组出现肠绒毛断裂及萎缩现象;EC组病理现象不明显。EC能够通过保护肠道黏膜屏障和在一定程度上抑制炎症来改善MOpA诱导的过敏小鼠的症状。该研究表明MOpA和卵清蛋白、牛乳蛋白和花生蛋白等过敏原一样具有潜在的致敏性;EC可能是一种有效的食物来源的免疫调节剂,用于治疗食物过敏。

连作对平邑甜茶幼苗叶片光系统Ⅱ、活性氧及抗氧化酶活性的影响

以盆栽平邑甜茶(Malus hupehensis)幼苗为试材,探讨连作对叶片光系统功能的伤害机制及对活性氧含量、抗氧化酶活性的影响。结果表明,连作条件下,平邑甜茶幼苗生物量减少,叶片净光合速率降低,PSⅡ受到损伤,其响应机制是:PSⅡ供体侧放氧复合体受到损伤,QA被过度还原,光合电子传递链中的QA-大量积累,PSⅡ反应中心和受体侧均受到显著性伤害,受体侧由QA向QB的传递受阻,电子传递链受到损害,大量能量积累导致光能过剩及活性氧浓度上升,对光系统造成氧化破坏,抑制光合作用。同时,以吸收光能为基础的性能指数降低,实际光化学效率减弱,PSⅡ激发能分配方式发生改变,植株叶片通过增加热耗散等消耗过多激发能来适应连作带来的胁迫环境。连作条件下,平邑甜茶幼苗叶片抗氧化酶系统与活性氧之间动态平衡被打破,加剧了脂膜过氧化程度,加重了对叶片的伤害。

间作白三叶促进苹果园土壤碳循环的机制

【目的】为了探明间作白三叶对苹果园土壤碳循环的影响机制。【方法】设置平邑甜茶幼树间作芳香植物白三叶处理,清耕为对照,在种植白三叶120 d后,分别取清耕处理平邑甜茶根际土(CF)、间作白三叶处理平邑甜茶根际土(TF)和白三叶根际土(TT),对土壤基本理化性质、微生物生物量、碳循环相关酶以及不同形态碳等养分指标进行检测。【结果】结果表明,间作白三叶能够显著降低平邑甜茶幼树根际土的pH和含水量,提高微生物总生物量,降低真菌和革兰氏阳性菌生物量,提高纤维素酶和脲酶活力,降低转化酶和淀粉酶活力,提高可溶性有机碳、易氧化有机碳含量和碳库活度指数,进而提高了全氮、全磷、全钾、碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾以及锰含量,降低C/P比以及钙和钠含量。【结论】结果表明,间作白三叶可以通过改变平邑甜茶幼树根际土微生物生物量来影响转化酶活力,从而提高土壤中易氧化有机碳含量,促进果树根际土壤碳循环和养分供应。

锌、铁对平邑甜茶磷、钾和钙分配的影响

【目的】分析平邑甜茶锌铁浓度处理下磷、钾和钙的分配特性及相互关系,解释苹果树在锌铁处理下矿质元素间的平衡规律。【方法】以平邑甜茶(Malus hupehensis Rehd)为试材,采用正交设计方案,通过溶液培养法培养幼苗,分析了不同锌铁供应水平下营养器官磷、钾和钙的浓度差异、转运系数及各元素之间的相关性。【结果】缺锌导致根中磷、钾和钙的浓度显著降低;茎和叶中钾浓度降低,磷和钙的浓度显著升高。高锌对磷、钾和钙在各器官中的浓度影响不显著。在铁处理中,高铁和低铁均使根系钙和磷的浓度降低,低铁使地上部的钙浓度升高。转运系数显示,低锌降低了钾向地上部的转运,高铁和低铁均降低钾向地上部的转运;提高铁处理浓度对磷向地上部转运具有显著的促进作用。相关性分析结果表明,根中锌浓度与磷、钾、钙呈极显著正相关性,磷和钙与锌在茎和叶中均呈负相关。【结论】低锌条件下,降低了钾向地上部的分配,促进磷和钙在地上部的累积;在根中磷、钾和钙的浓度降低。中锌和高锌处理下,提高铁的处理浓度,导致各器官钙浓度显著降低。

连作苹果土壤酚酸对平邑甜茶幼苗的影响

为探讨连作(重茬)苹果土壤中酚酸类物质的积累与苹果连作障碍的关系,在砂培条件下,取连作果园土壤中实际浓度的酚酸类物质处理平邑甜茶幼苗,探讨了连作2a的果园土壤中实测浓度的根皮苷、间苯三酚、根皮素、对羟基苯甲酸和肉桂酸对平邑甜茶幼苗根系线粒体指标、抗氧化酶活性、膜过氧化程度及活性氧(ROS)含量的影响。结果表明:连作土壤中实际浓度的5种酚酸类物质均使平邑甜茶幼苗生长受到抑制,根系受影响程度高于地上部分,表现为根冠比降低;线粒体膜通透性转换孔(MPTP)开放程度增大,线粒体膜电位降低,细胞色素Cyt c/a比值下降;降低了幼苗根系中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性,增加了过氧化氢(H2O2)、超氧阴离子自由基(O·-2)以及丙二醛(MDA)的含量。土壤浓度的5种酚酸类物质中,以根皮苷处理抑制效果最显著,间苯三酚处理抑制力最小。因此,根皮苷是引起苹果连作障碍的主要酚酸,实践中应重点考虑对根皮苷的降解以缓解苹果连作障碍。

铁锌互作对苹果锌、铁吸收分配的影响

【目的】分析锌在苹果营养器官之间的分配特性以及锌铁交互关系,解释锌铁吸收和分配机制,指导合理施用锌铁肥料。【方法】测定了盛果期‘红富’士苹果缺锌小叶病树和正常树夏季不同器官的锌铁浓度;以‘平邑甜茶’(Malus Hupehensis Rehd)为试材,采用正交设计方案、通过溶液培养法培养幼苗,分析不同锌铁供应水平下营养器官的锌铁分配特性及其锌铁交互作用关系。【结果】夏季,缺锌小叶病树各器官锌浓度低于正常树,铁浓度高于正常树。水培试验中,锌铁供应水平提高,‘平邑甜茶’幼苗各器官锌铁累积均显著升高,其变化幅度依次是根>茎>叶;锌铁交互对根、茎、叶锌、铁浓度影响的显著性逐渐降低,缺锌时各器官转运系数均高于1.00;在中、低锌水平下,根部锌、铁呈正相关,与大田结果一致,高锌处理则呈负相关;叶锌、铁均呈负相关。高铁水平下,根中锌铁正相关达极显著水平。【结论】在苹果树中,根系是锌的调节库,并在一定程度上调节树体的锌铁平衡;锌促进了铁在根系的累积,高铁对缓解锌的毒害起到一定的平衡作用;锌与铁在叶中相互抑制。

转rolC基因八棱海棠组培苗生物学特性的研究

目的通过研究转rolC基因八棱海棠不同株系的转基因拷贝数,在转录水平上的表达丰度,以及转基因组培苗的生物学特性,为进一步深入阐明rolC基因在八棱海棠中的表达机制和培育优良的苹果砧木奠定理论基础。方法以通过gus染色和PCR检测的3个转rolC基因八棱海棠株系组培苗为试材。Southern杂交鉴定rolC基因整合拷贝数。Northern杂交鉴定rolC基因在转录水平上的表达丰度。调查转基因植株组培苗在含有不同种类和浓度的植物生长调节剂的培养基上茎段增殖、叶片再生、生根能力等生物学特性;将生根后的组培苗进行炼苗,移入温室4个月后,研究株高、节间数、节间长度、叶面积等生物学特性。结果Southern杂交结果表明,rolC基因分别整合进入3个八棱海棠株系基因组,其中株系20a和33a分别获得了1个rolC基因拷贝,株系20b获得了2个rolC基因拷贝。Northern杂交结果表明,3个转基因株系中的rolC基因均在转录水平上得到了表达,且该基因在单拷贝株系的表达丰度高于双拷贝株系。转基因组培苗生物学特性研究结果表明:(1)3个转rolC基因八棱海棠株系茎段增殖系数、叶片再生率、生根所需外源激素浓度均显著低于对照植株,单拷贝株系的以上指标亦显著低于双拷贝株系。(2)3个转基因八棱海棠株系组培苗平均生根数显著高于转基因株系,双拷贝株系显著低于单拷贝株系;根长情况正好相反;对照植株根粗和转基因株系根粗之间均无显著差异。(3)3个转基因八棱海棠株系的株高、节间长度、节间数、叶面积均显著小于对照植株。其中单拷贝株系显著小于双拷贝株系。结论rolC基因整合进入3个八棱海棠转基因株系基因组,并分别在转录水平上得到表达。外源rolC基因的表达导致转基因植株体内内源激素含量和植株形态学的改变,且rolC基因的整合拷贝数对它的表达有一定的影响。

生物炭配施有机肥可改善土壤环境并减轻苹果连作障碍

【目的】苹果连作障碍是制约苹果产业可持续发展的重要因素之一。研究生物炭复合有机肥混合处理对连作条件下平邑甜茶幼苗生物量、根系呼吸速率、根系指标和土壤环境的影响,探讨生物炭复合有机肥对苹果连作障碍的防控效果,为老果园改造提供理论依据。【方法】盆栽条件下,以苹果常用砧木—平邑甜茶为试材,设计了连作土壤(CK)、连作土用溴甲烷熏蒸处理(F)、连作土+2%有机肥(OF)、连作土+2%生物炭(B)、连作土+2%有机肥+2%生物炭(BOF)5个处理。采用常规方法测定了不同处理对平邑甜茶幼苗生物量、根系呼吸速率、根系指标及土壤酶活性的影响,用Illumina Mi Seq 2 x 300 bp平台和实时荧光定量PCR测定了不同处理土壤中真菌群落结构和尖孢镰刀菌数量。【结果】生物炭、有机肥以及二者复合施用,均可提高平邑甜茶幼苗的生物量,三种处理的根系呼吸速率分别是对照的1.3、1.2和1.5倍;经生物炭、有机肥或二者复合处理后,幼苗总根长、根体积以及表面积虽然不如F处理的效果好,但是也明显高于连作土对照,其中BOF处理效果最好,分别是对照的2.3、4.8和3.4倍;三种处理还可增强土壤酶活性,其中以生物炭复合有机肥效果最佳,土壤脲酶、蔗糖酶和磷酸酶活性分别为对照的2.1、2.9和2.9倍;三种处理不同程度地改善了连作土壤真菌群落结构,生物炭复合有机肥对土壤真菌丰富度和多样性的提高效果最为显著,与其他三个处理差别明显;溴甲烷灭菌、生物炭配施有机肥处理土壤中尖孢镰刀菌基因拷贝数均显著低于连作土,说明连作土壤中以尖孢镰刀菌为主的有害真菌数量明显减少。【结论】施用生物炭复合有机肥相比于单施生物炭或者有机肥,能更好地提高连作条件下平邑甜茶幼苗的生长发育,增强土壤酶活性,二者配施明显优化了土壤真菌群落结构,降低了土壤中尖孢镰刀菌基因拷贝数。因此,施用生物炭复合有机肥这一综合措施能更好地防控苹果连作障碍。

平邑甜茶与扎矮山定子杂交后代的胚胎发育特征研究

利用激光扫描共聚焦显微镜(LSCM)和石蜡切片技术对平邑甜茶与扎矮山定子杂交获得的6个皱叶矮生型株系的胚胎发育过程及发育特性进行了观察与研究。结果表明:各皱叶矮生型株系在胚胎发育过程中表现出的特征大体相同,能进行正常的减数分裂并由功能性大孢子形成的有性胚囊表现出良好的发育趋势;在开花当天至花后2d,各株系的胚囊中均出现了精核或花粉内容物,观察到了部分株系的受精卵;在花后10d左右原胚形成。另外,在胚囊发育的特定时期,胚囊内细胞核的分布方式各株系间略有差异;在部分株系中观察到了少数多胚囊现象。综合而言,皱叶矮生型株系的胚胎发育特征是以有性生殖为主的生殖方式,与亲本扎矮山定子的胚胎发育特征较为一致;与亲本平邑甜茶不同,未出现平邑甜茶胚胎发育中的复杂现象并表现出较弱的无融合生殖能力。